BSC 103 Test #4

To what human structure is a bird wing homologous?

arms

A mineralized fossil results when:

minerals in water are deposited in the space of bones and replace the bone as it breaks down

Compared to modern-day horses, ancestral horses had:

more toes

What is mineralization?

when parts of a dead organism are replaced with hard minerals

One hundred alleles out of a total of 1,000 alleles would be an allele frequency of:

0.10

Genetic diversity is measured in terms of allele frequencies (the relative proportions of a specific allele in a gene pool). A population of 3,200 mice has 4,200 dominant G alleles and 2,200 recessive g alleles. What is the frequency of G alleles in the population?

0.34

Experts estimate that about _____ of the U.S. population (nearly 90 million people) is colonized by S. aureus.

1/3

MRSA sickens some 94,000 people in the United States each year and kills almost

19,000

Drug-resistant staph strains first emerged in hospitals during the early:

1960s

The giant panda has six digits on its "hands." One of these is a "thumb." The thumb is derived from a wrist bone and appears to be a response to a diet rich in bamboo, which requires a thumb to "strip" before eating. The immediate ancestors to this panda will have _____ digits.

5

Mass extinction involves between _____ % and _____% of all species and occurs relatively rapidly.

50; 90

Which of the following best describes adaptive radiation?

a diversification of organisms as they enter into a new habitat

MRSA is caused by:

a drug- resistant form of staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following features of Tiktaalik is not shared with other body fishes?

a mobile neck

"Bioprinting":

a technique that uses computer graphics, uses cellular ink, and can manufacture organs from scratch

If you were digging in the dirt in a region rich with horse fossils, where would you find fossils with three toes?

about mid way between the deepest and shallowest fossils

The change in foot structure of horses from ancestral species to modern species is indicative of:

adaption to a prairie environment

Induced pluripotent stem cells are produced from _____.

adult cells

Stem cells located in tissues that help maintain and regulate those tissues are called:

adult stem cells and somatic stem cells

When a population shows an adaptation, it means that a population responds to an environmental pressure such that the presence of _____ traits _____ over time.

advantageous; increases

Which of the following occurs with respect to allele frequencies in a non-evolving population?

all frequencies do not change over time

What conclusions are drawn from Darwin's descent with modification?

all things are related; the different species we see today have emerged over time as a result of natural selection

Chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with the function of the essential bacterial cell structures are:

antibiotics

antibiotics

are chemicals that kill bacteria, slow bacterial growth, and interfere with functioning of essential bacterial cell structures

Invertebrates are animals without a _____.

backbone

What are the domains of life?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Which of the following have made Tiktaalik famous?

because of its fins

A type of asexual reproduction in which one parent cell divides into two is called:

binary fission

The approach in regenerative medicine that uses a collagen matrix is:

biodegradable support material

The approach in regenerative medicine that Dr. Anthony Atala has used to create new urinary bladders and ears is:

biodegradible scaffolds

The study of how organisms are distributed in geographic space is called

biogeography

The stage in embryonic development in which the embryo is a hollow ball of cells is called a(n):

blastocyst

_____ are examples of stem cell therapy.

bone marrow transplants

Which of the following are types of non-adaptive evolution?

bottleneck effect and founder effect

In researching a paper for you non-majors biology class you come across a web site trying to raise money for conservation biologists who are studying a population of wolves in a national park. The money raised would be used to bring new wolves into the park for breeding purposes because the population in the park is currently experiencing inbreeding depression. How can this inbreeding depression be assessed?

by large number of homozygous recessives

You shed skin cells every day. How are these skin cells replaced?

by mitosis and differentiation of tissue stem cells

When blood cells reach the end of their lifespan, how are they replaced?

by the division of stem cells in the bone marrow

A pluripotent cell that is giving signals normally given to mesenchymal cells would become:

cartilage or bone

Which of the following cell types can become the greatest number of other cell types?

cell from an early embryo

Beta-lactam antibiotics interfere with bacteria's ability to synthesize:

cell walls

From the simplest to the most complex, which is the correct hierarchy?

