business of tourism and hospitality

One criticism of tourism is that many tourism jobs are highly seasonal. Seasonality in employment may be a problem if: a. employees are laid off during the low season b. there are few or no alternative forms of employment available during the low season c. both a. and b. d. neither a. nor b.

(C) a. employees are laid off during the low season b. there are few or no alternative forms of employment available during the low season

Asking travelers about their motives can be challenging because . . . a. they may be unaware of their motives b. they may be unwilling to share their motives c. a. and b. d. none of the above

(C) a. they may be unaware of their motives b. they may be unwilling to share their motives

Which of the following statements about motives are true? a. a motive occurs when an individual wants to satisfy a need b. motivation theories state than an individual strives to achieve a state of stability c. people always completely satisfy their motives d. a. and b. are true e. a., b., and c. are true

(D) a. a motive occurs when an individual wants to satisfy a need b. motivation theories state than an individual strives to achieve a state of stability

What are the steps in benchmarking? a. identify measures of performance and collect data b. benchmark against the leaders c. put new ideas from the competition into practice d. a and b e. a, b, and c

(E) a. identify measures of performance and collect data b. benchmark against the leaders c. put new ideas from the competition into practice

What is exchanged in the distribution channel? a. products and / or services b. money c. information d. a and b e. a, b, and c

(E) a. products and / or services b. money c. information

Which one statement best describes experiences? A. Companies stage experiences whenever they engage customers in a personal and memorable way. B. Experiences are inherently impersonal C. Companies design their services so that multiple people have the same exact experience D. Experiences are exclusively about entertainment

A. Companies stage experiences whenever they engage customers in a personal and memorable way.

Mangers at the Rainforest Café trained their employees to say "Your adventure is about to begin" rather than "Your table is ready." This is an example of . . . A. Harmonizing impressions with positive cues B. Eliminating negative cues C. Mixing in memorabilia D. Engaging all five senses

A. Harmonizing impressions with positive cues

When we look at history, during times of peace and prosperity we see ________ travel and tourism when compared to times of war and economic downturn. A. More B. Less C. The presence or absence of conflict and economic conditions are unrelated to the amount of travel and tourism

A. More

When we look at history, we see that during periods when many people shared a common currency, a common language or a common culture there tended to be: A. Relatively more travel and tourism B. Relatively less travel and tourism C. There is no relationship between these characteristics and the amount of travel and tourism

A. Relatively more travel and tourism

Services are intangible means that A. Services cannot be seen or tasted B. Services cannot be stored C. Services have the potential for high variability in their quality D. Services are produced and consumed at the same time

A. Services cannot be seen or tasted

Hospitality resources refer to: A. The way that visitor services are delivered by service personnel B. The underground and surface developmental construction of a region C. The sites and events that attract people to a destination D. The facilities that support attractions

A. The way that visitor services are delivered by service personnel

Mass tourism, as we know it today, is a post-World War II (e.g., post 1945) phenomenon. A. True B. False

A. True

Based on UNWTO definitions, what is the difference between an international tourist and an international excursionist? A. There aren't any difference; one is a phrase used in American English and the other is used in British English B. A tourist stays at least one night while an excursionist does not spend the night in a foreign country C. An excursionist stays at least one night while a tourist does not spend the night in a foreign country D. Tourists are inbound visitors while excursionists are outbound visitors

B. A tourist stays at least one night while an excursionist does not spend the night in a foreign country

When we look at travel and tourism throughout history we see that the reasons people traveled in the premodern world were very different from the reasons people travel today. A. True B. False

B. False

While tourism is an important economic activity for the USA as a whole, and while there are some states where tourism is very important, in most states tourism is not a very important part of the economy. A. True B. False

B. False

Pine and Gilmore suggested that two important parts of the customer experience are: A. Customer participation AND entertainment B. Connection with the environment AND entertainment C. Customer participation AND connection with the environment

C. Customer participation AND connection with the environment

Which of the following statements is a more accurate description of the history of tourism? A. In the past the reasons people traveled were very different than they reasons people travel today. In the past the size of the market for travel was small; today it is a mass market. B. In the past the reasons people traveled were very different than they reasons people travel today. In the past the size of the market for travel was large; similar to today's mass market. C. In the past the reasons people traveled were similar to today's reasons for travel. In the past the size of the market for travel was small; today it is a mass market. D. In the past the reasons people traveled were similar to today's reasons for travel. In the past the size of the market for travel was large; similar to today's mass market.

C. In the past the reasons people traveled were similar to today's reasons for travel. In the past the size of the market for travel was small; today it is a mass market.

