BUS 296 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Which of the following statements is best explained by selective perception theory?
"I wouldn't want an office job. All my life I've worked outdoors, even as a child growing up on a farm."
---------- MODULE 6 ----------- Newly formed culturally diverse teams underperform newly formed culturally homogeneous teams, but the differences disappear after about ___________.
3 months
An estimated ______ of the population suffers debilitating communication apprehension. These people experience undue tension and anxiety in oral communication, written communication, or both.
5 to 20 percent
Basic literacy training must be provided by employers because the percentage of the U.S. population that reads below the eighth-grade level is _______.
50%
According to a recent survey, about ____ percent of employees working in the 1,000 largest U.S. corporations receive ethics training.
75
________ refers to an individual's belief that he is capable of performing a task.
Adequate self-efficacy
_______ is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings people experience, including both emotions and moods.
Affect
Even when we're communicating in the same language, words mean different things to different people. ___________ are two of the biggest factors that influence such differences.
Age and context
_______ are evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people, or events.
Attitudes
______ is making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
Bounded rationality
__________ is the degree to which the organization can support growth.
Capacity
________ can be managers or nonmanagers, current or new employees, or outside consultants.
Change agents
____________ is the stage of negotiation when initial positions have been exchanged and your original demands have been explained, amplified, bolstered, and rationalized.
Clarification and justification
___________ is a type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Classical conditioning
_______________ cultures, such as in Middle Eastern countries, are characterized by more informal systems, downplaying formal feedback and disconnecting reward allocations from performance ratings.
Collectivist
________ the logic of a change can reduce employee resistance on two levels.
Communicating
Which of the following is not a stress factor?
Compounding Elements
___________ means to respond the same as others to the same situation.
Consensus
_______ means to respond in the same way over time.
Consistency
Research shows that our emotions are critical for rational thinking. The key to good ____ is to employ both thinking and feeling.
Decision making
________ is how the symbols in the message are translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver.
Decoding
_______ behavior is voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms, and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members.
Deviant workplace
What does consensus refer to in attribution theory?
Different people respond the same way in the same situation.
_______ is perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards.
Distributive justice
__________ hinders group performance and is a negative form of conflict.
Dysfunctional conflict
________ uses the Internet to transmit and receive computer-generated text and documents.
________ should be considered by managers in the process of selecting new employees, especially in jobs that demand a high degree of interaction. High scorers are more effective at their jobs.
Emotional intelligence
__________ are usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions.
Emotions
___________ are intense feelings directed at someone or something.
Emotions
________ is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill, or knowledge.
Expert power
Innovative organizations tend to have similar cultures. Which of the following is NOT one of those cultures?
Failures are not a natural by-product of venturing into the unknown.
_________ that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance is a positive form of conflict.
Functional conflict
_____________ of emotions to consider are how they occur, the intensity, the frequency and duration, the rationale, and their purpose.
Fundamental aspects
Which of the following statements about deviant workplace behavior is FALSE?
Groups can place strong pressures on individual members to conform to the group's behaviors.
________ describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views.
Groupthink
________, the physical and mental attributes that we are born with, and the ________, or where we were raised, make up who we are and how we behave.
Heredity, environment
Who proposed a two-factor theory of motivation?
Herzberg
The most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow's ___________.
Hierarchy of Needs
How is the science of organizational behavior (OB) different from sciences such as physics and chemistry?
Human begins are complex and there are few simple and universal principles that explain OB.
Which of the following is a reason that the study of organizational behavior is useful?
Human behavior is not random.
_________ that have proven effective for reducing stress levels include time-management techniques, increased physical exercise, relaxation training, and expanded social support networks.
Individual strategies
__________ cultures, such as the U.S. and Canada, emphasize formal performance evaluation systems and advocate written evaluations performed at regular intervals.
Individualistic
___________ is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his role and those of his employees in the search for goal attainment.
Initiating structure
________ are decisions to act in a given way, and they intervene between people's perceptions and emotions and their behavior.
Intentions
_________ are networks that only organizational members can access.
Intranets
________ is an unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
Intuitive decision making
North American managers emphasize the individual in performance evaluations, while managers in _________ are much more likely to emphasize group contributions and performance.
Israel
Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control?
It encourages overly tight supervision
In _____ where people hold a position for a long-term time frame, performance appraisals may be done only every five or ten years.
Japan
Two managers are talking about how they get the best out of their employees: Jo: "I tell my employees that times are tough, and there is no way of telling when the guys in the head office might try to downsize. Let me tell you, a bit of fear keeps them focused on the task at hand." Chris: "I tell them that head office is making them more responsible for deciding how to do their work. The increased sense of ownership they have makes productivity go way up." How would these managers be best characterized by Douglas Macgregor?
