BT5: Wall Construction Systems - Curtain Wall

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Unit and Mullion System

also called the semi-unitized system; hybrid of the stick and unit system; mullions are the first to be installed then the spandrel and glazing are inserted into the stick system as a complete unit

stick system

can be delivered to the site more quickly but take longer to erect

Window Wall

careful detailing of _______________, bearing on the floor slab, can make it appear as a continuous curtain wall

Walls

constructed in different forms and of various materials to serve several functions

Walls

designed to be strong enough to safely resist the horizontal and vertical forces imposed upon them

Walls

designed to provide resistance to passage of fire; often contain doors and windows, which provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through it

Glass Curtain Walls

designed to span multiple floors and take into consideration design requirements such as: thermal expansion and contraction, water diversion, ventilation, and thermal efficiency

shadow box

example of coated glass; creates the illusion of opacity with a dark metal pan or insulation board that is held back from the glass

self-cleaning glass

example of coated glass; glass with photocatalytic coating that reacts with sunlight to break down and dislodge organic dirt

solar-reflective or low-emissivity glass

example of coated glass; most common coatings used for reflection, absorption and radiation of solar energy; reflects long-wave, infrared energy

Ceramic Frit

example of coated glass; used to create an opaque or spandrel glass; ceramic coating fused to the base glass during the heat treating process; can be applied thicker and also multiple layers to increase opacity; requires opaque back-up construction

solar-reflective glass and low emissivity glass; ceramic frit; polyester and silicone films and paints; self-cleaning glass; shadow box

examples of coated glass

Curtain Wall

external, lightweight, non-loadbearing wall (either glazing or cladding) that is hung from a metal frame rather than built from the ground like a brick wall; the framework is usually of concrete or steel

Advantages of Unit Panel Systems

fabrication in controlled environment; easier to isolate the glass unit from structural movement esp. seismic; with proper scheduling and lead time, it allows the building to be closed-in more quickly

Disadvantages of Stick System

field installation of glazing is often done by unskilled workers, certain amount of control is lost when installed on site, more suitable in small projects

Extruded Aluminum Frames

frames for the ethereal walls that was introduced in the 1950s

Window Wall

generally used to reduce cost; critical that it should be capable of withstanding the wind and seismic loads

Facades

were changed forever with the introduction of the frame building, which permitted a light exterior wall of glass instead of the meagre punched opening of masonry load-bearing walls

Alastair Pilkington

one of the contributors to the development of contemporary glass curtain walls

Hallidie Building

one of the first buildings with pure glass curtain wall in San Francisco, California by James Polk (1918)

polyester and silicone films and paints

other methods of creating opaque glass

similar

overall fabrication and installation time is often ___________ for stick and unitized systems

annealing

process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed

Exterior Walls

protects the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain and snow, and sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions

joint

rails and mullions of stick systems each have a _______ on each side that seals the glass to the frame

unitized system

require more lead time but are erected more quickly

fritted glass

requires opaque back-up construction

laminated glass

sealed, double-plane glass unit with a vacuum or gas in the space between the panes

Structural Glass or Bolt-Fixed Glass

series of glass units held together with patches or bolted connections that support the glass by direct bearing and friction

Unit Panel System

series of prefabricated units that interlock with the adjacent frame and is often pre-glazed; may be as high as 3 stories but generally span just one floor and range 4-12 ft. in width

column cover and spandrel system

similar to unit and mullion systems; building frame is emphasized in column covers, which act like sticks

annealed glass

standard float glass; not a safety glass; breaks into large sharp pieces

24 to 40, 7 to 12

sticky systems are purchased in ______________ ft. or ______________ m lengths and cut on-site or in the shop

tempered glass

strong, break-resistant type of safety glass that, if broken, shatters into small granular pieces

Stainless Steel

structural glass/bolt-fixed glass fittings material

Pilkington Planar

the first structural bolt-fixed glass system to be widely marketed developed by Alastair Pilkington

Industrial Revolution to early 1900s

time when architects expressed the need for an innovative and efficient wall construction system

Window Wall, Structural Glass

two types of glass curtain wall installation

Window Wall

type of glass curtain wall installation; all barriers and retarders can be continuous for the full height of the building

Window Wall

type of glass curtain wall installation; continuous laid installation

Structural Wall

type of glass curtain wall installation; makes use of bolts and other kinds of fittings which strengthens the glass and holds it together

joint

unitized systems have an additional _________ that seals the frame of one unit to the adjoining unit

point loaded structural glazing system

vertical framing member can be comprised of stick, cable, or another custom structure behind the glass; glass is supported by a system of four-point brackets and joints are sealed with silicone

Float Glass

was in full production in 1959

Drawbacks of Shiny Coated Glass Buildings

- heat - glare - confusion by the lights of office towers for migratory birds that uses stars to navigate at night

coated glass

glass with a chemical film applied to one surface

Bolting Glass

had small metal patches; structural glass (1960s)

tinted or heat-absorbing glass

has color and light- or heat-reducing capabilities; transmittance is 14-85% depending on the thickness and degree of tinting

Molten Tin

in 1952, Pilkington began his experiment using ______________ to support or float the molten glass

Disadvantages of Unit Panel Systems

increased cost and problems with transportation, protection of the units and on-site storage; installation must be sequential; "leave out" units are necessary to load construction materials into the interior of the building, these units installed out of sequence require special installation and joint design; replacements of components are more difficult; have more joints than stick systems

Stick system

installed piece by piece on-site, including the glazing

vertical glass fins (mullions) or steel, cable tension structures

lateral supports can be in the form of _________________ and ___________________

Advantages of Stick System

lower costs, flexibility, potential to adjust the curtain wall frame to structural frame, quick ease of storing and ability to work on different areas of the building at the same tim

float glass

made by floating molten on a bed of molten tin; clearest of the glazing options; transmittance is 75-92% of visible light; slight-greenish tint at a thickness of 10mm or greater

bearing walls or curtain walls

modern building walls may be designed to serve as either __________________________________________ or as a combination of both, depending on its use

aluminum frames

most common __________________ are based on either stick or unit system

extruded aluminum

most common curtain wall frames


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