Brazilian History FINAL STUDY
Examples of Protests:
"Downtools" - workers stayed at work but stopped working - therefore couldn't get locked out police/military came with automatic weapons Massive student demonstrations (high school & university) Labor strikes/protests by metallurgical workers 1968 - First signs of armed resistance Military denounced by catholic church
Kubitscheck's Developmental Nationalism
(Combat underdevelopment) Emphasis on rapid industrialization & modernization of economy Priority for heavy/capital good industry Want to boost role of Brazil in worldwide economy - generate more wealth and better standards of living that other countries Growth and productivity > redistribution State Intervention in Economy Want to solve major insure of infrastructure - poor electricity & highways Increase in technology, auto industry, etc. Taxes/favorable exchange rates in place to pay for/support industrialization Fund industries unattractive to private investors Mediation of conflicts between labor and capital to maintain social peace and solve all labor strikes
Modernism in Brazil (Modern Art Week)
1920's - t in with national context - finding what it meant to be Brazilian Rejected romanticized, sentimentalized or formalized approaches to art and literature Emphasized the experimental & improv Emphasized appropriation and hybridity, rather than imitation - liked Taking ideas from other cultures Highly eclectic and included factions that went off in different directions - inclusive of political differences Based in urban São Paulo Didn't want to be realistic (obvious from art) - wanted to show expressions that were usually lacking Ex. many showed the hardships of physical labor Tried to outrage Paulista public out of compliance (controversial) Emphasized bohemian lifestyle Patromized by gov. Of Sao paulo and elite
Modern Art Week Year, purpose, why in Sao Paulo?
1922 made to scandalize the public, risky, modernist internationalism, raging nationalism, "aristocracy of the spirit", hostile to traditions - challenged the Purpose: to demystify the foundations of class-based system and achieve artistic expression of national scope - way to bridge Brazil's Europeanism and Nativeness - testing ground for new politics coffee and industry had given Sao Paulo a modern spirit with a seaport and international connections & Sao Paulo highly industrial and represented "New Brazil"
Stock Market Crash & effects on government Leads to which government Administration?
1929 - The Great Depression? GDP Shrinks, Coffee prices plunge economic crisis and political turmoil All classes interested in economic liberalism, individual rights, limit of state involvement in economic and social sectors
First Phase of Vargas Administration
1930 - 1933 - Consolidation of Power Establishing stability of government Establish Vargas as social reformer → overtime, paid vacation, child labor limits Strengthen Federal Military → federal over regional state forces - some better than others b/c $$$ Want to defeat Paulista oligarchy → they were too closed of a group and self-sustained - wants centralization
Second Phase of Vargas Administration
1934 - 1937 - Provisional Presidency Directly elected as provisional president 1934 - New Constitution - Liberal/Corporatist Hybrid Recognize certain groups as political entities Create more harmonious state Introduce corporatist ideas Wants to create stronger state - more centralized government Works to crush communists and radical Tenentes (communists had tried to overthrow Vargas but didn't have enough support) Supporters: declining support from regionalist elites (see central power growing more), mainstream military, integralists
Third Phase of Vargas Administratation
1937 - 1945 - Estado Novo 1937 - Dismantle regional political machines and ban all political parties Nation > state - flag burning ceremony Issue new, more authoritarian Constitution Censorship - all media Promote rapid industrialization (modernize) Ultimate rejection of liberalism Support of right-wing nationalist military, government appointed labor leaders Vargas grows relationship with United States Vargas presents image as father of the poor/people Creation of Worker's Card For any registered worker - benefits (paid vacation etc.) Kept track of records of employments Gives sense of pride to workers
Consolidation of Labor Laws
1942 - Under Vargas Administration Made to modify labor relations Largely not enforced/regulated & most workers wouldn't talk to employers about problems - risk of being fired Allowed labor problems & blame to be directed at employer rather than government Didn't do much but made Vargas look really good
Significance of Construction of Volta Redonda
1943 - During Vargas Administration First steel plant producing high quality steel New Chapter in Brazilian industrialism - wants to be full scale industrial power Moves away from light goods to capital good
How Does Vargas administration end?
