BSC 1011L Final Review

In the experiment testing internal stimuli how did the planarian and the earthworm react?

Both worms had no response to acoustic stimuli as the planarian lives in water, meaning it is used to random sounds and vibrations. The earthworm lives in the dirt and is accustomed to the same thing. In regards to visual stimuli neither liked the light as they are not creatures that like the sun, while they cant see like we do they do have eye spots that sense light. In regards to touch they did not like it, and finally in regards to the acetone or vinegar they could "smell" it and did not like them.

What are the CNS and PNS made up of respectively?

CNS: Brain and spinal cord PNS: Afferent and efferent neurons

What do the following turn into: Carbohydrates Proteins Fats

Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Proteins = Amino Acids Fats = Fatty Acids

What are the hierarchical levels of organization in animal biology? Describe each level.

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems Cells- smallest living unit of life Tissues- made up of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions Organs- Made up of two or more tissues working together to perform several functions Organ Systems- Made up of organs working together to perform a basic function

How is cephalization relevant to a nervous system?

Cephalization is essentially the formation of a head, in regards to nervous systems this is the center of nervous tissue so cephalization can be considered a by-product of having a neural center

What type of communication do crayfish depend on?

Chemical communication

What are the three different types of organisms in regards to body cavities? Name examples of each.

Coelomates, examples of this would be humans or earthworms Psudocoelomates, examples of this are roundworms Acoelomates, examples of this are flatworms

What are the planes that are used to divide up bilateral animals?

Coronal plane- divides the front half from the back half of the body Transverse plane- divides in half from the waist Midsagittal plane- divides the body down the middle like a line of bilateral symmetry

What connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain?

Corpus Callosum

How do depolarization and re-polarization work?

Depolarization is when a neuron gives off its charge and so a signal is sent, re-polarization is when the neuron is charging up again to be able to send another signal

What is serotonin linked to?

Depression, aggressiveness, and social status

Describe deuterostomes and protostomes.

Deuterostomes are animals where the blastophore becomes the anus first and these animals have radial cleavage when in development Protostomes are animals where the blastophore becomes the mouth first and these animals have spiral cleavage when in development

How can gastrulation vary depending on the amount of yolk in an egg?

Eggs that have evenly distributed yolk are called isolecithal. Eggs that have yolk concentrated in one area mainly, are called telolecithal

Extrinsic vs intrinsic factors.

Extrinsic factors are anything to do with the environment: shelter, food sources, and territory Intrinsic factors are anything that one can judge and feel about oneself: sex drive, hunger, size, social experience

What is fragmentation?

Fragmentation is essentially the breaking own of food mechanically, in humans this is done with our teeth but in animals such as earthworms that don't have teeth, they swallow pebbles that in turn grind food in their gizzard.

What are the planes that are used to divide up quadrupeds?

Frontal plane- divides front half from the back half of the body, think cutting a dig in two but one half is the legs and the other half is the back Transverse plane- divides animal in half from the waist if it were to have one Sagittal plane- divides body down the middle as if it were the bilateral line of symmetry

What are the different parts of the brain?

Hindbrain, midbrain, and the forebrain. The hindbrain is the most ancient part of the brain composed of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain is responsible for being a sort of relay station for visual and auditory information, it has the substantia nigra inside it which produces dopamine, it is also the smallest section of the brain The forebrain is where most of the thinking and processing is done in the brain, this is therefore the biggest part in us humans. The forebrain is divided in to the diencephalon and the telencephalon. The diencephalon is the first half of the forebrain, it contains the thalamus and hypothalamus. The telencephalon is the second half of the forebrain which is composed of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, and the hippocampus.

Describe hydras.

Hydras are small cnidarians that have an incomplete digestive system. They use tentacles lined with stinger cells to capture prey. Their stinging cells, or nematocysts, when triggered, shoot out a coiled stinger to poison prey.

Describe how mammals are different to most vertebrates in regards to reproductive, urinary and digestive tracts.

In most vertebrate all three of these tracts are empties into a cloaca. In mammals the digestive and urinary/reproductive tracts are separate

What are the ways that incomplete digestive systems work?

Incomplete digestive systems can work through pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and intracellular digestion, and extracellular digestion. Pinocytosis is where the cells in the organism take in liquid. Phagocytosis is the process of cells taking in bacteria or debris. Intracellular digestion uses enzymes to break down food inside the cells. Extracellular digestion is where enzymes are released and food is digested outside the cells, then taken in.