Jo holds Theory X assumptions; Chris holds Theory Y assumptions.
_______ is identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-worth, psychological empowerment, and a belief in the individual's impact on the organization and job.
Job involvement
________ is a collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job.
Job satisfaction
_____ is one of the three criteria used in business decision making and should impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially.
Justice
________ entails motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflict.
Leading
_____ is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Learning
---------- TEST 2 ---------- In the late 1960's, _____________ proposed that intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation.
Locke
__________ provides legitimacy and knowledge of how to accomplish tasks and obtain desired outcomes.
Managerial tenure
Over the past two decades, business schools have added required courses on people skills to many of curricula. Why have they done this?
Managers need to understand human behavior if they are to be effective.
________ are less intense feelings than emotions and often, though not always, lack a contextual stimulus.
Moods
Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?
Non-sanctioned leadership is as important as or more important than formal influence.
---------- MODULE 10 ---------- _________ are established through the behavior of executive and filter down to employees.
Norms
The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting as a type of shaping behavior is referred to as _____.
OB Mod
Which of the following statements is true?
Older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than younger workers.
________ is a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Operant conditioning
________ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness.
Organizational behavior
______ is identifying with a particular group and its goals, and wishing to maintain group membership.
Organizational commitment
________ is the overall perception of what is fair in the workplace.
Organizational justice
_______ is a process in which subordinates share a significant degree of decision making power with their immediate supervisors.
Participative management
___________ are one of the most reliable source of employee appraisal data because they are closer to the action.
Peer evaluations
________ orientation is the characteristic of organizational culture that addresses the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
People
______ is the awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
Perceived conflict
__________ is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Perception
_____ is likely to be higher when management matches the nine basic physical abilities of various jobs to the employees with those capabilities.
Performance
_________ systems influence behavior and provide management with information for general human resource decisions as well as decisions regarding promotions, transfers, and terminations.
Performance evaluation
________ is the capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Physical ability
___________ seeks to improve the ability of the organization to adapt to changes in its environment, and it seeks to change employee behavior.
Planned change
________ is probably more a function of the organization's characteristics than of individual differences.
Political activity
______ suggests that the impetus for change is more likely to come from outside change agents.
Politics
__________ training might include activities to sharpen logic, reasoning, and problem-defining skills, as well as to assess causation, develop alternatives, analyze alternatives, and select solutions.
Problem-solving
______ determined that all managers engage in four managerial activities such as traditional management, communication, human resource management, and networking.
Professor Fred Luthans
______ to give employees more responsibility, more meaningful work, more autonomy, and increased feedback can reduce stress because these factors give employees greater control over work activities and lessen dependence on others.
Redesigning jobs
_________ is influence based on an individual's possession of desirable resources or personal traits.
Referent power
Which of the following is NOT one of the steps of Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change?
Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between old behaviors and organizational success.
---------- MODULE 8 ---------- _________ is almost always dysfunctional. The friction and interpersonal hostilities increase personality clashes and decrease mutual understanding.
Relationship conflict
________ is assessing the likelihood of an occurrence by trying to match it with a preexisting category using only the facts that support our decision (like mixing apples with oranges).
Representative bias
The three essential management skills managers need to be effective were defined by _______ as technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills.
Robert Katz
__________ demands create expectations that may be hard to reconcile or satisfy.
Role
_________ relate to pressures placed on a person as a function of the particular position he holds in the organization.
Role demands
______ is an individual's degree of liking or disliking himself.
Self-esteem
_____ is most effective when heavily reinforced.
Shaping behavior
________ refers to the degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities.
Skill variety
Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between age and job satisfaction?
Some studies have found a U-shaped relationship between age and satisfaction.
_______ are miniature cultures within an organization.
Subcultures
________ demands are factors related to a person's job.
Task
________ relates to the content and goals of the work.
Task conflict
________ is the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
Task identification
Which of the following helps explain the current popularity of teams?
Teams are a way to better utilize employee talents.
What is the relationship between what one perceives and objective reality?
They can be substantially different.
_________ guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.
Transactional leaders
____________ means that people can rely on each other.
Trust
Which of the following most likely exemplifies a relationship of identification-based trust?
Two business partners have worked together for many years and rely on each other to make decisions on behalf of the business.
_______ is one of the three criteria used in business decision making and is an ethical theory that seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism
________ are our basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state is personally or socially preferable, in other words, our belief of what is right and wrong.
