brain and behavior quiz 3

_______ specifically blocks the release of ACh from axon terminals at the injection site. a. Curare b. Botulinum toxin c. Tetrodotoxin d. Cocaine

b. Botulinum toxin

The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors. a. D1 b. D2 c. D3 d. auto-

b. D2

Muscarinic receptors are a. all inhibitory. b. metabotropic. c. all excitatory. d. ionotropic.

b. metabotropic

Damage to the _______ would affect projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin. a. locus coeruleus b. raphe nucleus c. basal forebrain d. substantia nigra

b. raphe nucleus

Downregulation of a neuron's receptors might be caused by a. the antagonistic effects of a drug. b. the agonistic effects of a drug. c. a drug that both inhibits and excites the nervous system. d. two similar drugs exerting opposite effects.

b. the agonistic effects of a drug.

Which neurotransmitter/neuromodulator has not been shown to be affected by MDMA ("Ecstasy")? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Enkephalin d. Prolactin

c. Enkephalin

The _______ is an area of the brain which, when lesioned, allows patients to quit smoking effortlessly. a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. insula d. thalamus

c. insula

Damage to the dopamine neural pathway in either the nucleus accumbens or which other region would lead to dysfunction in the experience of reward? a. Substantia nigra b. Locus coeruleus c. Raphe nucleus d. Ventral tegmental area

d. Ventral tegmental area

Alcohol's calming influence may be attributed to its ability to a. decrease norepinephrine secretion. b. increase anandamide secretion. c. reduce postsynaptic inhibition. d. enhance postsynaptic inhibition.

d. enhance postsynaptic inhibition.

The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to a. cocaine. b. amphetamine. c. alcohol. d. heroin.

d. heroin.

Adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on a. postsynaptic receptors. b. neurotransmitter reuptake. c. synaptic enzymes. d. presynaptic autoreceptors.

d. presynaptic autoreceptors.

On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from a. panic disorder. b. depression. c. autism. d. schizophrenia.

d. schizophrenia.

If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B, then drug A is said to have greater a. affinity. b. selectivity. c. potency. d. specificity.

a. affinity.

The mood-stabilizing drug lithium acts by a. inhibiting cyclic AMP. b. blocking NMDA receptors. c. inhibiting serotonin reuptake. d. activating AMPA receptors.

a. inhibiting cyclic AMP.

GABA receptors are a. inhibitory. b. all ionotropic. c. all metabotropic. d. excitatory.

a. inhibitory.

The _______ system is a dopamine-containing projection that originates in the substantia nigra and projects to the basal ganglia. a. mesostriatal b. mesolimbocortical c. cholinergic d. lateral tegmental

a. mesostriatal

Neurotransmitter molecules are returned to the presynaptic terminal by transporter proteins in a process called a. reuptake. b. diffusion. c. localization. d. retrograde.

a. reuptake.

Drugs that stimulate the _______ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities. a. cholinergic b. dopaminergic c. noradrenergic d. serotonergic

b. dopaminergic

Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. a. serotonergic b. dopaminergic c. cholinergic d. muscarinic

b. dopaminergic

The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs such as morphine implies that the body must make an _______ substance to interact with the same receptors. a. exogenous b. endogenous c. excitatory d. inhibitory

b. endogenous

One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they a. evoke hallucinations. b. have strong rewarding properties. c. cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome. d. cause bursts of intense activity.

b. have strong rewarding properties.

The _______ receptor uses a system of second messengers to cause changes in excitability. a. ionotropic b. metabotropic c. GABAA d. nicotinic

b. metabotropic

The _______ model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict's desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms. a. positive reward b. physical dependence c. disease d. moral

b. physical dependence

The _______ model of drug abuse argues that people become addicted to drugs because of the powerful reinforcement they provide. a. moral model b. positive reward c. disease model d. physical dependence

b. positive reward

If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n) a. antagonist. b. endogenous ligand. c. prototype. d. agonist.

a. antagonist.

Cocaine was initially used as a(n) a. food additive. b. analgesic. c. antipsychotic. d. treatment for hysteria.

a. food additive.

The affinities of drugs are expressed in units of concentration—the _______ the affinity, the _______ the concentration required. a. higher; lower b. higher; higher c. lower; higher d. lower; lower

a. higher; lower

Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with a. myelin. b. GABA receptors. c. benzodiazepine receptors. d. genes.

b. GABA receptors.

Which qualification is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter? a. Existence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal b. Release of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending c. Existence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane d. Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area

d. Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area

Which chemical is not a monoamine neurotransmitter?a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Epinephrine d. Acetylcholine

d. Acetylcholine

Noradrenergic axons project into the a. limbic system. b. thalamic nuclei. c. cerebral cortex. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a type of opiate receptor? a. b. c. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which substance inhibits the production of neurotransmitter? a. Caffeine b. Black widow spider venom c. Botulinum toxin d. Colchicine

d. Colchicine

Which outcome does not result from amphetamine use? a. Increased endurance b. Increased sense of well-being c. Reduction of hunger d. Enhanced long-term memory

d. Enhanced long-term memory

One novel approach to the treatment of drug abuse involves the use of the immune system. In this type of treatment, _______ are directed against drug molecules, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream. a. antibodies b. viruses c. genes d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The drug "Ecstasy," or MDMA, is a hallucinogenic form of _______. a. cannabis b. opioids c. cocaine d. amphetamine

d. amphetamine

The active ingredient in cannabis, THC, exerts its effects on the brain through interactions with _______ receptors. a. opioid b. glutamate c. GABA d. cannabinoid

d. cannabinoid

Cannabinoids have been found to be widely distributed in the brain, but apparently, they are not present in significant numbers in the a. hippocampus. b. substantia nigra. c. cerebral cortex. d. cerebellum.

d. cerebellum.