1945 - Vargas forced out of Power 2 theories Fascist tendencies embarrassing for allies Popularity with popular class unnerving for elites
Vargas Elected as President
1950 - nationalist and pro-labor Joao Goulart as minister of Labor
Introducing the "Civilized Indian"
image of native brazilian who has adapted to mainstream urban like and customs of a modern capital Post WWII Rio cities serve as privileged place for protection and exhibition of indigenous life and culture nation's first indian reservations appear Indian seen as "noble savages" - sentimental view of indigenous peoples Indian as emblematic figure of creation of Brazilian peoples Freyre: Brazil is combination, fusion, mixture
First Economic Miracle & Outcome & JK's Response
1951 - 1961 Under Kubitschek - Wages increase significantly - increase in output of all industries (steel, mechanical, electrical, transportation) Outcome: - Industrialization becomes more concentrated in growth triangle → sao paulo - Increased dependence on foreign technology and investment - Agricultural sector lags b/c all policies focused on industrial sector - Inflation! - Excessive Government spending/tax breaks (on large corporations) to promote industry - Weak revenue-generating system - easy to get out of paying Spending > money generated from exports Kubitschek Response: Needed to borrow from international monetary fund, freeze wages and subsidize food etc REFUSES → maintains economic growth but passes on problem of inflation to next administration
Sao Paulo Strike of 300,000
1953 - Vargas and Goulart refuse to send in federal troops to force workers to return to return to their jobs or protect strikebreakers Vargas fires controversial Minister Goulart, but ends up doubling minimum wage, a move criticized by opponents as "inflationary." ^ was pressured by left
Juscelino Kubitscheck Presidency key events
1956-1961 - vice president Joao Goulart developmental nationalism economic miracle March to the West & Brasilia State Intervention in Economy Want to solve major insure of infrastructure - poor electricity & highways Increase in technology, auto industry, etc. Taxes/favorable exchange rates in place to pay for/support industrialization Fund industries unattractive to private investors Mediation of conflicts between labor and capital to maintain social peace and solve all labor strikes
Construction of Brasila
1960 - Modernist Dream Urban Center as a stimulus for development - Physical separation of work and residence - Open avenues suited to speed and middle-class car culture - "Superblocks" would promote equality (communism?) - Glass façades allow openness - Satellite Cities and bus transportation BUT City is also kind of a nightmare for people - Erasure of Brazilian "street" and street corner and space for sociability - Self-contained superblock community incompatible with patterns of sociability - Glass façades increase sense of state intrusion into private space - Exclusion of workers from the Plano Piloto worsens inequalities - Satellite Cities distant from work and bus transportation costly Brasilia adapts to be more Brazilian - No glass walls in homes - storefronts build looking outwards - Upper middle class private neighborhoods emerge - Favelas appear on periphery
Why is Goulart Overthrown
1964 - 1. Cold war context - rising fear of communism (cuban revolution & US imperialism) - Inevitable and likely ← people looking for military coup out of fear of communism - Increasing fear that Brazil would become another - Cuba & Castro - Goulard become explicitly aligned with Soviet Union - produces anxiety - No evidence of transformation but many things produced tensions - images of protesting of peasant leagues that resembled Cuba, unexpected resignation of President before Goulart 2. Economic Context - shift from consumer to capital goods → encouraged authoritarian regimes Split it goals of populists and those interested in industry - MASSIVE INCREASE IN INFLATION
The Military Seizure of Power