Values
___________ are indicators of a strong organizational culture.
Widely shared values
________ tend to have a more active limbic system.
Women
_________ achieve goals, and __________ is a means of facilitating their achievement.
Workers, leadership -
________ presents great opportunities and poses challenging questions for managers and employees in all countries.
Workforce diversity
How is the motivational potential score (MPS) calculated?
[(Skill Variety + Task Identity + Task Significance)/3] x Autonomy x Feedback
A task that is subdivided into many separate jobs is considered to have ______.
a high degree of work specialization
Cultures vary in terms of beliefs about their _____ their environment.
ability to control
The goal-setting theory provides evidence of employee enhancement but does not address three things. Which of the following is NOT one of the three things?
absenteeism -
One way to reduce environmental uncertainty is through ____ in the organization's structure.
adjustments
Elaborate sets of performance-simulation tests, specifically designed to evaluate a candidate's managerial potential, are ______.
administered in assessment centers
For much of the first half of the 20th century, managers viewed work specialization as ________.
an unending source of increased productivity
Intuition works best when it relies on _________.
analysis -
When making decision shortcuts, __________ is using early, first-received information as the basis for making subsequent judgements.
anchoring bais
Hackman and Oldham developed the job characteristics model (JCM), which proposes that _________.
any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions
Which of the following methods of third-party negotiation always results in a settlement?
arbitration
Emotions ________ moods.
are shorter than
Values generally influence our ________, and our value system is our ranking of values in terms of their intensity.
attitudes and behaviors
The theory that states when we observe a person's behavior, we try to figure out whether the action was caused by circumstances or something inside is best explained by ________.
attribution theory
What is the name of the theory that deals with how we explain behavior differently depending on the meaning we assign to the actor?
attribution theory
According to Luthans, a(n) _______ spent a similar amount of time and effort on each activity.
average manager
The role that equity plays in motivation is that an employee wants to __________.
be valued as much or more than other employees
Social psychologists have made major contributions to organizational behavior by their study of which of the following?
behavioral and attitude change
Organizations that seek to eliminate the chain of command to replace departments with empowered teams are _____ organizations.
boundaryless
Emotions originate in the __________.
brain
A organizational design with highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization, formalized rules and regulations, and tasks that are grouped into functional departments is what type of an organizational design?
bureaucracy
How does Luthans define a manager's success?
by the speed of their promotion
----------- TEST 3 ---------- There is a fairly strong link between _________ and job satisfaction.
centralization
Organizations that are less ________ have greater employee input in business decision making.
centralized
In an organizational structure, a __________ is the unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom.
chain of command
Leaders are more likely to get their employees to accept _______ by arousing emotions and linking them to an appealing idea.
change
Many romances fade, and the aftermath can difficult if the other party remains a(n) _________.
co-worker
Recalling facts or problem-techniques is the ______ are of intelligence.
cognitive
Your company is considering implementing work teams in your Vietnam facility. You should find this relatively easy because those employees will have strong ________ values.
collectivist
The chain of ________ is an unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom.
command
If properly designed, an organization's selection practices will not only determine who gets hired but will also identify _____.
competent candidates that can be accurately matched to a job and the organization
It is common knowledge that ______ tend to have their kills deteriorate and become obsolete over time.
competent employees
Growth of e-commerce is an example of which kind of force?
competition
Potential opposition or incompatibility phase of conflict is the presence of ____ that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
conditions
When making shortcut decisions, ______ is using only facts that support our decision.
confirmation bias
A process that begins when one party knows that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about, is referred to as ________.
conflict
Stress is associated with _______.
constraints
---------- MODULE 9 ---------- There are three common organizational designs. Which of the following is NOT one of those designs?
controlling
The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization are known as ________.
core values
What are the primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization known as?
core values
A strong culture is a culture in which the __________.
core values are intensely held and widely shared
A(n) _______ strategy emphasizes tight cost controls, avoidance of unnecessary innovation or marketing expenses and price cutting.
cost-minimization
Conflict-resolution techniques include ________.
creating superordinate goals
Being ______ is the ability to combine ideas in a unique way and to develop novel approaches to doing work or unique solutions to problems.
creative
Which of the following is not a barrier to effective communication?
cultural awareness
The _______ of the negotiation significantly influences the amount and type of preparation for bargaining, the emphasis on task verses interpersonal relationships, the tactics uses, as well as many other factors.
cultural context
Personal values differ across ________, and understanding these differences can help explain and predict behavior.
cultures
---------- MODULE 1 ---------- Management needs to create a ______ culture.
customer-responsive
Which of the following would not be considered a human skill in Katz's structure?
decision making?
