BS 162 Old Exams

What is the best description of the link between mutations and natural selection? a. Mutations create genetic variation, which serves as the raw material upon which natural selection operates b. Detrimental mutations allow organisms to survive natural selection c. Natural selection causes mutations by way of environmental pressures d. Mutations always produce beneficial variations, allowing individual organisms to adapt to natural selection d. Natural selection cause mutations, allowing organisms to adapt to natural selection

A Mutations create genetic variation, which serves as the raw material upon which natural selection operates.

Which statement is false about meiosis and the various processes that occur in meiosis. a. In metaphase II, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells b. In anaphase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart to each pole. c. In prophase II, a new spindle forms and the nuclear envelope if present breaks down. d. In telophase I, separated homologues form a cluster at each pole of the cell and the nuclear envelope reforms around each daughter cell nucleus. e. In prophase I, chromosomes condense

A. In metaphase II, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.

What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype? a. The phenotype is the characteristic/trait produced by that genotype, and the genotype is the genetic characteristic an organism has b. The phenotype encompasses all of the proteins produced by an organism; the genotype encompasses all the characteristics inherited by Lamarckism. c. The phenotype is the characteristic an organism has, the genotype is the second physical characteristic produced by that phenotype. d. A phenotype is always a characteristic the individual developed as it moved up the ladder of nature; a genotype is always a characteristic the individual inherited genetically. e. A phenotype is a genetic trait inherited from parents; a genotype is the physical characteristic produced by that phenotype.

A. The phenotype is the characteristic/trait produced by that genotype, and the genotype is the genetic characteristic an organism has.

Which statement below is true about the General Theory of Inheritance? a. The fusion of gametes does not result in the reconstitution of the diploid condition b. Two pairs of genes assort independently from one another when they are not linked. c. Genes of a pair are never different d. Mendel's First Law states that there is not an equal probability that either one of a pair of genes will enter a given gamete. e. Mendel's second law states that genes are transmitted in gametes

B Two pairs of genes assort independently from one another when they are not linked.

In the same human, the Marfan gene produces long fingers and toes, dislocation of the lens of the eye and structural problems of the aorta. This is an example of a. Epistasis b. Pleiotropy c. codominance d. incomplete dominance e. additive gene action

B. Pleiotropy

In some fungi, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result? a. Two cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell b. One large cell with twice the DNA as the parent cell c. Two small cells with half the amount of DNA as the parent cell d. One large cell with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell e. Two cells with twice the DNA as the parent cell

B. One large cell with twice the DNA as the parent cell.

In which of the following situations could evolution by natural selection occur? a. A population of island finches possesses almost no genetic variability b. Over generations, a population of mountain gorillas with genes for long hair survive cold and cloudy weather better than gorillas that have genes for minimal body hair. c. Overall several generations a population of snails has access to limited resources. d. Over generation almost every member of a population of howler monkeys is able to produce offspring e. A population of snail that never had a mutation occur in any of the individuals

B. Over generations, a population of mountain gorillas with genes for long hair survive cold and cloudy weather better than gorillas that have ones for minimal body hair.

Mary is conducting an experiment. She is interested in determining if female or male fruit flies are better at identifying colors. Before she conducts her experiment, she develops hypotheses about what she believes will happen. Which of the following statements below is likely her null hypothesis. a. Fruit flies are not able to identify colors b. There is no relationship between fruit fly sex and the ability to identify colors c. Male fruit flies are significantly better at identifying colors than female fruit flies. d. There is a significant relationship between fruit fly sex and the ability to identify colors e. It is impossible to tell what her null hypothesis would be based on the information present

B. There is no relationship between fruit fly sex and the ability to identify colors.

The process of inductive reasoning involves _____ a. The use of general principles to support a hypothesis b. The generation of specific predictions based on a belief system c. The use of specific observation to develop general principles d. The use of general principles to predict a specific result e. The generation of a specific prediction based a hypothesis.

C The use of specific observations to develop general principles

Chiasmata form _______ a. Sister chromatids b. Sex chromosomes but not autosomes c. Between non sister chromatids of paris of homologues chromosomes d. Between replicated copies of the same chromosomes. e. Only in animal cells

C. Between non sister chromatids of pairs of homologous chromosomes

Which of the following statements below is false about the relationship between chimpanzees and humans? a. Forearms of humans and chimpanzees are homologous structure b. The genomic sequences of humans and chimpanzees are approximately 96% similar c. Genes in these species are expressed at the same time in the same tissues d. language is possible for humans because of amino acid differences in the transcription factor FOXP2 gene e. Chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor

C. Genes in these species are expressed at the same time in the same tissues

Interpreting an evolutionary/phylogenetic tree is important for any biologist as these trees are used to convey a large amount of information about relationships among species and other taxonomic groups. to that end, what does a branch point in an evolutionary tree represent? a. It marks the most primitive species on the tree b. It marks the most diverse lineage c. It marks the divergence of any two species or groups or lineages d. It identifies the most recent symplesiomorphy between two groups e. It represents the distance in measurements such as in millimeters indicating how far in distance the species evolved from each other.

