BSC 145 Exam #2

The two main phagocytic cells that are involved in the inflammatory response

- Neutrophils and macrophages

3 types of molecules that are common antigens recognized by the adaptive immune system

-Abnormal protein on cancer cells -Foreign protein structures -Fragments of microbes

Correct statements related to the production of monoclonal antibodies

-Anti-body secreting plasma B cells are fused with cancerous plasma cells. -Cancerous plasma cells called myeloma cells are used because they are immortal. -They are commonly produced in mice.

Two types of lymphocytes

-B cells and T cells

Components of innate immune defenses

-Chemical barriers -Inflammatory response -Protective proteins

Characteristics of plasma cells

-Contain extensive rough ER for antibody production. -Undergo apoptosis after exposure to antigen ceases. -Secrete antibodies identical to the BCR of the activated B cell.

Common symptoms of infectious mononucleosis (mono)

-Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands

Description of neutrophils

-First responders to bacterial infection -Most abundant of the white blood cells -Multi-lobed nucleus

Two types of treatments that have successfully cured children born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

-Gene therapy -Bone marrow transplantation

All parts of lymphatic system

-Lymphatic organs and lymphatic vessels

Components of a lymph node

-Lymphocytes -Capsule -Macrophages

Description of the tonsils

-Patches of lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue. -Encounter pathogens entering the nose and mouth.

Factors responsible for movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels

-Presence of one-way valves -Skeletal muscle contraction

Primary lymphatic organs in which lymphocytes are produced and/or mature

-Red bone marrow -Thymus

2 main lymphatic ducts

-Right lymphatic duct -Thoracic duct

Functions of the thymus

-Site of T cell maturation -Produces hormones

Functions of monocytes/macrophages

-Stimulate lymphocytes -Phagocytize cellular debris -Destroy pathogens

Why is passive immunity always temporary?

-The antibodies or immune cells are not produced by the body.

True or False: The spleen is located on the right side of the body, just below the liver.

False

White blood cell: Eosinophils

Fight large parasites, such as worms -Granular, protect against parasitic worms and are involved in allergies

Urine

Flushes bacteria from the urethra

During an inflammatory response, mast cells and injured tissue cells often cause capillaries in the area to dilate and become more permeable by releasing what chemical?

Histamine

Human antibody class with function

IgA-blocks pathogen attachment in digestive and respiratory tracts IgD- signifies B cell maturation IgE- protects against parasitic worms IgG- activates complement and enhances phagocytosis IgM- activates complement and agglutinates cells.

The antibody class that can cross the placenta during pregnancy to provide temporary protection to the newborn is

IgG

A common pregnancy test uses monoclonal ___________________to detect the hormone HCG in a woman's urine.

anitbodies

Involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells

antibody-mediated immunity

Another term for the programmed death of a cell is

apoptosis

Innate immune defenses typically

are fully functional with little or no delay

The type of adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is __________-mediated immunity.

cell

The major function of _____________ T cells is to secrete cytokines that affect other immune system cells (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages)

helper

HIV infects helper T cells, which eventually causes disease because

helper T cells stimulate other immune system cells such as B cells.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by cells resulting from the fusion of a cells and a cancer cell. The fused cells are called

hybridomas

A person who is born without a spleen will probably have an increased susceptibility to

infections

Peyer patches are located in the

intestine

The soft gland in the thoracic cavity that is the site where human T lymphocytes mature is the

thymus

Especially with bacterial infections, an accumulation of dead and dying white blood cells and bacteria forms a visible yellow-white substance called

pus

The ______________________ is an essential organ because it is required for T cell maturation

thymus

Correct statements about the basic unit of antibody structure

-The type of constant region determines the antibody class -Each antibody molecule can bind to a minimum of two antigenic sites -Each polypeptide chain has a constant and a variable region

Descriptions of eosinophils

-They have a bilobed nucleus -They are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens

Descriptions that apply to basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

-all 3 have a nucleus -all 3 are white blood cells -all 3 have noticeable cytoplasmic granules

Molecules secreted by cytotoxic T cells that are involved in killing of target cells

-granzymes -perforin

Types of lymphocytes

-plasma cells -B cells -T cells

Components of innate immune defenses

-protective proteins -inflammatory response -chemical barriers

Best definition of phagocytosis

-surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule

Steps that occur during the phagocytosis of a pathogen by a white blood cell

1) A projection from the cell surrounds the pathogen 2) The cell engulfs the pathogen, forming a vesicle 3) Lysosomes fuse with a pathogen-containing vesicle 4) Enzymes break down the pathogen

4 main functions of the lymphatic system

1) Absorbs excess interstitial fluid 2) Absorbs fats from the small intestine 3) Produces and distributes lymphocytes 4) Defends the body against pathogens

Steps in T cell activation in the correct order

1) Engulfment of antigen by APC 2) Presentation of antigen-MHC to T cells 3) T cell activation and clonal expansion 4) Memory T cell formation

Path of excess interstitial fluid, beginning with the fluid in tissues at the top.