What is interesting about an earthworm's nerve cord?

It is on the ventral side

What are the main GI organs? Accessory organs?

Main GI: 1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine 7. Anus Accessory: 1. Liver 2. Gallbladder 3. Pancreas

What is metamorphosis? Complete vs incomplete?

Metamorphosis is a transformation in some animals that makes the animal transform from it's immature form to it's sexual adult form. This would be like a caterpillar transforming to a butterfly for example. Complete metamorphosis is when the juvenile form is completely different from the adult form. Incomplete metamorphosis is where the juvenile form and adult form only differ slightly.

What is the advantage of folding structures in animals?

More surface area, this can be seen in digestive systems and in the structures of sponges

What is the pathway of air?

Mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> left and right bronchi

What are the following lobes responsible for: Occipital Frontal Temporal Parietal

Occipital lobe: vision Frontal: personality Temporal: language functions, memory, auditory functions Parietal: spacial orientation, sensory awareness

What is the structure where the optic nerve cross?

Optic chiasma

What are the following structures located: Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Cerebellum Olfactory Bulb Optic Chiasma

Parietal lobe- Superior part of the brain Frontal Lobe- Anterior part of brain Occipital Lobe- Posterior part of brain Temporal Lobe- sides of the brain Cerebellum- stand alone structure on dorsal side Olfactory bulbs- two anterior structures almost at edge, slightly inferior to frontal lobe Optic Chiasma- a criss cross part of the optic nerve

What are the eleven organ systems?

1. Cardiovascular 2. Respiratory 3. Digestive 4. Integumentary 5. Skeletal 6. Endocrine 7. Nervous 8. Immune 9. Excretory 10. Muscular 11. Reproductive

What are some different types of food eater categories?

1. Carnivore 2. Herbivore 3. Omnivore

What are two types of stimuli that can affect animals?

1. Environmental 2. Social

What are the four stages of embryonic development and what happens in each?

1. Fertilization- the sperm finds the egg and a zygote in formed 2. Cleavage- the big zygote cell starts to divide into smaller and smaller cells until it reaches the morula stage and eventually the blastula stage where the zygote is now a hollow sphere of cells. 3. Gastrulation- a section of the out part of the blastula starts to make its way into the hollow sphere and thus a second cell layer is formed inside. The cells on the outside of the blastula at this stage are the ectoderm while the inner layer of cells that was made during this process are the endoderm. Between these two layers the mesoderm is formed. 4. Organogenesis- The organs and tissues start to form along with the shape of the organism

What do hormones influence?

1. Growth of specific targeted cells 2. Growth and development of neurons 3. Rate of cellular functions

What are the four stages of development and what happens in each?

1. Growth- a stage of cell division where the animal irreversibly increases in size 2. Differentiation- where cells start to form groups of cells and this eventually leads to cell specialization 3. Pattern formation- the cells start to get inline with the developing plan of the organism forming patterns 4. Morphogenesis- the organism's body starts to form through a combined effort of pattern formation, apoptosis, and cell division

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

1. Heart 2. Blood vessels 3. Blood (this is a type of tissue, it is included in this list)

What are the categories in regards to how nutrient is obtained?

1. Ingestive eaters- food is taken in through the mouth 2. Absorptive feeders- food is absorbed through body (example: flatworms) 3. Suspension feeders- food particles are filtered out of the water (examples: clams and sponges) 4. Substrate feeders- food is gathered from the environment they are in, for example earthworms eat dirt and they live in dirt. Through this process they get food 5. Fluid feeders- food is gathered from fluids from another organism (nectar or blood) examples are mosquitoes

What is the pathway of food?

1. It is mechanically broken apart in the mouth via chewing along with enzymes such as amylase starting chemical digestion. 2. The bolus is swallowed through the pharynx (throat) into the esophagus (chest region) which then moves bolus down into the stomach through muscle contractions. 3. The stomach mixes the food while enzymes such as pepsin break it down further through chemical means until it is sent to the small intestine. 4. The food is absorbed throughout the length of the small intestine and is broken down even further by enzymes. Muscle contractions keep the food moving towards the large intestine. 5. Once in the large intestine this is where the water is absorbed along with whatever nutrients are left over until the waste is properly compacted and moved towards the rectum and excreted through the anus.

What is an amniotic egg?

An adaptation to terrestrial life where the egg forms a hard shell and then a membrane around the developing young. It protects the developing animal from the environment and allows for gas exchange to occur through the hard shell.