C. It marks the divergence of any two species or groups or lineages.

Which of the genetic crosses below represents a test cross? a. tt x tt b. TT x TT c. Tt x tt d. Tt x Tt

C. Ttxtt

Hemophilia, a blood disorder of humans, is sex linked. If a hemophiliac male has children with a carrier female, how many of their female and male children out of four will have the disease? a. No females, two males b. Two females, no males c. No females, one male d. One female, one male e. One female, no males

D One female, one male

Evidence supporting the General Theory of Evolution comes from all the areas except ___ a. From the fossil record b. From biochemical studies d. From the field of comparative embryology d. From analogous structures e. From the field of biogeography

D. From analogous structures

A homozygous brown-feathered (B) hippogriff, a type of bird is a crossed with a homozygous white-feathered (b) hippogriff and all four offspring are tan in color. This is an example of what type of gene-gene interaction a. Negative dominance b. The two pairs of genes are linked c. Sex-linked d. Incomplete dominance e. Dominant recessieve

D. Incomplete dominance

Arrange the following-gene, chromosome, nucleotide, cell, nucleic acid- in the correct order from simplest (sales) to the most complex (largest) a. Gene, cell, chromosomes, nucleotide, nucleic acid b. Chromosome, nucleic acid, nucleotide, gene, cell c. Cell, gene, nucleic acid, nucleotide, chromosome d. Nucleotide, nucleic acid, gene, chromosome, cell e. Nucleic acid, gene, nucleotide, chromosome, cell

D. Nucleotide, nucleic acid, gene, chromosome, cell

Ubiquitin is a small protein (76 amino acids); it has been found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organism and is involved in protein degradation in the cell. The amnio acid sequence of ubiquitin found in humans has one amino acid difference form the ubiquitin found in Caenorhabditis elegant (roundworm) and three amino acid differences from the ubiquitin found in Sacchoromyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast). Based on this information, which hot the following statements is accurate? a. Molecular data can tell us little about evolution, because it is usually incompatible with data derived from fossil record. b. humans are more closely related to yeast than they are to roundworm. c. This data tells us nothing about evolutionary hoister d. Yeast,s roundworms, and humans all share a common ancestor e. Yeasts gave rise to roundworms that gave rise to humans.

D. Yeasts, roundworms, and humans all share a common ancestor.

A group of giant pandas inhabit a bamboo forest in China. The male members of the group have tests; testes are organs that are part of the reproductive system. The tests are composed of several cell types, including Leydig cells that secrete testosterone molecules. Which of the following statements below is a correct representation of the hierarchy of biological organization from least complex (smallest) to most complex (largest)? a. Reproductive system, testes, panda population, panda, Leydig cells, testosterone b. Testosterone, organelles, Leydig cells, testes, panda, reproductive system, panda community c. Testes, reproductive system, panda population, organelles, Leydig cells, testosterone d. Panda population, reproductive system, panda, testosterone, Leydig cells, testes e. Testosterone, Leydig cells, testes, reproductive system, panda, panda population

E Testosterone, Leydig cells, testes, reproductive system, panda, panda population.

In a species of insect, big eye is dominant over little eye, and large wing is dominant over little wing. These two pairs of genes are linked. If a heterozygous individual for both characteristics is closed with a homozygous dominant individual for both characteristics, how many of their offspring out of four will have little eye and little wing? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four e. None

E. None

The occurrence of vestigial structures in a species of organisms indicates that ____ a. These structures underwent convergent evolution b. These structures should be removed as soon as possible from this species c. These structures are very important because they keep the organisms alive d. These structures have been formed by parallel evolution e. These organisms have the genes that produce these structures

E. These organisms have the genes that produce these structures

Which statement is false about meiosis and mitosis? a. Mitosis enables multicellular organism to grow from a zygote. b. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes doe snot occur in mitosis. c. Crossing over may occur in meiosis. d. Mitosis consists of one nuclear division e. Meiosis produces gametes that are diploid

E. Meiosis produces gametes that are diploid

In Phoenixes, a type of bird, red feathers (R) are dominant over yellow feathers (r) and long beaks (B) are dominant over short beaks (b). these pairs of genes are not linked. When a phoenix that is homozygous recessive for feathers and heterozygous dominant for beaks is crossed with a phoenix that is heterozygous for both characteristics, the phenotypic ratio of their offspring is a. Three red feather long beak, three red feather short beak, one yellow feather long beak, one yellow feather short beak b. Four red feather long beak, four yellow feather short beak c. Two red feather long break, two red feather short beak, two yellow feather long beak, two yellow feather short beak. d. Four red feather long beak, two red feather short beak, two yellow feather long break e. Three red feather long beak, one red feather short beak, three yellow feather long beak, one yellow feather short beak

E. Three red feather long beak, one red feather short beak, three yellow feather long beak, one yellow feather short beak

In lecture, Dr. Muzzall discussed the taxonomy of six groups of living vertebrates. Is the next statements T/F? The results using the cladistics and phylogenetic systematics of these six vertebrate groups were the same.