cells, tissues, organs, systems

Which of the following tissue types is/are never replaced?

cerebral cortex neurons

Which of the following is a human-caused environmental change that animals face?

climate change, urbanization, and urban dwelling

If you carry staph of any strain but aren't sick, you are:

colonized

Which of the following is NOT involved in bacterial reproduction?

daughter cells stay attached

Archeopteryx is a fossil that has jaws and teeth, clawed fingers, a long body tail, and wings with feathers. This is a transitional fossil between __________.

dinosaurs and birds

A type of natural selection in which organisms with phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored by the environment is:

diversifying selection

Which of the steps of bacterial reproduction occurs first?

dna is replicated

Which of the following categories contains the greatest number of organisms?

domain

Different environments are responsible for:

ecological isolation

The stem cells that make up an early embryo, which can differentiate into nearly every cell type in the human body, are called:

embryonic stem cells

Which of the following is not an approach to regenerative medicine?

engineered genes

Species that are closely related will have _____ sequence differences compared to species that are more distantly related.

fewer

The ancestor of Tiktaalik had limbs that resembled:

fins

Which of the following is NOT a tetrapod?

fish

The Devonian period has been called the age of _____.

fishes

The relative ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment is known as:

fitness

The gametes from a dog and cat cannot unite to form a zygote. This is an example of:

gamete isolation

There are two populations of trout in a town, both of which inhabit a different lake. These lakes are connected by a stream, and trout from these two populations are able to breed with one another. This is an example of which of the following?

gene flow

The total collection of alleles in a population is the:

gene pool

The principle that in a non-evolving population both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next, is the basis for:

hardy-weinburg equilibrium

Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells:

has the same genome and different pattern of gene expression

Organisms most likely to leave fossils:

have a bony skeleton and do not decompose immediately after death, but do not have feathers

What is the genus name for humans?

homo

A pluripotent stem cell that was generated by manipulation of differentiated somatic cells is termed an:

induced pluripotent stem cell

One of the significant findings with respect to Tiktaalik is that:

it provides a glimpse into the adaptions of vertebrate animals as they move from water onto land

A transitional fossil is important because:

it provides information about how a group of organisms evolved from one form to another

Some of the middle ear bones of humans are homologous with the:

jaw bones of reptiles, bones supporting the gills of fishes

Tiktaalik is still technically a fish because:

limbs lack true jointed fingers and toes, gills are present

Compared to an adult skin cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell:

more differentiated and has smaller genome

Stem cells in tissue can divide to produce:

more stem cells, specialized cells, and cells that make up tissues

Which of the following statements applies to tissues?

multiple cell types are present and each tissue has a specific function

_____ describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body

multipotent

The fact that a human arm and a bird wing look different is that during the process of inheritance _____ are continuously introduced into the DNA of genes.

mutations

What is responsible for genetic variation in bacteria?

mutations in the genome during binary fission, gene transfer from a different strain

The feeding mouthparts of certain ants have undergone _____ such that different species' mouthparts are adapted for different food sources in their environment.

natural selection

There are five characteristics that a population must have to NEVER experience a change in allele frequencies. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

natural selection

The most severe disease that can result from MRSA is:

necrotizing fasciitis

If the ancestor of horses encountered an environment that selected them to become specialized for an arboreal (in trees) life style, would you expect modern horses to have a single toe? Yes or no

no

Do stem cells have a larger genome than specialized cells?

no because all cells in a person have the identical set of genes in their genome

The key evolutionary milestone that separates and distinguishes land animals from fishes is:

no living fish has true limbs and land animals have 2 pairs of limbs

Is a wing of a bird homologous to the wing of an insect?

no, they are both made of bones

In sedimentary rock, the _____ fossils tend to be found _____.

older; in deeper layers

When looking at the sequence of a variety of genes, which species' genes would you predict to have the most similar sequence compared to the corresponding genes in humans?

orangutans

If the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus fails to form properly, water will enter the cell by the process of _____.

osmosis

A scientist that studies ancient life by means of the fossil record is a

paleobiologist

What was the name of the large land mass comprising the plates approximately 245 million years ago?