What do the following terms mean in relation to the body? Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral Superior Inferior Caudal Cranial Rostral Medial Lateral Proximal Distal

Anterior = Towards the front Posterior = Towards the back Dorsal = At the back side of the body Ventral = At the front side of the body Superior = Towards the top Inferior = Towards the bottom Caudal = By the butt Rostral = Towards the nose Medial = Towards the center line of the body Lateral = Away from the center line of the body Proximal = Closer to main body Distal = Away from main body

What is agonistic behavior?

Anything that is or can come off as aggressive

What can an animals symmetry say about the way it moves?

Asymmetrical animals do not move, these would be animals like sponges Radially symmetrical animals move slightly but not very fast, an example would be starfish Bilaterally symmetrical animals show the most capabilities in movement as they are facing one direction, an example is a fish

Describe bipeds vs quadrupeds.

Bipeds are animals that walk on their hing legs. Quadrupeds walk on all four legs.

Where are the following enzymes located? 1. Pepsin 2. Amylase 3. Lipase

Pepsin is found in the stomach Amylase is found in saliva in the mouth Lipase is found in the small intestine

What macromolecules are present in the albumen?

Proteins and fats

Describe the detection of proteins and amino acids.

Proteins can be detected using biuret's reagent, if when added the solution turns purple then there is protein. If the solution turns blue then protein is not present. Through the enzyme pepsin, protein breaks down into amino acids. To detect animo acids what must be done is a simple pH test. If the pH is acidic then amino acids are present.

How does the nervous system process information?

Receives information -> processes information -> responds

What are semilunar valves?

Semilunar valves are the valves the lead to either the aorta or the vena cava.

What are these structures of a hard-shelled egg: Shell Outer shell membrane Inner shell membrane Light albumen Yolk sac Yolk Germinal disk Dense albumen Challaza Air space

Shell- outer covering that allows for gas exchange and protects egg Outer shell membrane- membrane right behind the shell Inner shell membrane- membrane behind outer shell membrane Light albumen- comes after the inner shell membrane Yolk sac- the sac holding the yolk Yolk- the inside of the yolk sac Germinal disk- a tiny spot in the yolk Dense albumen- the inner albumen, it comes after the light albumen Challaza- a structure that holds the egg in place Air space- part of egg that has air in it

Describe the detection of starch and maltose.

Starch can be detected using iodine, if after adding iodine the solution turns black, there is starch. If the solution turns yellowish then there is no starch. Maltose is the byproduct of the breakdown of starch in the mouth. Salivary amylase in the mouth breaks down starch and turns it into maltose. Maltose can be detected using Benedict's reagent, if the solution is red then maltose is present, if blue then it is not present. In the experiment we did starch was present at first but was then broken down to maltose, at this point adding iodine will only make the solution yellow.

What hormones regulate aggression?

Steroid and peptide hormones

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Systolic is the bigger number, it is when the heart is contracting as the blood pressure is very high. Diastolic is the lower number as it is when the ventricles are relaxing.

Tel-Di-Mes-Met

Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon

Ultimately as gastrulation continues and the animal pole moves towards the vegetal pole till where their combination takes place, what is the end product?

The archenteron and the three primary germ layers.

What divides the atria and then what divides the ventricles in four chambered hearts?

The atria are divided by the interatrial septum, the ventricles are divided by the interventricular septum

What are the types of valves in the heart? What is their function?

The atrioventricular valves are the ones that are between the atria and the ventricles. The Semilunar valves are between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery and aorta, as such separately they are known as the aortic and pulmonary valves. The function of having valves is to prevent back-flow of blood.

What separates the animal and vegetal poles?

The balstocoel

What does the diaphragm do when inhaling?

The diaphragm contracts, allowing for the lungs to fill more.

What does the archenteron become?

The digestive tract.

How is the neural groove formed?

The ectoderm folds and creates an indentation which it then folds around.

What makes a clade monophyletic?

The fact that they share a common ancestor.

How can you tell the sex of an roundworm by looking at a section of its body?

The female roundworm has really big oval balls under a microscope when looking at a cross section, these would be the ovaries. While it may seem that the male also has big circular parts under a microscope, if some circles are disproportionately bigger than others it can be assumed the gender is female.

What is the gallbladder used for in digestion?

The gallbladder, located in the abdominal region, is where bile is stored once it has been made in the liver. When digestion is happening the gallbladder receives a signal to send the bile to the small intestine.

What is the liver used for in digestion?