False

Is the next statement on Lake Victoria, Nile perch, and Chiclid fish species T/F? Many of the Cichlid fish species went extinct because of the introduction of this invasive species, the Nile perch; and individuals of the Nile perch still provide a good fishery for the people associated with this lake

False

T/F. Organisms in the Archaea are more closely related to organisms in the Bacteria than organisms in either the Archaea and Bacteria are to organisms in the Eukarya.

False

True/False. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation is associated with the ribosome in the cytoplasm, and bot hot these processes are involved in the formation of chromosomes in multicellular organisms.

False

True/False. Your textbook presents and discusses unifying themes (subjects) of biology. Is the next statement true or false about the unifying themes? The only major themes unifying biology as mentioned in your textbook are as follows: the cell theory describe the organizations of living systems, the relationship between structure and function underlies living systems, the diversity of life arises by evolutionary change, and cells are information-processing systems.

False

True/false. Conservation Biology addresses the problems of the destruction of the habitats of organisms, the reduction in the numbers of individuals of each species, and the reduction in the number of species, but does not counteract the biodiversity crisis on Earth

False

Dr. Muzzall is studying a parasite from fish called Ichthyocotylurus erracticus. What is the correct notation for the scientific name for it when it is typed?

Ichthyocotylurus erracticus (italicized)

T/F. Endotherms are capable of maintaining a warm, constant, internal body temperature, and ectotherms are not capable of maintaining a warm, constant, internal body temperatures.

True

True/False. A mode of uniparental (one-parent) inheritance of characteristics from the mother is called maternal inheritance. An example of this is that all mitochondria in every cell of an adult organism can be traced back to the original maternal mitochondria present in the egg

True

True/False. Macroevolution refers to the evolutionary changes that take place at the taxonomic level of genus or above, and microevolution refers to evolutionary changes that take place at the taxonomic level of species or below.

True

True/False? In genomic imprinting, the phenotype of a specific allele is expressed when the allele comes from one parent but not from the other; genome imprinting occurs during gamete formation, silencing a particular allele of a gene but not other allies.

True

True/false. The Endosymbiotic Theory provides an explanation on how eukaryotic cells evolved

True

Which statement below describes the phylogenetic species concept? a. a species is the smallest monophyletic group b. there are gradual increments of the occurrence of a species on a phylogenetic tree c. members of one species are reproductively isolated from embers of another species d. individuals of a species are morphologically similar to one another e. a cryptic species is made up of individuals that can only be seen with a microscope.

a A species is the smallest monophyletic group

You monitor a population of red and white flowers (red is dominant) over time. After several generations, the frequency of the red and white alleles has not changed. These findings indicate that a. No gene flow or natural selection has occurred b. mating has been nonrandom; white mates only with white, red mates only with red c. the population is undergoing major evolutionary changes d. there has been rampant mutation converting the red allele to the white allele e. the population size is very small

a No gene flow or natural selection has occurred.

Organisms in this phylum, __, have the following characteristics: species are aquatic and most are marine; choanocytes and amoebocytes present; generally considered to be colonies of coordinated but more or less independent cells; crystalline spicules and/or protein fibers present; and have been nicknamed the "vacuum cleaners" of the sea. a. porifera b. nematoda c. cnidaria d. ctenophora e. platyhelminthes

a Porifera

Organisms in this phylum, ___, have the following characteristics: tube within a tube body plan, complete digestive tract; cuticle; well-developed sets of longitudinal muscles but lack circular muscle; are pseudocoelomate; some species are monoecious and other species are dioecious, and some species are free-livig, other species are parasitic. a. nematoda b. hemichordata c. annelida d. mollusca e. platyhelminthes

a Nematoda

You are conducting a multi-generational study to determine if a population of elephants is evolving. In the population of elephants, two tusks (T) is dominant over three tusks (t). When you begin the study, you find that 16 out of 100 elephants have three tusks. After four generations, you find out that the frequency of the homozygous genotype is .36. The questions you are asking is-Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and how do you know? a. Yes, because the allele frequencies did not change between the first and last generation b. no, because the genotype frequencies did change between the first and last generation c. yes, because the genotype frequencies did not change between the first and last generation. d. no, because the allele frequencies did change between the first and last generation e. it is impossible to determine this based on the information given.