1964 - First true military coup in Brazil's history - Belief that democracy had made Brazil weak/vulnerable - couldn't work properly when relying on votes Doctrine of National Security - Wanted to strengthen political & economic system - saw strong econ. as crucial to avoiding communism Distinctive of Era's military dictatorships - Concerned about international image, significant civilian support (working class), wanted to create appearance of "normal" political process (make it seems like not full-fledged authoritarian dictatorship despite the fact that military)
Institutional Act #2
1965 Abolishes Political parties Make it clear that military not leaving anytime soon
The Second Economic Miracle benefits and disadvantages
1968 - 1974 (what allows military to be in power for so long) High rates of growth/low rates of inflation → substantial and lasting economic growth Massive growth in foreign investment NOT conventionally neoliberal—military retained state enterprises and planning Military controls entire economy - doesn't let it regulate itself Emphasis Individual paths to upward mobility - not through labor unions but doing it by yourself through hard work DOWNSIDES - Causes increase in inequality - Tended to cater to middle class - were able to consume like high class citizens - Massively expand higher education and not basic (public) education - Labor strikes outlawed - can't leverage labor shortages into higher wages - Working class households but put kids into labor force to increase income → child labor lowered to age 12 - decline in children in schools
Years of Lead
1968 - 1974 - time under military rule Military sees protests as from being too liberal/soft government/state police violence, torture, kidnappings of US ambassadors in exchange for political prisoners (embarrasses government and excelerates use of torture and indefinite detention) , suspension of Habeous Corpus, beginnings o armed movements against government
Black Consciousness Movement
1970s - greater rights & activism in urban areas (especially Rio) wanted larger case for "black" critique of race and racism in Brazil - Eliminate the myth of racial democracy against any discrimination of class, race, age, gender, sexuality etc.
Oil Shocks
1973 - 1974 Oil producing nations hold production to raise price - causes huge $ increase for imports/interest Return of inflation
Military Exit from Power
1985 Understanding that the military dictatorship was not an accident - process of social/historical construction - brazilians participated in it International criticism - vulnerable to be criticized for its human rights violations → Even US president (Carter) critique them Military violence & torture → now on high class people not just working class & very public - evidence that it's really bad 4 main explanations 1. New Social Movements 2. New Unionism 3. United Popular Front 4. Explanation of Personalities
Fernando Collor de Mello as President
1989 - Won on "Anti-Lula" vote, bad economic policies and corruption 1992 - Impeachment after many protests (Students vs. Collor)
Itamar Franco as President
1993 - Appoints Fernando Henrique Cardoso minister of Finance (1993 - 1994)
Michael Temer as President
2016 elected 4-9% approval rating
The Cohen Plan
A detailed a plan for a Communist revolution. In fact, the Cohen Plan was a forgery concocted by the Integralists, but Dutra publicly demanded a state of siege. On 10 November 1937, Vargas announced in a nationwide radio address that he was seizing emergency powers. He also dissolved Congress and canceled the elections due for January 1938. On the same night, the constitution was recast into a severely authoritarian document that concentrated virtually all power in Vargas' hands. The regime created by this document is known as the Estado Novo (New State).
Lula as Unconventional Politician
Always works to keep working class identity: Poor family, not much formal schooling, works as metallurgical worker, Political career beings with metallurgical worker's unions
End of Vargas??