1) Excess interstitial fluid in tissues 2) Lymphatic capillaries 3) Lymphatic vessels 4) Lymphatic ducts 5) Cardiovascular veins

Human blood normally contains approximately how many blood cells?

5,000-11,000 microliters

The complement system is actually composed of

A number of blood plasma proteins

What is lysozyme?

An antibacterial enzyme

Lysozyme

Antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva, and perspiration.

A cell or substance that is foreign to the body

Antigen

White blood cell: Lymphocytes

B and T cells that carry out adaptive immunity -Agranular, include T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, function in immune response

____________________found in areas of the body such as the mouth and intestines and that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called normal flora.

Bacteria/microbes

Which of these white blood cells are normally the least numerous in blood?

Basophils

White blood cell: Monocytes

Become macrophages in tissues -Agranular, largest in size, differentiate into phagocytic dendritic cells and macrophages.

When tissue cells are damaged, they release histamine, which causes the _______________________to dilate and become more permeable.

Capillaries

The production of specific types of white blood cells is regulated by proteins called ________________-stimulating factors.

Colony

A child born without an enzyme necessary for the development of B and T lymphocytes will have SCID, or severe ____________________ immunodeficiency

Combined

A number of plasma proteins that can trigger inflammation, phagocytosis, and membrane attack complex formation are all components of the _______________ system.

Complement

How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?

Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the hallmark signs of

Inflammation

The type of immunity is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is

Innate immunity

Proteins secreted by virally infected cells that cause other cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication

Interferons

A cancer of white blood cells that involved uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes would be specifically called lymphocytic

Leukemia

Once it is picked up by lymphatic vessels, excess interstitial fluid becomes

Lymph

Tears, saliva and perspiration contain an enzyme called ______________that helps kill or inhibit bacteria.

Lysozome

Connective tissue-dwelling cells that resemble basophils, and which release histamine associated with allergic reactions are called

Mast cells

A ring of complement proteins that produce holes in the surface of a bacterial cell is called __________________ attack complex.

Membrane

__________________________ are white blood cells that develop into macrophages when they move from the blood circulation into other tissues.

Monocytes

Antibody structures

Monomer- a single Y-shaped antibody molecule Dimer- two y-shaped antibody molecules linked together Pentamer- IgM antibodies have this structure

Sebaceous secretions

Oil that contains chemicals that kill some bacteria on the skin.

White blood cell: Neutrophils

Phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris -Granular with a multilobed nucleus, function to phagocytize bacteria

Some types of white blood cells fight pathogens by engulfing them in a process called

Phagocytosis

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called ______________ cells

Plasma

White blood cell: Basophils

Promote inflammation, blood flow to injured tissues -Granular, release histamine

All types of human blood cells are produced in the ________ blood marrow.

Red

The largest lymphatic organ is the

Spleen

Which statement is correct regarding the activation of T cells?

T cells are unable to recognize an antigen unless it is presented by an APC such as a macrophage.

Lymphatic structure/Location

Tonsils-Pharynx Appendix- Large intestine Peyer's Patches- Small intestinal wall

True or False ? Macrophages are derived from Monocytes

True

The structure of large lymphatic vessels is most similar to that of

Veins

Tears

Wash bacteria from the surface of the eye

Saliva

Washes bacteria from the teeth and tongue

________________ Blood cells (leukocytes) function to protect the body from infection

White

The best description of a monocyte is

a white blood cell that becomes a phagocytic macrophage in tissues.

When a B cell or T cell is stimulated by antigen, it divides, producing many identical copies of itself. This is an important part of the ______________ selection model.

clonal

When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, this can form a clump called an immune _______________ that can attract white blood cells.

complex

Chemical mediators secreted by white blood cells that serve a number of functions, including attracting white blood cells to sites of inflammation, are collectively called

cytokines.

Lymphatic vessels

form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are also called human _______________ antigens. (HLC)

leukocyte

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to "present" antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?

major histocompatibility complex

Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called _______________ antibodies.

monoclonal

The major type of white blood cells that is found in the pus is the

neutrophil

Cloned B cells which produce antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen are called _____________ cells.

plasma

Another term for a mature, anti-body screening B cells is a

plasma cell