Resistance to change can be overt, implicit, immediate, or ______.
deferred
Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that affects an individual's employment are _____.
defined as sexual harassment
During which phase of the negotiation process do the parties exchange their initial proposals or demand?
definition of ground rules
In an organizational structure, ________ is the basis by which jobs are grouped together so that the common tasks can be coordinated.
departmentalization
One of the differences between leadership and power is that power does no require goal compatibility, merely ________.
dependence
Power does not require goal compatibility, merely ________.
dependence
In contrasting organizational culture with job satisfaction, organizational culture is a(n) ____ term, while job satisfaction is a(n) _____ term.
descriptive; evaluate
The most fragile relationships are contained in _________ - based trust.
deterrence
In a strong organizational culture, managers need to ________ because employees internalize guidelines when they accept the organization's culture.
develop less formal rules and regulations
Those members of a group who hold differing points of view from the rest of the group seek to avoid ________.
deviating from group consensus by keeping quiet
To work effectively with people from different cultures, you need to understand how their culture, geography, and religion have shaped them and how to adapt your management style to their ________.
differences
Of the three key elements of motivation, ________ is the orientation that benefits an organization.
direction
Groupthink is not a(n) ________ mechanism as much as it is a means for a group to protect its positive image.
dissenter-suppression
Negotiation that seeks to divide a fixed amount of resources is _________.
distributive bargaining
The most identifying feature of ____ is that it operates under zero-sum conditions, which means that any gain I make is at your expense, and vice versa.
distributive bargaining
Work specialization is the same as ________.
division of labor
The macro view of culture that gives an organization its distinct personality is its _____ culture.
dominant
Being enthusiastic during a speech or calm during an emergency requires a shorter _____________ of emotions than a job that requires a cheerful attitude all day.
duration of intensity
Systematic study and EBM add to intuition, or those "gut feelings" about what makes others and ourselves tick, to give a manager all the knowledge he needs to make an ________ decision.
educated and logical
Leaders who treat their followers with fairness, especially by providing honest, frequent, and accurate information, are seen as more ________.
effective
Extreme emotions such as jubilation or depression are most likely to hinder __________.
effective communication
Organization Behavior applies the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more ___________.
effectively
Human resource policies and practices influence organizational ________.
effectiveness
Organizational Behavior is the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization's _________.
effectiveness
Training is most relevant to which relationship in the expectancy theory of motivation?
effort-performance
_________ is the term for feeling in a bad mood and having to be cheerful with customers.
emotional dissonance
One way to demonstrate that employees are valued is through _____________.
employee involvement
An organization's __________ policies and practices represent important forces for shaping employee behavior and attitudes.
employee training -
If there is a basic conflict between the individual's expectations and the reality of working in an organization, the employee is most likely to be disillusioned and quit during which stage of socialization?
encounter
The employee compares her expectations to organizational reality in which stage of socialization?
encounter
The time when a new employee sees what the organization is really like and realizes that expectations and reality may diverge is called the _____ stage.
encounter
An organization's ____ is comprised of institutions or forces outside the organization that potentially affect the organization's performance.
environment
---------- MODULE 12 ---------- Evidence tends to suggest that stressors are associated with perceived stress and strains among employees in different countries. In other words, stress is _________ employees of all cultures.
equally bad for
The ________ theory recognizes that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond accordingly.
equity
In decision making, commitment to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that it is wrong is ________.
escalation
Top management has a major impact on the organization's culture through ___________.
establishing norms that filter down through the organization
When faced with a(n) _____________ regarding organizational politics and you have a strong power base, remember that power can corrupt.
ethical dilemma
We use a number of shortcuts when we ______ others.
evaluate -
What are the three classes of factors that influence perception?
factors in the perceiver, factors in the target, and factors in the situation
A manager must be aware that perceptions are not always ______.
factual
The coercive power base is dependent on _________.
fear
A manager who tells his boss what he feels the boss wants to hear is ________ information.
filtering
Jake tells his boss only what he believes the boss wants to hear. Jake is engaging in _____.
filtering
A plan that allows each employee to put together a benefit package tailored to his own needs or situation is called _________.
flexible benefit plans
What type of groups are defined by the organization's structure?
formal
By a __________, we mean one defined by the organization's structure with designated work assignments and established tasks.
formal group
Control of information and the ability to coerce or reward can give rise to which of the following?
formal power
A strong culture increases behavioral consistency and can also act as a substitute for __________.
formalization
Culture creation occurs in all of the following ways EXCEPT when __________.
