Brain and Behavior Final

How fast can SSRIs alleviate the symptoms of depression?

4-6 weeks

The persistence with which patients with post-traumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of what?

A failure of extinction

In the Wernicke-Geschwind model, repeating a spoken word involves relaying information from?

A. Auditory cortex to Wernicke's area, to the arcuate fasciculus, to Broca's area, to primary motor cortex

Twin studies indicate a large genetic component to schizophrenia. However, another factor may be what?

A. influenza infection of the mother during fetal development. B. incompatible blood types between the mother and developing fetus. C. city living

A severe disturbance in reading is called?

Alexia

Which of the following is an example of an obsession? Checking 15 times that all doors and windows are locked before leaving the house An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment Ritualized hand washing once per hour The overpowering need to repeatedly go in and out of a door

An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment

What has been used to treat depression?

Antidepressant drugs Exercise Cognitive-behavioral therapy Medication plus psychotherapy provides the best long term outcomes Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia?

Broca's

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. Wernicke's Broca's conduction global?

Broca's

People with conduction aphasia are unable to do what?

Can't repeat words

What are the main satiation signals?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What is the physiological effect of vasopressin?

Concentrates urine and maintains body fluid homeostasis and facilitates water re-absorption in kidneys

What happens if you knock out leptin? Can this be reversed? What would happen if you knock out the leptin receptor?

Continue to eat and get obese. Yes it can be reversed. It is not treatable

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes?

Decreased; Frontal

How are oxytocin and vasopressin released as neuropeptides?

Dendritic release and Axonal projections

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men?

Depression

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that?

Depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses.

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of?

Dyslexia

What are the characteristics of the sleep of patients with depression?

Enter first cycle of REM sleep faster Non-REM: Decrease in stages 3 & 4 (deep sleep) and increase in Stages 1 & 2 Selective waking during REM decreases depression Anti-depressants tend to decrease REM

The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language processing is generally considered to be?

F. B and D are correct. B. useful but incomplete, as damage to subcortical structures such as the thalamus and basal ganglia can produce language deficits. D. useful but incomplete, as there are inputs directly from visual areas to Broca's area.

What hormone promotes hunger?

Ghrelin

What is the key fuel for cells?

Glucose

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Social withdrawal Blunted affect Impoverished speech Hallucinations

Hallucinations Delusions & Paranoia Disorganized speech (e.g., word salad) Disorganized behavior

Some patients with post-traumatic stress disorder have a smaller what?

Hippocampus

Compared with the data from controls, PET scans of patients with depression show what change in blood flow and where in the brain?

Increased blood flow in Prefrontal Cortex and amygdala

Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because?

It robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase

The drug _______ is often used to treat bipolar disorder?

Lithium

Which two brain regions are important for maternal behavior?

Nucleus Accumbeus and Medial Preoptic area

What hormone is essential for milk letdown reflex?

Oxytocin

What do POMC neurons do? What do AgRP/NPY neurons do?

POMC -- Inhibit food intake, increases metabolism and promotes weight loss AgRP/NPY -- Stimulate food intake, reduce metabolism and promote weight gain

How are insulin and glucagon related? What do they do?

Pancreatic Hormones Insulin: Promotes Glycogen formation and reduces blood glucose levels Glucagon: Breaks down Glycogen and increases blood glucose levels

Which of the following is the most commonly exhibited OCD symptom?

Performing excessive or ritualized behaviors

Where in the hypothalamus are oxytocin and vasopressin produced?

Periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Which lobe of pituitary releases oxytocin and vasopressin?

Posterior pituitary

How does oxytocin affect maternal behavior?

Recognition and Attachment process

Broca's area

Region in left prefrontal cortex OR left frontal lobe whose damage usually produces expressive aphasia (or problem with speech production)

What are the three ways by which hormone levels can be regulated?

Regulation by Neural signals Regulation by hormone signals Regulation by non-hormonal chemical signals

How do oxytocin and vasopressin affect partner preference in voles?

Sex-specific effects on partner preference

Where is energy stored in the body?

Short-term storage as glycogen in liver and muscle Long-term storage as triglycerides in adipose tissue (fat)

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from?

The interaction of stress and genetic factors

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of?

The left posterior temporal region

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 DM: childhood onset Type 2 DM: usually adult onset

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as an important treatment for?

Uni-polar Depression

How is the hypothalamic connection to the anterior lobe different from its connection to the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

Vascular network connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary Neural connections from hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

What is the dual center hypothesis? What was the evidence for it, and why is the simplest form of it not true?

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) satiety center Lateral hypothalamus (LH) hunger center Based largely on lesion studies and it is more complicated.

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia?

Wernicke's

The enlarged ventricles in the brains of some patients with schizophrenia is due to what?

decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. right; left left; right right; right left; left

right; right

What are the main classes of drugs used to treat depression?

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors block the destruction of excess monoamines in the terminals • Tricyclic antidepressants block re-uptake at the synapse • Second generation antidepressants affect a single neurotransmitter • Prozac (fluoxetine) is one of several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)