a Yes, because the allele frequencies did not change between the first and last generation

In a species of bird, green feathers are dominant over blue feathers. Jim and Mary found that the allele for green feathers was dominant and had a frequency of .6 in a population of 100 individuals. How many individuals in this population had green feathers? a. 91 b. 84 c. 60 d. 40 5. 16

b 84

The irreducible complexity argument states that a. Cells are impossibly complex unless invented by an intelligent agent b. natural selection cannot operate on a complex system c. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is contradicted by human development d. cells are too complex to ever understand e. the human body is not a closed energetic system

b Natural selection cannot operate on a complex system

What type of fossil evidence would support evolution via punctuated equilibrium? a. a fossil record showing a near constant state of change. b. a long period of stability in the fossil record followed by the rapid appearance of new forms c. a series of fossils with slight variations between them d. the number of species is decreasing e. fossils cannot be used to demonstrate evolutionary changes.

b A long period of stability in the fossil record followed by the rapid appearance of new forms.

Species of poison arrow frogs have bright coloration. This bright coloration is an example of ___, and the many species of poison arrow frogs that resemble one another is an example of _____ a. cryptic coloration, aposematism b. aposematism, Mullerian mimicry c. cryptic coloration, Batesian mimicry d. coevolution, Mullerian mimicry e. aposematism, Batesian mimicry

b Aposematism, Mullerian mimicry

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection? a. a bird species can have clutch sizes of 1-7 eggs. Offspring from clutch sizes of 1-2 have the highest survivorship. b. Finches can have small, intermediate, or large beak sizes. Those with small and those with large beaks cannot crack open its easily, and so are more likely to starve an decrease in numbers. c. Male peacocks have long, brightly colored tail feathers. Females prefer to mate with the male with the most colorful elaborate tails and so those males reproduce the most. d. owls can have long, short or intermediate wingspans. Owls with short wingspans can forage efficiently on small terrestrial organisms, while owls with long wingspans can forage efficiently on bats and small birds. Owls with intermediate wingspan cannot forage efficiently on either. e. fish that can swim faster than those that swim at slow speeds or intermediate speeds will increase in numbers.

b Finches can have small, intermediate, or large weak sides. Those with small and those with large beaks cannot crack open its easily, and so are more likely to starve an decrease in numbers.

In the "Extinction Vortex of a Small Population of a Species", the two most important factors in the loss of genetic variability are a. balanced polymorphism and disruptive selection b. genetic drift and inbreeding c. polyploidy and heterozygous advantage d. inbreeding and heterozygous advantage e. hybridization and polyploidy

b Genetic drift and interbreeding

Mary studies the beak lengths of a species of finch on an island in the Galapagos chain of islands. She measures the beak length of a population of finches and finds that the most common length is 10 centimeters. After many generations of finches undergoing disruptive selection, what would likely be the most common beak length(s) of these finches? a. 10 centimeters b. greater than 10 centimeters and less than 10 centimeters c. greater than 20 centimeters d. less than 5 centimeters e. disruptive selection does not operate on worms

b Greater than 10 centimeters and less than 10 centimeters.

Which of the following statements below is false about the discussion of the asteroid hitting the Earth (Impact Hypothesis)? a. evidence includes the presence of shocked quartz and micro tektites and the presence of a high level of iridium in the rocks around the time of the strike b. it caused the extinction of 35% of the species on Earth in a one million year period c. the dinosaurs as a group went extinct due to this activity d. tropical plants, freshwater organisms, and small terrestrial animals were not that severely affected by this strike e. it caused the formation of a large crater

b It caused the extinction of 35% of the species on Earth in a one million year period.

Organisms in theis phylum,___, have the following characteristics: a coelom, some species have gills and some species have radula; some species have a well developed brain ad sense organs; some species have a head region, visceral mass, foot and mantle; nudibranchs are examples. a. arthropoda b. mollusca c. annelida d. cnidaria e. echinodermata

b Mollusca

In elephants, long tusk (T) is dominant over short tusk (t). A homozygous dominant individual mates with a homozygous short tusk individual and this mating produces four F1 offspring. If two F1s are crossed, how many F2 offspring out of four will have short tusk? a. None b. One c. Two d. three e. Four

b One

Which pathogenic fungus colonizes humans? a. Aspergillus flavus b. Pneumocytis jiroveci c. Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis d. Ustilago maydi e. None of the above

b. Pneumocytis jiroveci

Marry has attached ear lobes, while Bob has free-swinging ear lobes. Which type of ear lobes a person has is determined by the ear lobe gene, which has two alleles that exhibit a dominant-recessive interaction. Mary knows that she is homozygous fro the ear lobe gene (ee) while Bob is heterozygous for the ear lobe gene (Ee). Based not his information, the dominant allele of this gene must code for which type of ear lobe? And if Bob and Mary have four children, what is the likelihood that their children will have attached ear lobes? a. The dominant allele must code for attached ear lobes, and there is a 75% chance that their children will have attached ear lobes. b. The dominant alley must code for free-swinging ear lobes, and there is a 50% chance that their children will have attached ear lobes. c. The dominant alley must code for free-swinging ear lobes, and there is a 75% chance that their children will have attached ear lobes. d. The dominant alley must code for attached ear lobes, and there is a 50% chance their children will have attached ear lobes. e. The dominant alley must code for free-winging ear lobes, and there is a 0% chance that their children will have attached ear lobes.