founders develop their vision covertly
The ______ is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others.
fundamental attribution error
Studies show that employees give a ______ higher importance than wages and benefits.
good manager - productive position -
We define a _________ as two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
group
Which of the following is a phenomenon in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views?
groupthink
What is the term used for a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance?
halo effect
There are characteristics of organizations that develop high ethical standards. Which of the following would NOT be one of those characteristics?
has a high tolerance for risk -
Which of the following is most likely to increase team efficacy?
helping the team achieve small successes
The ethical principles of global organizations that respect local cultural norms are necessary for _______.
high standards and consistent practices
The basic premises of Locke's goal-setting theory states that specific and difficult goals, with self-generated feedback, leads to ______.
higher performance
For jobs that are cognitively demanding, increasing emotional demands lead to _____ pay. For jobs that are not cognitively demanding, increasing emotional demands lead to _____ pay.
higher; lower
Which characteristic of the selection process in hiring a new employee helps sustain an organization's culture?
hiring candidates that fit well within the organization
There are three key dimensions to organizational environment. Which of the following is NOT one of the three key dimensions?
homogenous
---------- TEST 1 ---------- A manager must understand _______ and be able to inspire employees because his goals are achieved through the skills and work of others.
human behavior
The ________ view of conflict argues that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group.
human-relations
A study of nearly 1,500 respondents found that in addition to increasing turnover intentions, _________ increased reports of psychological stress and physical illness.
incivility at work
Which characteristic is NOT reflective of subcultures?
includes values shared only within the organization
Senders tend to assume the words and terms they use mean the same to the receiver as to them. This assumption is most often ________.
incorrect
research shows that for most people, the effect of social activities is which of the following?
increases positive mood
Diversity-training programs are generally intended to provide a vehicle for ________.
increasing awareness and examining stereotypes
---------- MODULE 11 ---------- The objective of an effect selection process is to match _________ with the requirements of the job.
individual characteristics
A(n) _______ spent more time on communication and human resource management and the least on networking based on the study by Luthans.
ineffective manager - average manager -
During the communication process, which of the following is most likely to result in lost information?
information overload
What does the boundary-less organization rely heavily on?
information technology
Transformational leaders encourage followers to be more ___________, and followers are more likely to pursue ambitious goals.
innovative and creative
Because _____ builds long-term relationships and facilitates working together in the future, it bonds negotiators and allows each to leave the bargaining table feeling victorious.
integrative bargaining
Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution is _______.
integrative bargaining
Which bargaining strategy is preferable for use in intra-organizational behavior?
integrative bargaining
Which of the following has proven to be a particularly good predictor for jobs that require cognitive complexity?
intelligence tests
Of the three key elements of motivation, ________ is concerned with how hard a person tries.
intensity
Encouraging group leaders to maintain an ongoing minimum level of conflict is part of the ______ view of conflict.
interactionist
The ________ view proposes the belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to preform effectively.
interactionist
The ________ encourages group leaders to maintain enough conflict to keep the group viable, self-critical, and creative.
interactionist view
To be able to make effective decisions, allocate resources, and direct the goals of a workforce, a manager must have ________ and the dedication of the staff.
interpersonal skills
Training employees on how to be better listeners falls under which of the following training categories?
interpersonal skills
The results of which of the following tend to have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee-selection decisions?
interviews
According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that behavior occurring again?
it declines
The ultimate source of an organization's culture is _______.
its founders
Several _______ are perceived organizational support (POS), the degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being, and employee engagement, an individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization.
job attitudes
Throughout most of the world, the ________ continues to be the device most frequently used in the selection process.
job interview
Recent studies suggest employees want jobs that give them flexibility in their work schedules so they can better manage work-life conflicts. Balancing work and life demands now surpasses _____ as an employee priority.
job security
Which of the following is not an effective method in building trust?
keeping your feelings to yourself
A(n) _______ has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change.
learning organization
Most political activities in organizations would be described as _____ political behaviors.
legitmate
What is generally the result of groupthink?
less critical analysis
Political behaviors usually _______.
lie outside of an individual's specified job requirements
Research shows that which of the following is likely to decrease as a worker grows older?
likelihood of quitting
Positive emotions occur when the _____ is inactive and negative emotions such as anger and guilt prevail when this system is active.
limbic system
Which of the following is most likely to result from a strong organizational culture?
low employee turnover
In a global economy, jobs tend to flow where ________ even though labor groups, politicians, and local community leaders see ________.
lower costs give businesses a comparative advantage; the exporting of jobs as undermining the job market at home
Many people automatically assume that conflict is related to ________ group and organizational performance, but conflict can be _________ to the functioning of a group or unit.