Anti-Vargas Campaign led by Carlos Lacerda (communist journalist) Military enlisted to insist on Vargas' resignation 1954 - Vargas shoots himself rather than resign Suicide letter broadcasted nationally Massive popular grief
Women on Left
Crucial in armed underground opposition to military - many imprisoned/tortured (ex. Dilma) Many who are exiled join feminist movements Church becomes safe place for their activism
Getulio VARGAS AS A CHARACTER
Cultivated ambiguity would be any man someone wanted him to be Allowed all factions he worked with to be harmonious Against democracy would bring elites back to power - couldn't properly represent the country - still a dictatorship presents image as father of the poor/people Relates self to common brazilians, not the elite - visits schools, grows relationship with working man
Dilma Impeached
Economy had declined - questioned her policies and competence Resurgence in right - protestant conservatives As a women: more vulnerable to attacks - never loved like Lula was Not necessarily guilty - (of making budgets look better by juggling attacks) No typical of politicians - NOT just her, she never even personally gained from any of it Impeached because unpopular - way of getting worker's party out of power without an election
Dilma Rouseff as President
Elected in 2010 & 2014 Easily elected - was Lula's "protege" - Political prisoner and torture victim Accomplishments - Expanded social welfare programs - Harder line on corruption - Less erratic foreign policy Problems: - Slowdown in economic growth (commodity prices plummet) - Rising Cost of Living - Public Discontent linked to 2014 World Cup Challenges: - Pressure to improve K-12 education - despite amazing universities - Had to head with a lot of corruption scandals - approved investigations into them (Petrobras, Lava Jato) - Deals with protests about World Cup - displacement, gov spending, cost of living
Institutional Act # 5 -
Eliminates Habeas Corpus 1968 -
Tropicalia & Counterculture
Emergence in 1960's CRITIQUE THROUGH CULTURAL INNOVATION Music - blend of samba, bossa nova, popular music, electrified rock - paulista modernism → made it all their own example of desire oppression artistic ideas and new ways of being under dictatorship arose Political rejection of restraints - could be seen as form of resistance → assertion to do something, references to things abroad liberating for women and having different options in life Newspaper as voice of counterculture Not restricted to middle white class Tropicalistas and non-Tropicalistas still similar → spent time in exile/jail, collaborated with each other, openly critical of military regime and oppression of art Controversial because: - Military disliked celebration of artistic freedom and countercultural style; - "moral panic" saw tropicalistas as too influenced by foreign and intellectual trends, not "authentically" Brazilian or popular - All protested (if in different ways) the suppression of personal and artistic freedom under the military dictatorship
Lula as President
First term: 2002 - 2006 Second Term 2006 - 2010 Brazil relatively unaffected by worldwide recession Geographic distribution of growth more equitable Expansion of health-care and education Major infrastructure projects By end of Presidency Eliminated category of families living in absolute misery Successfully bids to host World Cup (2014) and Olympics (2016) Leaves with AMAZING 80% approval rating Support of poor, and middle class - all sharing economic success Some regional resentment → Paulista's done like their money going to "lazy" poor people
Northeastern Regionalists - cultural movement in Northeast (writers)
Focused on decadence of sular plantations - misery of popular classes See selves as regionalists whereas Sao Paulo sees self as the nation Too concentrated of economic and therefore political power in Sao Paulo Oswald de Andrade (1890 - 1954) famous Brazilian modernist
Explanation of Personalities as End to Military Rule
Geisel less repressive that previous military president More open to idea and less hardlined Stops with the disappearances and tortures Personality will move military regime to be more and more open to democracy Couldn't sustain power, had to leave in way where everything wouldn't be destroyed
Women During Economic Miracle
High employment (still low employment) - in both formal and informal work sector - all types of jobs Older women working - younger staying in school longer
Black Consciousness Movement
Late 1970's Indigenous and Afro-descended Brazilians began mobilizing for greater rights in urban areas Challenges cherished image of Brazil as a racial democracy (especially when compared to US) Military Response: shift to "pro-African" position and seeks to cultivate ties with emerging African nations - Sees self as influential to foreign sphere of influence in Africa - must cultivate close relations - Zumbi Historical Park—attempt to integrate the memory of Palmares into national identity - Declares Nov. 20th as Day of Black Consciousness (Zumbi death) & celebrates day of Golden Law - 1979 - denounces denial of electoral rights as "a form of racism and enslavement." - Promotes tourism in places like Bahia - restoration of places associated with slavery Brazil as society were African-ness is important → wants elected officials who represent all of brazil (not just white) - Allows descendents of slaves to have quilombo land - 2009 - self identification was sufficient proof
Patterns of Massive Urbanization - when did it begin? What are favelas?