b. The dominant allele must code for free-swinging ear lobes, and there is a 50% chance that their children will have attached ear lobes

Jim and Mary were studying the tail length of a population of lizards with 100 individuals. They knew that long tail (L) was dominant over short tail (l) and the frequency of L was .5. Knowing this information, what is the frequency of the heterozygous individuals in the population a. 0.10 b. 0.25 c. 0.50 d. 0.75 e. 0.90

c 0.50.

Limpets (a type of mollusk) growing on the rocky shores of marine environments, and Daphnia growing in different freshwater environments were discussed in lecture and illustrated the subject of a. sympatric speciation b. aposematism c. environmentally induced variation d. stabilizing selection e. convergent evolution

c Environmentally induced variation

Which statement is false about scientists and systematics a. Linnaeus was a botanist who popularized the use of the binomial naming system b. phylogenetic systematics use the phylogeny and genealogy of major lines of descent of organisms and their relationships c. evolution is the most important piece of evidence to use in cladistics d. Haeckel was the first person to suggest that the emerging line of evolutionary thinking of Darwin should be used in taxonomy. e. Molecular taxonomy is an important means of systematics that your book uses in forming and separating taxonomic groups.

c Evolution is the most important piece of evidence to use in cladistics

Which statement is false about Anthophytes? a. floral buds develop into the floral organs b. this group has the largest number of species of all the plant phyla c. stamens are the female reproductive structure d. these flowers are commonly called angiosperms e. the ovary forms the fruit in these plants

c Stamens are the female reproductive structure

Which statement is false about polyploidy? a. if it occurs, it is more common in plans than in mammals b. polyploidy involves an increase in the number of chromosomes beyond the normal diploid number of a species c. autopolyploidy involves individuals of different species d. it is a means of sympatric speciation e. it involves the abnormal movement of chromosomes during meiosis.

c Autopolyploidy involves individuals of different species.

Giardia lack mitochondria, implying that a. Giardia are a primitive form of protist b. Giardia do not carry out oxidative respiration c. Giardia are not a primitive form of protist d. Giardia also lack ribosomes e. Giardia cell nuclei do not contain mitochondrial genes

c Giardia are not a primitive form of protist

The sickle cell allele of hemoglobin (S) has a relatively high frequency in Central Africa (.12), even though individuals homozygous for the allele usually die young. According to your textbook, why has this allele persisted in the population when you would expect there to be strong selection against it? a. Heterozygous females are more fertile than homozygotes b. homozygous females are more fertile than heterozygotes c. heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria d. natural selection operates in a frequency-dependent manner e. homozygous individuals are resistant to malaria

c Heterozygous individuals are resistant to malaria.

Which statement below is false about the Synthetic Theory of Evolution? a. A species is an isolated pool of alleles possessing regional gene complexes b. speciation is completed when variations have accumulated and genetic exchanges can't occur c. Natural selection is the only activity that can cause a change in the frequency of an allele in the gene pool. d. phenotype that favors the production of more offspring will contribute more genes to the gene pool. e. the alleles an individual has are due to its parent's genomes, mutations, and recombinations.

c Natural selection is the only activity that can cause a change in the frequency of an allele in the gene pool.

Which of the following below is not an example of a cline? a. Male house sparrows, which are continuously distributed throughout the United States, are biggest in Michigan and smallest in Florida. b. Lupine flowers are dark purple at low altitudes and become lighter in color at higher altitudes c. skunks in Georgia have one white stripe on its back and skunks of the same species in Ohio have three stripes of white color on its back d. bumblebees in the southern united states are bright yellow and gradually become darker as bees of the same species are sampled in the northern United States e. The tail length of garter snakes slightly decreases from southern Michigan to northern Michigan

c Skunks in Georgia have one white stripe on its back and skunks of the same species in Ohio have there stripes of white color on its back.

