BSC1005 Biology (Final Exam Review)

please order the following events that occur during mitiosis

1. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle begins to form 2. Chromosomes align in the center of the cell 3. Sister chromatids split apart and the mitoic spindle retracts 4. the nucleus reforms into two nucleii with a full set of the original chromosomes

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution?

1. genetic drift 2. natural selection 3. mutations 4. all of the above

which of the following is evidence for evolution?

1. mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides 2. bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time 3. cells with common features and chemically similar DNA 4. all are evidence for evolution

which of the following services does the human microbiome perform for us?

1. produces vitamins 2. regulates the immune system 3. it helps to digest our food 4. all of these

If a human diploid cell and a human haploid cell somehow managed to fuse together and not lose any of the chromosomes, how many sets of chromosomes would be inside the newly formed cell?

3

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

3:1

What does the term theory mean to a scientist?

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments.

Which of the following statements are true regarding induced pluripotent stem cells?

All of these statements are true.

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies

B cells

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected

A cloned mammal is made by removing the dna from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, replacing it with dna from a cell of a mature animal, and then implanting that cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a regular embryo. Answer the following quetion(s) regarding a clone. Of whom is the baby a clone?

DNA donor

How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?

Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.

White mushrooms that have been engineered using CRISPR to not produce the protein that causes browning are considered a GMO by the USDA.

False

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

Helper T cells

In cats, imagine that the genotypes YY and Yy code for yellow eyes and the genotype yy codes for blue eyes. If you have an individual with the genotype Yy, this cat is considered to be:

Heterozygous for eye color

Do all cells of the body express the same genes?

No, since they don't all need to make the same proteins

What are carcinogens?

Physical or chemical factors that can lead to mutations causing cancer

If DNA directs the production of RNA, what does RNA make?

RNA makes proteins.

Which statement is true regarding bacteria?

Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans.

According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

TCCGAAT

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack?

The ability to reproduce on their own.

Why can a person who is unable to produce insulin be successfully treated with insulin derived from genetically modified bacteria?

The gene that produces insulin in humans was inserted into the bacteria where is continues to produce human insulin

What is different between two alleles of the same gene?

The information they carry. For example, one allele might carry the information for blue pigment, while the other carries the information for brown eye pigment.

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question(s) regarding the few survivors who now begin to rebuild the human population. Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover?

The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.

All of the following statements regarding embryonic stem cells are true except:

They are limited in the types of cells they can differentiate into.

in _____ diabetes, no insulin is produced

Type 1

In _____ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal

Type I and II

Pathogen is ____

a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans

A homozygous milk chocolate easter bunny is crossed with a homozygous dark chocolate easter bunny. Assuming dark chocolate is dominant over milk chocolate and the traits segregate according to Mendelian genetics, which traits will the offspring express?

all dark

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA and RNA?

all of the answers listed are correct. 1. Dna is double stranded, and Rna is a single strand 2. One of the bases is different 3. They each contain a slightly different sugar molecule 4. they are found in different locations in the cell.

select all that apply. the gut microbiome includes:

all of the bacteria that live in the gut; all of the viruses that live in the gut

What is a gene?

all of these and more are part of the expanding definition of a gene.

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle.

allergy

What does "transfer RNA" actually transfer?

amino acids

In order for specific immunity to operate, the immune system must first be exposed to

antignes

When human populations effect the natural environment and create, for instance, crops that have higher reproductive success than their natural counterparts, what is this an example of?

artificial selection

What four components comprise a healthy human microbiome? select all that apply

bacteria; protozoa, fungi, viruses

An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ____

cannot make by itself

evolution can be best defined as ______

change in gene frequency in a population

Genes are located on ______

chromosomes

Ways to combat antibiotic resistance include:

completing the full course of antibiotics prescribed for bacterial infections

Both mitosis and meiosis involve the duplication and distribution of chromosomes to offspring cells. However, mitosis involves one round of division that produces _________ cells, whereas meiosis involves two rounds that produce __________ cells.

diploid/ haploid

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

domain

How did MRSA and VRSA bacteria arise?

evolution

Vitamin C is water-soluble. how does this impact how we should consume this nutrient?

excess is excreted in the urine; it is not stored in the body; it should be consumed daily

Evaluate this statement: Cholesterol is a type of lipid, and thus all cholesterol lipids are bad for human health.

false, because some types of cholesterol increase hart disease, but other types are necessary, especially in the plasma membrane.