pangaea

Which of the following would NOT be effective against a drug-resistant strain of staph?

penicillins, cephalosporins, and methicillin

_____describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into nearly any cell type in the body.

pluripotent

Regenerative medicine seeks to:

prod stem cells to dive/differentiate and stimulate stem cells to make cell types they wouldn't normally make

The periodic burst of species change as a result of sudden environmental change is called:

punctuated equilibrium

The theory that most species change occurs in periodic bursts as a result of environmental change is:

punctuated equilibrium

The most important method for dating rocks is _____ dating.

radiometric

The use of radioactive isotopes as a measure to determine the age of rock or fossils is termed:

radiometric dating

Determining the age of a fossil from its position relative to layers of rock or fossils of known age is called:

relative dating

What term refers to mechanisms that prevent mating (and, therefore, gene flow) between members of different species?

reproductive isolation

Which of the following is a harmful bacterium?

salmonella

You have a population of dogs with three alleles for teeth size: L (large), M (medium), and S (small). Individuals with SS, SM, SL have small teeth. Individuals with MM have medium teeth. Individuals with LL or LM have large teeth. After a strange viral disease infected the population of dogs, all of the small-teethed individuals did not survive. What will happen to the population after 10 generations?

small teeth will be missing

The approach in regenerative medicine that uses chemicals to stimulate nerve-specific gene expression is:

stem cell stimulation

Immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cells are called:

stem cells

Tissues have a common:

structure and function

Population genetics is the:

study of genetic makeup of populations, and how the genetic composition of a population changes

Taxonomy is part of a broader study of _____, or the study of biological diversity of life on Earth.

systematics

The process of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the basis of shared traits is called:

taxonomy

Illegal hunting for ivory in Africa causes the deaths of 85% of an endangered elephant population. When considering the future survival of this population, which of the following is a concern for scientists?

the ability to exchange genes with neighboring populations and inbreeding depression among survivors

A specific type of oyster is found in North American fossil beds dated to 100 mya. If similar oyster beds are found in European rock, in layers with a novel type of barnacle fossil, which of the following is true about the barnacles?

the barnacles are at least as old as the oysters

Which of the following are features of both evolution and natural selection?

the change in allele frequencies over time in a population

A cloned embryo (such as a cloned mouse or sheep embryo) is genetically identical to:

the donor of the somatic cell nucleus

Tiktaalik has been called a "fishapod"—part fish, part tetrapod. Which of the following applies to this statement?

the first tetrapods would have stronger hind limbs to support weight

If a gene from organism A is NOT homologous to a gene in organism B, what does this mean?

the genes are not derived from a common ancestor

What can inhibit the fossilization of a dead organism?

the presence of microorganisms

What permitted the evolution of complex eukaryotic organisms?

the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere

What is the environmental pressure in the case of antibiotic resistance?

the presence or absence of antibiotics in the environment

All somatic cells in an individual contain:

the same genome

What is phylogeny?

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

Two organisms have inherited the same gene from a common ancestor. Why might this gene have different sequences in the two organisms?

they are distantly related, and the gene has undergone mutations over generations in each group of organisms

Which of the following is NOT true of pharyngeal pouches?

they are present in adult fish, reptiles, and humans

If human arms and bat wings are homologous, what does this suggest about humans and bats?

they share a common ancestor

Different cell types working together to carry out a function constitute a(an):

tissue

Which of the following terms describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body?

totipotent

Which of the following pairs does NOT represent intermediate fossils?

transition between fish and amphibians

Why does a recipient of a liver transplant have a higher risk of bacterial infections?

transplant recipients have to take drugs that suppress their immune system

To what does gene expression refer?

turning on the expression of a gene and transcribing/translating a gene

Which of the following is the drug of choice when a serious MRSA infection is present?

vancomyosin

An animal with a bony or cartilaginous backbone is a:

vertebrate

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have _____ fitness in the presence of antibiotics.

very high

Structures that an organism has inherited from an ancestor but that serve no purpose are examples of _____ structures.

vestigial