Phenotypes, like height in humans, which show a continuous distribution are usually the result of ______ a. The presence of multiple alleys for a single gene b. An alteration of dominance for multiple alleys of a single gene c. The action of multiple genes on a single phenotype d. The action of one gene on multiple phenotypes e. Several recessive alleles operating.

c The action of multiple genes on a single phenotype

Below are four statements concerning the "actions" of a mutation. Using the key below, put these statements into their correct sequence after a non-lethal mutation has occurred A. Phenotype has been changed B. tRNAs have been changed C. The enzyme formed has been changed D. mRNA has been changed a. C, A, B, D b. A, B, C, D c. D, B, C, A d. A, D, C, B e. D, C, B, A

c. D, B, C, A

Which statement is false about Charles Darwin and his activities, and other scientists working during this time period? a. Lyell proposed the Principle of Uniformatrianism and stated that the earth was millions of years old. b. Lamarck's theory on how organisms and species of organisms change through time was proven wrong during his life time. c. Darwin and Malthus developed similar theories of natural selection d. Hutton proposed the Principle of Gradualism e. Darwin earned a degree in theology and knew the ideas of the church.

c. Darwin and Malthus developed similar theories of natural selection

A mutation occurs in a skin cell of a person's body and this cell becomes cancerous. Is this mutation likely to be passed on to any future offspring? Why or why not? a. No, because it is a mutation in the germ cell line. b. Yes, because it is a mutation in the somatic cell line c. No, because it is a mutation in the somatic cell line. d. Yes, because it is a mutation in the germ cell line. e. It is impossible to tell from the information given.

c. No, because it is a mutation in the somatic cell line.

Organsims in this phylum, ___, have the following characteristics: occur in the tropics and moist areas; sporophyte generation is the dominant one; vascular tissue and a cuticle present; a rhizome is present in some species; and do not produce seeds a. anthophyta b. chlorophyta c. pterophyta d. coniferophyta e. bryophyta

c. Pterophyta

Eye color is a sex linked characteristic of fruit flies. Red eye color is dominant over white eye color. If we crossed a heterozygous red eye female with a hemizygous red eye male, the genotype of the four offspring would be a. 2XRXr, 2 XrY b. 1XRXr, 1XrXr, 2 XrY c. 1 XRxr, 1 XrXr, 1XRY, 1XrY d. 1XRXR, 1XRXr, 1XRY, 1 Xr Y e. 2XRXR, 2XRY

d 1 XRXR, 1 XRXr, 1XRY, 1XrY

The Principle of Gradualism indicates that ____; and was proposed by ____. a. characteristic of organisms can gradually change through time; Lamarck b. the formation of new species is a gradual process; Darwin c. Organisms gradually move up the invisible ladder of nature; Aristotle d. Earth's surface is gradually changed by local forces; Hutton e. Some species of organisms undergo gradual development as embryos; Haeckel

d Earth's surface is gradually changed by local forces; Hutton

The four major postulates or tenants of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection include all of the following except a. there is some sort of struggle between individuals or resistance that prevents populations from increasing populations from increasing exponentially b. individuals in a population that are better adapted to the environment reproduce more than individuals that are not better adapted and their variations are passed on to the next generation more frequently. c. individuals in populations increase in numbers at a geometric rate d. populations over time go extinct or diverge into new species populations exhibit phenotypic variation among their members

d Populations over time go extinct or diverge into new species.

Which of the following correctly explains the differences between a theory and biological principle? a. Theories have been repeatedly verified, while biological principles are a set of hypothesis that have support but have no been repeatedly verified b. biological principles have narrow application in science, while a theory does not have any application insouciance c. Theories are hypotheses that have support, while biological principles are theories that have been repeatedly verified and have wide application in biology. d. Biological principles are hypotheses that have support, while theories are hypotheses that do not have support. e. Hypotheses and biological principles are the same

d Theories are hypotheses that have support, while biological principles are theories that have been repeatedly verified and have wide application in biology.

Which statement is false about the General Theory of Evolution? a. Over time, new species and other taxonomic groups arose from another species or taxonomic group that precede it in time. b. There are no known species that went extinct and re-evolved on earth c. Evolutionary changes were gradual and of long duration d. There is evidence that at least four species of organisms evolved in two location on earth e. All life evolved from one or more simple kinds of organisms

d There is evidence that at least four species of organisms evolved in two locations on earth.

In animal species Z, the diploid number of chromosomes is 96. After meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the gametes would be ____ a. 192 b. 96 c. 24 d. 48 e. 144

d 48

Organisms in this phylum, ___, have the following characteristics: coelomate; well-developed digestive, circulatory, and nervous systems; segmentation; gas exchange occurs across the body surface; there has been the evolution of a variety of structural adaptations and in some cases, the reputation of some of these structures; examples of polychaetes. a. mollusca b. echinodermata c. platyhelminthes d. annelida e. nematoda

d Annelida

Kelp, which sometimes form large underwater rest, are actually multicellular protists called a. green algae b. red algae c. cellular slime molds d. brown algae e. dinoflagellates