Mid 50's Onward Internal immigration to cities from Nordeste and Minas to Rio & Sao Paulo AND Massive increase in population b/c more children per family Insufficient affordable housing - developers not interested in affordable housing Rio is both the the "Marvelous City" and a dysfunctional metropolis Completely out of space Emergence of Favelas Needed b/c insufficient housing for how rapid population growth is and poorness of people Land not good enough for high class construction (granite mountains etc) or in urban periphery Neighborhood initially without urban services (running water, roads, schools, lighting, sewers) Favela residents assumed to be Black and very poor, but some diversity in class and race characterized by high rates of violence and drug trafficking Not always invasion - real estate speculators illicitly rent land to poor migrants to achieve judicial claim on land Different Portrayals of Favelas 1960's Shift in way people see favelas → immense circulation of popular novels Written by women of the favelas - gripping account - negative life in favela (domestic violence, disputes, etc)
Vargas Regime on Race and National Identity:
Nationalist and anti-immigration (⅔ Law) Emphasises hybrid character of Brazil - African contribution to national character Requires samba schools to adopt national themes (fleet of baianas to acknowledge African influence, costumes, lyrics, parades commercialized) Samba as national music of Brazil - gov. Funding for radio broadcasting State has wide intellectual diversity - Jews working with anti-semites Brazil uses art/architecture/culture to make nation more prominent Ex. Disney movies & Carmen Miranda - use of film as diplomacy between US and Brazil Circulate good representations of Brazil internationally
Plano Real and Fernando Henrique as minister of finance
New currency based on units of real value - interests rates raised to prevent wave of consumerism inflation drops dramatically
Changes over Time in Gender roles what was it influenced by?
Part of 1970's Counterculture Prior to 60's: - women have limited role in politics - "family wage" - to allow men to provide for family and women to stay home careers in education, social work (non controversial & only working with women & children) - respectability very important (non-sexual, virgins for marriage) ← or else disparaged by left and right Sources of Change in Gender Roles - Transnational influences - music, film, fashion, experiences of those in exile → feminist groups abroad - Urbanization, modernization and consumerism - Anonymity in denser cities can go out and do what you want without people knowing you - Higher education & more employment opportunities - ^ more high powering jobs - Older women working - younger staying in school longer Changes in Gender Roles - New openness for sexuality - "sexy woman on the beach" change in beach culture - More openness in beach cities - Birth control - from 6 births per woman to 1.8 - Urbanization as good source of birth control - less space for families, kids are expensive, no need for more kids 1977 - Divorce legalized
Emergence of Gay Culture
Part of 1970's Counterculture Urbanization brings gay men to cities and gay subculture emerges → new nightlife and tourism Military Response to Gay culture - Sees gay culture as decadence and perversion → censors publications, police sweeps at gay clubs - Often look away because of its attraction to tourism and famous gay figures
Change in Urban Culture in Salvador da Bahia:
Post emancipated Salvador had seen huge whitening efforts for image and modernization of state Candombles persecuted by police - associated with street gangs/crime Opposition to samba music and African traditions NOW 1900's - Candomble houses emerge as powerful mediators in Bahian Society - no more persecution - valuable contribution to Bahian Society Samba, Capoeira, Candomblé, Feijoada and Vatapá all come from Bahia Candomble as context for cultivating African traditions/identities Bahia becomes magnet for students looking to study african culture Emergence of women as central figures in Candomble Rituals (Men more likely to be prosecuted by police and more dangerous/likely to lead protest)
New Unionism as End to Military Rule
Previously outlawed to strike (incredible restricted because union leaders chosen by military government), now began to strike again - union's - Now metallurgical workers who have particular place in economy - incredibly important ← if you can get them to strike you can get the government to have a response - not easily replaceable Puts good pressure on military LULA → interests in line with those of workers Union leader within metallurgical movement Becomes president
Neoliberalism after military regime
Removal of barriers on free trade, Sold off state-owned enterprises & Reduced government spending, Assumes that the "market" is best regulator of economy than government EVERYTHING GOES TO SHIT Inflation rate continues to increase Increased unemployment rates Increased rate of Brazilian emigration → to US and Canada (mostly middle class and illegal) Increased violent crime & homicide Leads to increased need for private homes & communities to segregate selves from violence Gated communities, apartment buildings rather than homes, enclosed shopping center, less street life Increase of wrongful police violence as reaction to increase in crime → almost no prosecution against them Police corrupt and often collaborating with drug gangs - creates vicious circle
how does Vargas come to power?