The liver, located in the abdominal cavity, is used to make bile salts which aid in the digestion of fats. It also processes nutrients that were absorbed in the small intestine.

What are the following structures located and what are their functions: Medulla Oblongata Pons Cerebellum

The medulla oblongata is located in the lower part of the midbrain and is responsible for keeping the heart and lungs going The pons is what links the medulla oblongata to the thalamus The cerebellum controls motor functions via muscular activity

Know what the following parts of a crayfish are: Antenna Carapace Abdomen Walking legs Eyes Chelipeds Antenntiles 1st walking leg Telson Uropods Swimmerets Mandible Maxilliped

The not-obvious ones: Chelipeds = claws 1st walking legs are the same as the chelipeds Telson is the middle of the end of the tail Uropods are the sides of the end of the tail Maxilliped is on top of the mandible

What is the pancreas used for in digestion?

The pancreas makes enzymes that aid in digestion.

What is the animal pole?

The portion of an egg where less yolk is concentrated. This part of the egg appears more pigmented due to less yolk being involved.

What is the vegetal pole?

The portion of an egg where most of the yolk is concentrated, this part of the egg is seen as less pigmented than the rest of the egg.

What is the organ in charge of reflexes?

The spinal chord, it has a faster response time than the brain and will take charge in certain situations

What is the operculum?

The structure that covers the gills

Where can the cerebrum be found exactly?

The telencephalon

What are the following structures located and what are their functions: Thalamus Hypothalamus

The thalamus is what sorts out information and sends it to the correct parts of the brain for further processing, it works sort of like a main hub for distribution The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine system

In regards to symmetry, what are the three different types of symmetry in animals and what can this suggest about the animal?

The three different types of symmetry are asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry. If an organism is asymmetrical it is suggested that it is not a very complex organism. With radial symmetry you have slightly more complex systems in organisms, and finally with bilateral symmetry you usually have the most complex organisms.

What are the two main branches of animalia? Describe each branch in general.

The two main branches of animalia are parazoa and eumetazoa. Parazoa- animals such as sponges that lack symmetry and lack true tissues Eumetazoa- animals that show symmetry and have true tissues

What is the difference between ultimate and proximate behavioral perspectives?

The ultimate perspective has to do with how a behavior evolved and how it is used exactly. The proximate perspective trie to discover how a behavior is produced or controlled.

What are gill rakers?

They are bony structures inside the gills

What do bile salts do?

They essentially allow for fats to be blended into water.

How are birds special in regards to respiration?

They use unidirectional air flow in their lungs with air flowing in one direction while other mammals and us use bidirectional air flow where old and new air mix.

What is the state of hyper-polarization?

This is when a neuron will just not fire off a pulse no matter how much energy is put into it

Describe the detection of fatty acids.

To detect fatty acids phenol red may be used. Phenol red turns yellow if a solution is acidic and pink if a solution is basic.

How can you tell if a cricket is female?

You check if it has a long tube coming out of its caudal side. This tube is called an ovipositor, it's function is to be stuck into the ground in order to lay eggs underground.

What are different structures used to obtain oxygen?

1. Spiracles in bugs lead to small trachea which take oxygen to their entire body 2. Gills in fish allow water to flow through and through the many lamellae membranes which pick up the O2 3. Amphibians use lungs and their skin, the later through a process called cutaneous respiration 4. Terrestrials use lungs

What are the physical characteristics of eggs related to?

1. Their environment 2. The place where the embryo develops 3. The stages in the life cycle of that species

What are the four membranes that appear in amniotic eggs?

1. Yolk sac- a nutrient filled sac that is connected to the embryo and can serve as a basic cardiovascular system 2. Amnion- a clear substance the surround the embryo 3. Chorion- in eggs with hard shells this structure is the inside membrane portion of the shell. In mammals this structure becomes the placenta. 4. Allantois- in eggs with hard shells this structure looks similar to the yolk sac in some ways but it is near a polar end of the egg as it handles gas exchange and liquid waste. In mammals this becomes the umbilical cord.

What structure do birds have to store food in the esophagus?

A crop

What is hemolymph?

A mixture of blood and body fluids that is pumped throughout open circulatory systems

What could be consider the simplest nervous system and in what animal is this found?

A nerve net, this is found in cnidarians

What are afferent vs efferent neurons?

Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that are located throughout your epidermis that take in a stimulus and send the signal to the brain where the signal is processed and then taken to efferent neurons, or motor neurons, which are connected to your muscles and stimulate them.