d Brown algae

Organisms in this phylum, ____, have the following characteristics: adults are radially symmetrical consisting of a sac with a single opening surrounded by tentacles; rudimentary nervous system and muscle like cells; have a polyp and/or medusa stage; tentacles have cnidocytes with netocysts; sea anemones are examples. a. nematoda b. porifera c. arthropoda d. cnidaria e. platyhelminthes

d Cnidaria

A long beaked humming bird that pollinates a flower species that has long and tubular followers is an example of a. Batesian mimicry b. gradualism c. divergent evolution d. coevolution e. heterozygous speciation

d Coevolution

There is a certain species of arboreal (lives in the trees) frog in Central America that has developed the ability of gliding flight. Another frog species in tropical sub-Saharan Africa (not closely related to the frog in Central America) has also developed gliding flight. The gliding flight in these two species of frogs is an example of a. parallelism b. divergent evolution c. balanced polymorphism d. convergent evolution e. ecological specialization

d Convergent evolution

Jim and Mary were studying the body lengths of a salamander species on the campus of Michigan State University.. Individuals of the salamander species had a mean length of approximately 14 centimeters. Over a 15 year period in the same study area, they found that there was an increase in the mean body length to 22 centimeters. This serves as an example of a. a cline b. stabilizing selection c. gradualism d. directional selection e. disruptive selection

d Directional selection

Which of the following statements does not illustrate the proper evolutionary sequence in plant evolution from the earlier or "primitive" plants to the more recent or "advanced" plants? a. from water to land b. vascular tissue basent or simple to vascular tissue present and complex c. greater importance of gametophyte generation to greater importance of sporophyte generation d. dispersal by seeds to dispersal by spores e. water dependent fertilization to water independent fertilization.

d Dispersal by seeds to dispersal by spores

Polar bears evolving from brown bears is an example of a. coevolution b. aposematism c. parallelism d. divergent evolution e. convergent evolution

d Divergent evolution

A change in toe number in the evolution of horses was advantageous because a. It provided great flexibility to navigate through forestry shrubbery b. It allowed them to stand for long times chewing grass c. It made them taller so they could eat from higher trees d. It gave them improved speed to escape predators e. None of the above because horses do not have toes.

d It gave them proved speed to escape predators

In an area of the Amazon Rain Forest, scientists have been studying a population of a frog species. over the past 10 years, the numbers of individuals have drastically decreased and the genetic diversity of this frog population has also dramatically decreased. This is an example of a. homologous isolation b. reinforcement homozygosity c. paraphyletic isolation d. population bottleneck e. heterozygous reduction

d Population bottleneck

In a frog species, frog calling and mating occur in a small window of time in late spring. Changing climate played a role in causing some of the frogs of these species in the same habitat to begin calling and mating in late summer instead of late spring. The two groups of frogs occurring in the same habitat become reproductively isolated because of the different time frames of calling. Which hot the following below best described this situation? a. Allopatric speciation b. postzygotic barrier c. gametic barrier d. prezygotic barrier e. punctuated heterozygosity

d Prezygotic barrier

Several years ago, amphibian textbooks and species designations, listed the Arboreal Toad and the Small Warted Toad as distinct species. recently, these toad species have been classified as eastern and western forms of the same species, called the Arboreal Warted Toad. Which of the following pieces of evidence below would be the cause for this reclassification? a. the two toad forms live in similar habitats b. the two toad forms have many genes in common. c. the two toad forms have similar food requirements d. the two toad forms often interbreed in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction e. the two toad forms are very similar in coloration

d The two toad forms often interbreed in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.

What are the three activities than experiment should include according to Dr. Muzzall? a. A hypothesis, an analysis, and a conclusion b. Predictability, a conclusion and the ability to present the results a scientific meeting c. Applicability, a hypothesis, and the ability to be analyzed statistically d. A control, repeatability, and the ability to be analyzed statistically. e. Repeatability, a treatment, and the ability to present at a scientific method

d. A control, repeatability, and the ability to be analyzed statistically.

DNA replication occurs in _______, while crossing over of chromosomes may occur in _______. a. Metaphase I, interphase b. prophase I, interphase c. interhapse II, interhapse I d. interphase, prophase I e. telophase, metaphase II

d. Interphase, prophase I

Which of the following statements below best describes the concept of fitness? a. A bird is born with a mutation that makes it much larger than other members of its population b. a deer population begins to expand in its habitat because the population has outgrown its food supply. c. researchers treat a rat with steroids, allowing it to grow stronger and more aggressive than other individuals of the same population d. a new breed of horse can outrun most horses of other breeds e. A fish develops a behavioral trait that allows it to produce more offspring than other fish in tis population.

e A fish develops a behavioral trait that allows it to produce more offspring than other fish in tis population.