People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of a. sensitization. b. tolerance. c. withdrawal. d. cross-tolerance.

d. cross-tolerance.

Two _______ opioids are_______-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. a. exogenous; met b. endogenous; tau c. exogenous; tau d. endogenous; met

d. endogenous; met

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. glycine. d. serotonin.

d. serotonin.

A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which procedure would provide the most rapid route of administration? a. Pill b. IV drip c. Subcutaneous shot d. Oral syrup

b. IV drip

The molecular structure of LSD resembles that of the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. glutamate. c. GABA. d. serotonin.

d. serotonin.

Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called a. substance abuse. b. addiction. c. withdrawal. d. tolerance.

d. tolerance.

In the human brain, about _______ neurons use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. a. 200,000 b. 1 million c. 200 million d. 40% of

a. 200,000

Blockage of which receptor type would prevent the hallucinogenic properties of LSD? a. 5-HT2a b. NMDA c. Opioid kappa d. Muscarinic

a. 5-HT2a

Which chemical is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?a. Dopamine b. Glutamate c. GABA d. Glycine

a. Dopamine

Damage to which site would affect projections using the neurotransmitter norepinephrine? a. Locus coeruleus b. Raphe nucleus c. Basal forebrain d. Substantia nigra

a. Locus coeruleus

Which chemical is a pure compound extracted from poppies? a. Opium b. Dynorphin c. Enkephalin d. Morphine

a. Opium

Which statement about substance abuse interventions is false? a. Substance abuse interventions that target genes instead of environments are the most effective approaches. b. No single intervention approach seems to be uniformly effective in the treatment of substance abuse. c. No matter what the intervention, relapse rates are high. d. Much more research is needed in the area of effective substance abuse treatments.

a. Substance abuse interventions that target genes instead of environments are the most effective approaches.

Cocaine and amphetamine both potently affect the _______ of the monoamine neurotransmitters ________ and _______ in the synapse. a. accumulation; norepinephrine; dopamine b. binding; serotonin; dopamine c. synthesis; acetylcholine; serotonin d. metabolism; GABA; norepinephrine

a. accumulation; norepinephrine; dopamine

The neurotransmitter _______ is found in nuclei of the basal forebrain. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. serotonin

a. acetylcholine

The venom of the black widow spider increases the release of a. acetylcholine. b. norepinephrine. c. serotonin. d. epinephrine.

a. acetylcholine.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of adenosine? a. It may be antagonized by caffeine. b. It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles. c. It acts on presynaptic receptors. d. It inhibits transmitter release.

b. It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles.

Which chemical is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter? a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Epinephrine d. Norepinephrine

b. Serotonin

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by a. selectively releasing more serotonin where needed. b. allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. c. blocking degradation enzymes. d. blocking serotonin release.

b. allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft.

Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors. a. hashish b. anandamide c. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) d. dynorphin

b. anandamide

A common feature of addictive drugs appears to be that they cause the release of _______ in the _______. a. serotonin; amygdala b. dopamine; nucleus accumbens c. norepinephrine; ventral tegmental area d. GABA; insula

b. dopamine; nucleus accumbens

Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances? a. Nicotine b. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) c. Amphetamine d. Cocaine

c. Amphetamine

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. serotonin. c. GABA. d. acetylcholine.

c. GABA.

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is a. serotonin. b. acetylcholine. c. GABA. d. glycine.

c. GABA.

Curare is a drug that selectively blocks receptors for a. serotonin. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine. d. norepinephrine.

c. acetylcholine.

A manufactured drug that activates a particular type of receptor in the brain is called a(n) a. endogenous drug. b. exogenous mimic. c. agonist. d. antagonist.

c. agonist.

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on a. cocaine. b. amphetamine. c. alcohol. d. heroin.

c. alcohol.

Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating a. schizophrenia. b. severe depression. c. anxiety disorders. d. Alzheimer's disease.

c. anxiety disorders.

Verapamil inhibits neurotransmitter release by blocking a. sodium channels. b. autoreceptors. c. calcium channels. d. storage in vesicles.

c. calcium channels.

The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by a. the addictive properties of certain drugs. b. the disease of addiction. c. character weakness in addicts. d. a lack of social and community support.

c. character weakness in addicts.

The main active ingredient found in cannabis is a. hashish. b. tetracycline. c. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). d. phencyclidine (PCP).

c. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Drugs called second-generation antipsychotics block a. dopamine receptors. b. serotonin receptors. c. dopamine and serotonin receptors. d. all dopamine receptor subtypes.

c. dopamine and serotonin receptors.

Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the a. intrinsic activity. b. effective dose. c. dose-response curve. d. binding affinity.

c. dose-response curve.

Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in a. addiction to methamphetamine. b. cocaine addiction. c. fetal alcohol syndrome. d. addiction to street-level heroin.

c. fetal alcohol syndrome.

Nitric oxide belongs to the _______ family of neurotransmitters. a. endorphins b. amino acids c. gas d. catecholamine

c. gas

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter a. GABA. b. dopamine. c. glutamate. d. acetylcholine.

c. glutamate.

Two types of acetylcholine receptors are called _______ and _______. a. AMPA; NMDA b. α1;α2 c. muscarinic; nicotinic d. delta; kappa

c. muscarinic; nicotinic

If a drug has high bioavailability this means that it a. readily passes the blood-brain barrier. b. has high potential for abuse. c. presents in the body in a form that can interact with physiological mechanisms. d. presents in the body with low efficacy.

c. presents in the body in a form that can interact with physiological mechanisms.

When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, _______ in the presynaptic terminal membrane. a. voltage-gated calcium channels close b. sodium channels open c. sodium channels close d. voltage-gated calcium channels open

d. voltage-gated calcium channels open