According to an article your read, certain bacteria are thought to help with type 2 diabetes. what nutrient do these bacteria ferment?

fiber

The human microbiome is shaped by the environment we inhabit. where did our very first microbes come from?

from the birth canal or the skin of our mothers when we are born (depending on the method of birth)

What type of cells do not undergo mitosis?

gametes (sex cells)

which of the following represents a simple sugar (also called monosaccharide)

glucose

A test cross is performed to determine if a specific individual is a carrier. The results generate a 50/50 ratio of phenotypes. The test subject is therefore _____.

heterozygous

Maintaining a steady state internal environment, despite a changing external environment, is called ________.

homeostasis

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?

human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills

What type of disorder is AIDS?

immunodeficiency

natural selection acts on ____, and _____ evolve.

individuals, populations

What is the name of the response to an injury in which fluids leak from dilated blood vessels, causing redness and swelling?

inflammatory response

When I say a tulip flower is "red" what have I described?

its phenotype

the oldest fossils typically are found in the ______ sediments.

lower

You want to know whether cookies made with unbleached flour taste better than cookies made with bleached flour/ which of the following has the strongest experimental design to test this question?

make two batches of cookies, one with bleached flour and one with unbleached flour: twenty tasters try both types without knowing which ones they are eating and rank which type they like best

Which disease was declared eradicated in the US in 2000 due to a successful vaccination campaign that has since made a comeback, with over 1000 positive cases in the US already in 2019 due to declines in vaccination rates?

measles

a population is a group of individuals of the same species that share a common gene pool. What is the generation to generation change in the gene pool called?

microevolution

A zygote (i.e. a fertilized egg) undergoes development to grow. What mechanism is used to generate more cells?

mitosis

Genetically modified individuals of which species are being used in conjunction with gene drive technology in an attempt to eliminate this species to combat malaria and other diseases?

mosquitoes

What type of interaction is the relationship between bees and the plants they pollinate?

mutualism

There is a double-blind clinical study underway for a new drug. test subjects are being asked to take drugs given to them by researchers and report back symptoms. In this type of study, who is aware of all the variables being tested and the experimental groups?

neither researchers nor test subjects

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?

no

Is the number of chromosomes in each cell of an organism a good indicator of the complexity of that organism?

no, the number of chromosomes does not indicate how complex an organism is.

what is typically the first step in the scientific method?

observation

The two fatty-acids responsible for the maintenance of healthy cell membranes, that you must get from your diet, are ____ and _____

omega 3; omega 6

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. Answer the following question regarding these creatures' relationships. The bird-tick relationship is an example of ________.

predator-prey

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is a ______.

prion

Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system.

produce and store large number of white blood cells

Gene cloning is used to __________

produce large quantities of human proteins

Phytoplankton is an example of a _____

producer

Certain elements comprise a good scientific study. Furthermore, these elements increase the accuracy and precision of study results. Identify one of the components.

randomization

what should one do if the results of an experiment consistently do not support the original hypothesis?

reject the original hypothesis and formulate a new hypothesis

HIV has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA when infecting a human immune cell. This type of virus is called a ________.

reverse transcriptase

changes to the genetic variation of a population can occur through;

sexual recombination; mutations

Examine the forelimb of the human and the bat. Thinking about evolution, we can conclude that these two organisms must have

shared a common ancestor

From the list below, please select all of the body's external defenses to pathogens

stomach acid, skin, mucous membranes

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are on average more likely to ____

survive and reproduce

before the publication of charles darwin's on the origin of species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

that species were permanent and unchanging

Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following question(s). According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?

the asiatic black bear

What does it mean when we say a gene is "turned off"?

the gene cannot be transcribed and translated into a protein.

Where do antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria come from?

the genes already exist in the population due to natural variation

in healthy individuals, when blood glucose levels are high,

the pancreas releases insulin

Many medical studies show that patients who receive a treatment feel better even if the treatment was an ineffective sugar pill. What is this phenomenon called?

the placebo effect

A scientist studies the impact of varying levels of herbicide exposure to plants. Please select the dependent variable.

the plant's responses to the herbicide

Three of the following statements are correct. Identify the statement that is not correct regarding genetically modified organisms.

there are no risks of any kind associated with gm crops

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.

these two species are very closely related

If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?

they lack a nucleus

which of the following dietary fats is the least healthy?

trans fat

Genetically modified organisms that acquire genes from a different species are called ______ organisms.

transgenic

When one cell goes through cell division, it produces ________.

two identical cells

The offspring produced via sexual reproduction are genetically ________ to the parents.

unique

How is an adaptive immune defense initially primed?

upon exposure to a foreign antigen

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

vaccine

Why are antivirals difficult to create?

viruses use the cells of the host to reproduce

the genetic code is _____

what allows condons to be translated into amino acids

Which of the following blood cells fights infections?

white blood cells