lower, constructive
Even experienced political players can miscalculate and harm their reputations because politics ________.
lowers morale and damages trust
The systematic study of behavior is a means to ________.
make evidence-based predictions about a person's behavior
Which of the following is the major challenge managers in a fully networked organization?
managing people who work together but we are geographically separated
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven tactics used by change agents in dealing with resistance to change?
manipulation and cooperation
Which is NOT a characteristic that companies with reputations for being a good place to work share?
many opportunities for overtime hours to increase low pay
The ________ is an organizational design that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization.
matrix structure
A model characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization is a(n) ________ model.
mechanistic
Organizations operating in highly scare, dynamic, and complex environments fare best if they are operating under ________ structures.
mechanistic - bureaucracy -
A(n) ________ is a neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning and persuasion and suggesting solutions and alternatives.
mediator
The early stages of development of a cross-functional team are time-consuming because ___________.
members must learn to work with diversity and complexity
A(n) _________ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee.
mentor
The last stage in the socialization process is the _________ stage, in which a new employee adjusts to the work, work group, and organization.
metamorphosis
What term is used for feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions?
moods
Because top executives set the ______ for an organization, they need to set high ethical standards, demonstrate those standards through their own behavior, and encourage reward integrity in others.
moral tone
Managers are interested in the subject of _______ because they want to learn how to get the most effort from their employees.
motivation
To maximize ___________, people need to perceive that their effort leads to a favorable performance evaluation, and that the favorable evaluation will lead to the rewards they work for.
motivation
In today's world, which would be called a prototype of the virtual structure?
movie making organizations
Employee autonomy is discouraged by _______.
narrow span of control
Research indicates that ________ culture has more of an impact on an employee than organizational culture.
national
Increasing amounts of cultural diversity is an example of _____.
nature of the workforce
Increased concern in society about individual rights and social justice means that managers must NOT develop ethical standards based solely on ________.
non-utilitarian criteria
It's important to be alert to the ______ aspects of communication and look for cues as well as the literal meaning of a sender's words.
nonverbal
A manager wants to motivate a sales employee who is a high achiever. According to McClelland, which of the following sales territories should be assigned to such a salesperson?
one where he is given high amounts of feedback and there is a moderate chance he will exceed his sales targets
If there is low formalization, a comprehensive information network, and high participation in decision making, one would expect a (n) _______ structure.
organic
Many individuals report meeting their spouse or significant other at work, but it is always better to keep ____ in mind.
organizational policies
Determining how tasks are to be grouped is part of which management function?
organizing
The degree to which management focuses on results rather than on processes used to achieve them is ________.
outcome orientation
The effectiveness of training and development programs can be assessed by examining the subsequent performance evaluations of _________________.
participants
Lack of _______ in decisions might cause stress.
participation
Robert House, who defined the _________ of leadership, was the first research to consider charismatic leadership in terms of OB.
path-goal theory
Francine is the head of a group at an ad agency working with copywriters, artists, and designers to come up with effective branding of new products. Why is it particularly important for her to keep her team happy?
people are more creative when they are in a good mood
The E.M. Foster quote, "How can I know what I think 'til I see what I say?" reflects the notions captured by the process of ________.
perception
Employees' attitudes are usually based on their _____ the situation.
perception of
When ability or motivation is inadequate, ________ will be negatively affected.
performance
Emotions and moods are unavoidable in the workplace and they affect employee behavior and can influence ___________.
performance and productivity
---------- MODULE 2 ---------- The person-organization-fit theory concludes that people leave jobs that are not compatible with their _________.
personalities
---------- TEST 4 ---------- Research suggests the ability to easily accept and adapt to change is related to ________.
personality
Stress symptoms expressed on the job may actually originate in the person's ________.
personality
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and need for sex?
physiological
______ means defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing ways to coordinate activities.
planning
When change threatens the status quo, it becomes an inherently _______ activity.
political
Employees who are high-self monitors, possess an internal locus of control, and have a high need for power and more likely to engage in ___________.
political behavior
Resisting change by organizations and their employees is _____ because it provides a degree of stability and predictability to behavior.
positive
The mood dimension consisting of specific emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end, and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end is called the _______.
positive effect
---------- MODULE 5 ---------- Research shows that people in a ________ are generally more productive and cooperative.
positive mood
Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior?
positive reinforcement
A researcher finds that people who work in a fish-processing plant, doing work that most people find extremely unpleasant, still have a positive mood that about 60 percent of the time. Such a finding could most likely be explained by which of the following?