Character displacement a. does not promote speciation b. arises through convergent evolution c. is the only kind of speciation that occurs in plants d. reduced speciation rates in the Galapagos finches e. arises through competition and natural selection, favoring divergence in resource use

e Arises though competition and natural selection, favoring divergence in resource use

The fossils of Archaeopteryx are believed to represent an evolutionary transitional group between the a. amphibians and reptiles b. lobe finned fish and bony ray fin fish c. birds and mammals d. fish and amphibians e. dinosaurs and birds

e Dinosaurs and birds

The Founder Effect represents which of the following? a. it serves as a model with which we can compare natural populations to b. it refers to two groups of individuals that merged forming one population. c. a population is reduced in numbers and the genetic variability is decreased. d. it increases heterozygosity and decreases homozygosity e. It refers to a small population that branches off from a larger population and this small population is not genetically representative of the larger population.

e It refers to a small population that branches off from a larger population and this small population is not genetically representative of the larger population.

The idea that the human population will eventually outstrip its food supply if humans continue to increase in numbers was proposed by a. Wallace b. Lamarck c. Darwin d. Hutton e. Malthus

e Malthus

This supergroup of organisms, __, has the following characteristics: amoeba produce a shell around them that has tiny openings in it, pseudopods move through these openings and are involved in phagocytosis and maintaining buoyancy; very common in marine environments; are common components are many limestones; foraminferans are examples. a. amoebazoa b. archaeplastida c. excavata d. chromalveolata e. rhizaria

e Rhizaria

Which statement is true about evolutionary genetics? a. The more variable in sequence the genes and genomes of two species are, the more they are closely related b. the more variable in sequence of genes and genomes of the two species are, the more recent is their common ancestor c. genetic analysis is not an accurate way to infer evolutionary relationships d. the more similar in sequence the genes and genomes of two species are, the more likely that the two species were formed by convergent evolution. e. The more similar in sequence the genes and genomes of two species are, the more recent their common ancestor and the closer is their relationship

e The more similar in sequence the genes and genomes of two species are, the more recent their common ancestor and the closer is their relationship

A population of mountain goats lives on Ascension Mountain. One day, a large rockfall occurs and blocks the movements between the goats on the bottom and top portions of the mountain, stranding and separating individuals on both parts of the mountain. After many thousands of years, the two populations of goats evolved into two new species. Now the rockfall is eroded away and individual goats can again move between the top and bottom of the mountain. however, the individuals of these two species can no longer interbreed. This is an example of what type of speciation? a. sympatric, polyploidy b. allopatric, ecological isolation c. allopatric, polyploidy d. sympatric, ecological isolation e. allopatric, vicariance

e Allopatric, vicariance

The brightly colored plumage (red feathers) of male cardinals in primarily the result of a. diversifying selection b. intrasexual selection c. stabilizing selection d. the founder effect e. intersexual selection

e Intersexual selection

Which statement below is false about multicellular organisms? a. the cells of multicellular organisms have specialized functions b. eukaryotic cells have more genetic information than prokaryotic cells, allowing them to code for greater complexity and size of organisms. c. colonies of organisms may have been the transition or evolutionary link between unicellular and multicellular organisms. d. multicellular organisms first appeared/evolved around 750 million years ago e. multicellularity evolved only once in a single multicellular organism that became the common ancestor to all multicellular organisms.

e Multicellularity solved only once in a single multicellular organism that became the common ancestor to all multicellular organisms.

The correct sequence of steps for the Scientific Method is _____ a. Hypothesis formation, observation, theory, experimentation b. Observation, theory, experimentation, hypothesis formation c. Experimentation, observation, theory, hypothesis formation d. Hypothesis formation, observation, experimentation, theory e. Observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, theory

e Observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation theory.

List the taxonomic groups of organisms in the correct sequence from the smallest (most specific) to the largest one a. family, species, genus, kingdom, phylum, class b. kingdom, family, species, genus, phylum, class c. genus, species, class, family, kingdom, phylum d. phylum, species, family, genus, class, kingdom e. species, genus, family, class, phylum, kingdom

e Species, genus, family, class, phylum, kingdom

Mary and Jim were studying the number of toes on the front feet of individuals in a population of a species of lizard. In generation one the percentages of toe numbers were: two toes (31%), three toes (33%) and four toes (36%). In generation two, the percentages were: two toes (35%), three toes (34%) and four toes (31%). In generation three, the percentages were: two toes (33%), three toes (34%) and four toes (33%). These percentages of toes from generation one to generation two to generation three serves as an example of a. gradualism b. ecotypes c. parallelism d. directional selection e. balanced polymorphism

e. Balanced polymorphism

A centromere a. Is required for division in animal cells but not in cells of other eukaryotes b. Is a microtubule-organizing center c. Is where the heterochromatin occurs d. Is a site of tubulan synthesis e. Is a region where sister chromatids are attached prior to their separation during mitosis.

e. Is a region where sister chromatids are attached prior to their operation during mitosis.