Runs for president in 1930 - insurgent candidate Has immense popular Paulista support yet loses election → shows power of Paulista elites at the time 1930 - Getulio Vargas Seizes Government Help of tenentes & states forces of Minas Gerais & Rio Grande do Sul
Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
Sao Paulo vs. Brazil Sao Paulo largely against Vargas - feel as though they're the best and shouldn't be treated like other states Sao Paulo declares state of war against Vargas - "down with the dictatorship" Not exactly calling for democracy but wanted Sao Paulo's dominance or to be separate Vargas does not retaliate, Paulistas unsuccessful - fight ends
Revolution of 1930
Similar to fall of empire → old regime was so weak and illegitimacy so questions it sort of fell by itself No radical transformation of social structure or power relations Change of role of the state in Brazilian life → becomes central Vargas uses language of populism and rise of workingman citizen Policies for the welfare of citizens
Outcome of 1936 Elections
Vargas cancels them - becomes dictator marks "new state" - new constitution without liberal features 1937 - The Cohen Plan for suspension of elections completely fabricated to give Vargas power to cancel elections
United Popular Front as End to Military Rule
Vision of political parties shaping transition Groups with opposition to military dictatorship working together as political parties ← setting aside differences to come together and end the military dictatorship
New Social Movement as End to Military Rule
Women, new middle class, catholic church, racial minorities/groups, want rights but not under military - need to completely get rid of military to achieve them Want rights and to get them it is necessary to get rid of military Not necessarily unionized worked or formal political parties but created a social movement Brings in popular class on matters of human rights
Lula Attempts to President but fails - why?
Workers Party (PT)was only completely new political party to emerge from dictatorship Represented new unionism, catholic Left and new social movement Previously unsuccessful in presidential elections because seemed too radical (socialist leaning), new party with no established connections, safer to go with more moderate candidates now finding success in congressional elections Lula changes persona and ideology to be more electable → more moderate, social democrat, promises neo-liberal and growth of economy - changes personal style from t-shirt to suit
Constitution of 1988
advances process of democratization but many feature of military regime still in place allows of election of civilian president Censorship eased, moderates more prominent - but still catered towards opinions of people who don't represent popular class Those exiled return - amnesty declared Habeas Corpus returns Military politicians play role in transitions Little prosecution for military human rights abuses - everyone as champion of democracy Geisel appointed moderate successor - oversees final transition of military out of power recognizes the right of slave descendants (quilombos) to receive land from the state - Not controversial with rural land but v. controversial with urban land Controversy over Quotas - affirmative action in public employment and university admissions Right - not necessary because Brazil is racial democracy - color people face no obstacles Left - it's a matter of class not race - Fed gov increased # of seats at public universities "Not a privilege but a reparation"
MODERNISM 1924: Manifesto Pau Brasil (Brazilwood Manifesto) 1928: Manifesto Atropofago (Cannibalist Manifesto)
argued that other countries should be interested in more than just brazilian exports but also culture argued for the idea of appropriating european cultural ideas and forms, digesting them, and turning them into something else, argued for rethinking the role of the indigenous in brazilian culture no longer as a noble savage, but rather a source for brazilian difference
Fernando Henrique as President
elected in 1995 - immense success with Plano Read - ensures victory Academic left, marxist, Began important reforms & experimental programs → distribution of AIDS drugs, affirmative action programs, pay families to have kids in school creates perfect context for Lula's Election - Stable economy and gradual economic growth public more amenable to social reforms - Rising crime → highlighted the need to address dramatic social inequities Brazil continues to have severe income inequality
1922 Tenente Uprising