positivity offset
The ________ which states that most people tend to be in a slightly good mood, means that most individuals commonly experience a positive mood more than a negative mood.
positivity offset
What is the measure of the extent to which people in a country accept the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally?
power distance
Once a culture is in place, the ________ within the organization act to maintain it by giving employees a similar set of experiences.
practices
Proctor & Gamble departmentalizes by Tide, Pampers, Charmin, and Pringles. This is an example of departmentalization by ____.
product
One reason cohesiveness is important is because it has been found to be directly related to the group's _____.
productivity
A strong culture should reduce employee turnover, because it demonstrates high agreement about what the organization represents. Which of the following is NOT influenced by a strong culture?
propensity toward resignation
When employees perceive an inequity, they can be predicted to make one of six choices. Which of the following would NOT be one of the six choices?
purposely change output and blame another
A decision-making model that described how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome is called ______.
rational decision making model
Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard stated successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which is contingent on the level of the followers' _________.
readiness
People's behaviors are based on their perceptions of what ___________.
reality is
In contrast to the goal-setting theory, __________ is a behaviorist approach.
reinforcement theory
Which of the following would be considered a motivator in the two-factor theory?
responsibility
Socialization rituals perform all of the following functions EXCEPT that of ________.
revealing the company's bottom line in terms of net profit
Evidence-based management complements systematic study by basing managerial decisions on the best available ______ evidence.
scientific
A barrier to effective communication is __________ when people selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
selective perception
A committee is made up of 12 managers: three each from the sales, production, accounting, and human resources departments. They read a comprehensive study of the company they work for and are asked which of its recommendations are most important. In discussion they find that each managers perceives that the most important recommendations are those concerning their own department. This finding is most likely the result of what type of bias?
selective perception
At the staff meeting, the manager described a new project, including the extra hours of work that would be required, the training seminars required prior to project kick-off, a bonus paid at the completion of the project, and the extra two-days off as comp time for all the extra hours. Louanne was really interested in being part of this new project because she really could use the bonus and the extra time off. Louanne is probably experiencing which of the following barriers to communication?
selective perception
---------- MODULE 7 ---------- To be an authentic person you need to be honest with yourself and avoid ___________. While this is true for everyone, it is critical for leaders.
self-deception
Developed by Albert Bandura, the ______ theory is the individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
self-efficacy
What is the term used for the degree to which people like or dislike themselves?
self-esteem
The _______ is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
self-serving bias
What name is used for the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors?
self-serving bias
_______ of employees working in the 1000 largest U.S. corporations receive ethics training.
seventy-five percent
If _________ have the expertise to make a meaningful contribution, their involvement can reduce resistance, obtain commitment, and increase the quality of the change decision.
shareholders - stakeholders -
Individuals involved in the same situation will usually perceive that situation ________.
similarly
A structure with a low degree of departmentalization, little formalization, wide spans of control, and centralized authority is a(n) ______ structure.
simple
The _________ is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization.
simple structure
How many sources of organizational resistance are there?
six
There are _____ forces that act as stimulants for change.
six
As a manager, your most important _________.
skills are interpersonal skills, people skills, and how you interact with others
People can learn through observation and direct experience by observing an action, being told how to take action, and then practicing the action. This is known as __________.
social learning theory
Internet chat rooms are an example of which stimulant for change?
social trends
The process through which employees are adapted to an organization's culture is called _________.
socialization
In an organizational structure, a ___________ refers to the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively direct.
span of control
There are three elements in organization structure. Which of the following would NOT be one of the three elements?
specialization
The ____ states that standing derives from one of the three sources. Those sources are the power a person wields over others, a person's ability to contribute to a group's goals, and an individual's personal characteristics.
status characteristics theory
---------- MODULE 3 ---------- Is judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
stereotyping
What is it called when we judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which that person belongs?
stereotyping
Individuals often use _______ positively to rise to the occasion and perform at or near their maximum abilities.
stress
Expectancy theory predicts that employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive that there is a strong relationship between several motivations. Which of the following is NOT one of those motivations?
strong relationship between manager and employee
Which of the following would be a definition of a strong culture?
strongly held values
High job specialization can lead to ________ conflict.
structural
In formal groups and organizations, the most frequent access to power is one's ___________.
structural position
An organization's employees can be the impetus for innovation and change, or they can be a major _________.
stumbling block
Negotiating ______ clearly vary across national cultures.
styles
Cultures within an organization that are defined by departmental designations are often called ______.
subcultures
If a person sets goals that are intrinsically valid, that person is likely to __________.
succeed at meeting those goals
Luthans also determined that a(n) ______ spent more time and effort on networking and the least amount on human resources management.
successful manager
---------- MODULE 4 ---------- A factor contributing to motivation is the existence or absence of _________.
support resources
The performance of teams typically ____ that of individuals when the tasks being completed require judgment, experience, or multiple skills.
surpasses
Mutual understanding is ________, but giving advice is ________.
symmetrical, asymmetrical
Which goal type seems to have a more substantial effect on performance when they are simple, well learned, and independent?
task driven
In 1973, Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton developed a leader-participation model that argued that leader behavior must adjust to reflect the _________.
task structure
As a manager, you will most likely be in charge of determining and managing the productivity of _________.
teams
Robert Katz identified three essential skills that managers need to have in order to reach their goals. What are these skills?
technical, human, and conceptual
Leadership is best defined as _________.
the ability to influence a group in goal achievement
Which of the following is a major problem in the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of personnel?
the adverse impact the tests may have on different racial and ethnic groups
One of the shortcuts used to judge others involves evaluating a person based on how he/she compares to other individuals on the same characteristic. What is this shortcut called?
the contrast effect
Victor Vroom's expectancy theory says that an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when he believes certain things. Which of the following is NOT considered part of Victor Vroom's theory?
the effort will lead to self-promotion while others will be demoted.
Negotiation can be defined as a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree upon ________.
the exchange rate for those goods and services
A cashier starts greeting her customers with a simple "hello" rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the standard greeting "thank you for shopping with us," since she finds saying the latter slightly embarrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has led to learning?
the feeling of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting
If the manager uses critical incidents as a method of performance evaluation, then _____.
the focus of the evaluation will center on key behaviors
Research has determined that attitudes significantly predict behaviors when moderating variables are considered. Which of the following is NOT one of those moderating variables?
the importance of the attitude, usually fundamental values, self-interest, or identification - the accessibility of the attitude, usually those more frequently expressed -
The higher the standardization, ___________.
the less input the employee has
An aging population is an example of _____.
the nature of the workforce
The ultimate source of an organization's culture is ________.
the organization's founders
What would happen if an organization did NOT have a dominant culture and was comprised of only subcultures?
the organizational culture as an independent variable would be reduced
Without a dominant culture, the organizational culture as an independent variable would be reduced because ______.
there would be no uniform set of appropriate or inappropriate behaviors
The selection process helps candidates learn about an organization. What chance do the employees have to get out of the conflict between their values and those of the organization?
they can self-select out of the applicant pool
Although the hierarchy of needs, the X and Y, and the Two-Factor theories are well known, they do not hold up under close examinations. In OB, we look to contemporary theories of motivation because _______.
they represent the current state of employee thinking
Studies show that people who are depressed tend to make poorer decisions than those with a more positive outlook. Why is this thought to be the case?
they search for the perfect solution when rarely is any solution perfect
People are more willing to accept changes if ___________ implementing them.
they trust the managers
Resistance to change will be influenced by a society's reliance on ______.
tradition
In the _________, conflict was seen as a dysfunctional outcome resulting from poor communication, a lack of openness and trust between people, and the failure of managers to be responsive to their employees.
traditional view
The centerpiece of most diversity programs is ______.
training
Because behavioral studies implied we could train people to be leaders, many argued that behavioral theories of leadership had had advantages over _____________.
trait theories
Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders are called ________ of leadership.
trait theories
Which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees?
traits
Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests are are capable of having a profound influence on followers are referred to as ________ leaders.
transformational
The two most important elements of the definition of _______ are that it implies familiarity and risk.
trust
Which of the following is NOT considered something that high formalization creates?
turnover
Ninety million American adults are functionally illiterate and 50 percent of the U.S. population reads below the _________ level.
twelfth-grade -
The _______ states that an employee should have only one superior to whom he is directly responsible. This principle helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority.
unity of command
The ________, which is short in duration, casual, and made up of random questions, is an ineffective selection device.
unstructured interview
Which are the correct four aspects to rewarding employees?
what to pay, how to pay, what benefits to offer, how to recognize employees
In attribution theory, what is the distinctiveness?
whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations
In an organizational structure, ___________ is the degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs.
work specialization
One of the most important challenges for organizations is adapting to becoming more varied in terms of gender, religion, sexual orientation, culture, and national origin. This challenge is known as _________.
workforce diversity
The two-factor theory suggests that dissatisfaction is caused by extrinsic factors. Which of the following is an example of such a factor?
working conditions
Which performance-evaluation method requires no complex forms or extensive training to complete?
written essays