group of young Brazilian Army officers began a rebellion against the Old Republic at Fort Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro. demanding various forms of social modernization, calling for agrarian reform, the formation of co-operatives, and the nationalization of mines New political ideas - Critique of corrupt traditionalism of Old Republic Want new sense of nationalism in nation Troops seize Sao Paulo for month - Federal Troops force them out Large impact bc support was given was senior military officers Called for reform on labor laws & class conflict Went to backlands to find popular support against government
March to The West
mid 1960's - urbanization of large uninhabited areas - separated by central cities - to relieve overpopulation issues in big cities - didn't want to do it like copacobana - wanted good infrastructure for high speed car traffic became possible after 1970 when massive public works for tunnels and highways allowed for access to regions
The Lost Decade
mid 1980's - mid 1990's end of economic miracle beginning of economic crisis Massive use of military lethal violence and torture End of economic miracle - oil shocks Heavy borrowing from abroad, Inflation is 2.5x what it was when Goulart overthrown, Effects of Oil Shocks Regime's previous spending policies made the effects very harsh - Large infrastructure projects suspended (Itaipu Dam, Rodovia dos Imigrantes, Trans Amazonian Highway) urban poor (no safety net feels inflation and economic downturn first but even privileged middle class starts to feel squeeze Low growth and HIGH inflation
March to the West - "New Bandeirantes" Purpose
mid 50's onward JK Government realized Brazil is drastically unevenly developed Too much migration from northeast to center south (cities) Northeast (Nordeste) poor migrate to cities (Rio/Sao Paulo) for jobs, services Efforts to even out and send more people outside cities -Vargas wanted to do the same but never did
Increasing Migration to Cities & Collective Nordestino Identity when did it begin?
mid 50's onward significant to how they're identified and how they identify themselves Narrative of migrants - mulatto indigenous?
impact of WWII on Brazil
official alignment with the Allies (US) radio and film markets open to American mass media promoted by office of InterAmerican Affairs directed by Rockefeller - Good Neighbors movie Carmen Miranda - introduce Brazil to US as romantic city hospitable to outsiders, sexy and modern, with undertones of the exotic
1988 Constitution
process of democratization after end of Military power - many features of military regime still in place - shift to civilian democratic rule - new federal constitution -NEOLIBERALISM extended property titles to land occupied by descendants of runaway slaves (quilombos) - open to anyone who self identifies - only controversial if it was land of high value or nondescendants tried claiming land
Integralist Uprising
quickly crushed and leadership exiled
1964's Protests
right after Military Seizure of Power - wave of discontent especially among university students students against militarism and imperialism - call for democracy and social reform - Cold War paranoia - radical nationalism - against military trying to contain student activism Increased Societal Tensions - increased censorship, detentions, tortures, denial of political rights, loss of rights, Brazil too close to economic interests Global Context --> increase student protests (vietnam)
Implications of 1960's protests
rise in urban violence - elites seek personal distance from poor - fenced in communities - indoor malls - apartment buildings rather than homes - harder for invasion
Impact of WWI on brazil
rising Nationalism in Brazil Questioning if Europe was still the center of the world - immense damage done see themselves as worldwide role model instead of Europe Large critique of the Republic (too accommodating/decentralized)
brazil's modern portrayal internationally (through film and tourism)
romantic city hospitable to outsiders, sexy and modern, with undertones of the exotic
Reasons for Popular Unrest Under Military Rule - Reasons for Massive Protests
wave of union interventions, detentions, tortures, denial of political rights, repression and censorship Congress continues to function and political parties begin planning for presidential elections Causes high dissatisfaction between laborer - But military doesn't need popular support to stay in power Global Context → numerous student protests for Vietnam Cancelled presidential elections → clear military wants to stay Loss of political rights → ability to hold over, public speech, voting Brazil too close with US economic interests 1964 - Anti-inflation policies - frozen wages, high interest rates, cuts of gov spending - Hard for middle/working class All trade leadership dismissed by leadership - friends of military given position Removed all barriers on foreign investors - international companies getting favored over Brazilian