Which of the following is the best response to the statement "tourism in an industry." A. Strong agreement; tourism is an industry B. Strong disagreement since industries are defined by their customers but tourism in defined by its inputs and its production function C. Strong disagreement since industries are defined by their inputs and their production function while tourism is defined

C. Strong disagreement since industries are defined by their inputs and their production function while tourism is defined

In class we suggested that these five key words can be used to identify when the movement of people from place to place should be considered tourism. A. Long-term, voluntary, round-trip, recurrent, and relatively long B. Long-term, voluntary, one-way, non-recurrent, and relatively long C. Temporary, voluntary, round-trip, non-recurrent, and relatively long D. Temporary, voluntary, round-trip, recurrent, and relatively long E. Temporary, voluntary, one-way, non-recurrent, and relatively long

C. Temporary, voluntary, round-trip, non-recurrent, and relatively long

When describing the five key experience design principles Pine and Gilmore use the Forum Shops in Las Vegas as an example of which design principle? A. Engage all five senses B. Mix in memorabilia C. Theme the experience D. Eliminate negative cues E. Harmonize the impression with positive cues

C. Theme the experience

This is a tool used by economists to measure the size of economic sectors (such as tourism) that are not defined as industries in national accounts A. income multipliers B. induced employment C. satellite accounts D. input-output analysis

C. satellite accounts

Which answer represents the best reason why is it very important to try to synchronize demand for and supply of tourism? A. Because services are intangible B. Because services tend to be heterogeneous in quality C. Because it is hard to separate the production and consumption of services D. Because services are perishable

D. Because services are perishable

What are the four parts of the tourism system? A. Planning, development, control, and regulation B. Segmentation, positioning, differentiation and competition C. Travel segments, travel flows, modes of transportation, and infrastructure D. Destination, marketing, demand, and travel

D. Destination, marketing, demand, and travel

A hotel room with many informational table cards on counters and tables would likely be violating which of Pine and Gilmore's experience design principles? A. Engage all five senses B. Mix in memorabilia C. Theme the experience D. Eliminate negative cues E. Harmonize the impression with positive cues

D. Eliminate negative cues

Which of the following sets of characteristics best describe experiences? A. Fungible, natural, sold by traders, enhanced by characteristics B. Intangible, customized, sold by providers, enhanced by benefits C. Tangible, standardized, sold by manufacturers, enhanced by features D. Memorable, personal, sold by stagers, enhanced by sensations

D. Memorable, personal, sold by stagers, enhanced by sensations

Which of the following is a good answer to the question "Why study tourism?"? A. Travel is a fundamental human right B. Tourism provides an economic incentive to preserve the environment C. Travel is an important economic activity D. Tourism tells us something about what people in a particular society value E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The stage of the destination life cycle where small numbers of adventurous visitors are attracted by natural and cultural attractions is: a. Exploration b. Involvement c. Consolidation d. Decline

a. Exploration

Marriott International offers the following brands: Ritz-Carlton, Marriott Hotels, Springhill Suites, and Residence Inns. This is an example of: a. Horizontal Integration b. Vertical Integration c. Exclusive Distribution d. A preferred vendor relationship

a. Horizontal Integration

For each of the following statements, is it a typical characteristic of U.S. culture? emphasis on competition a. Is b. Is not

a. Is

For each of the following statements, is it a typical characteristic of U.S. culture? emphasis on youthfulness a. Is b. Is not

a. Is

For each of the following statements, is it a typical characteristic of U.S. culture? individualism a. Is b. Is not

a. Is

________ is where thousands of visitors concentrate in particular areas and requires large-scale investment in accommodation, infrastructure and services. a. Mass Tourism b. Soft Tourism c. Low Impact Tourism d. Fun Tourism

a. Mass Tourism

Which of the following typically happen when a couple have a child and move from being a childless household to a household in which children are present? 'T' means true, 'F' means false there is a shift from activities done for intrinsic satisfaction to activities that are role-related a. T b. F

a. T

Which of the following typically happen when a couple have a child and move from being a childless household to a household in which children are present? 'T' means true, 'F' means false more leisure is spent at home a. T b. F

a. T

Which of the following typically happen when a couple have a child and move from being a childless household to a household in which children are present? 'T' means true, 'F' means false travel is curtailed a. T b. F

a. T

Which of the following statements is true concerning conventions? a. The most important factor considered while choosing a conference location is the quality of service at the hotel b. Most conventions are held in hotels next to airports c. Conventions are usually held in the same city every year d. People who attend conventions do not do any pleasure activities or sightseeing

a. The most important factor considered while choosing a conference location is the quality of service at the hotel

Which of the following is NOT a reason for creating a corporate travel department? a. To design incentive travel programs b. To establish company-wide travel policies c. To negotiate the best prices on travel d. To save the corporation money in its travel costs

a. To design incentive travel programs

Family members would be an example of a. a primary social group b. a secondary social group c. a tertiary social group d. none of the above

a. a primary social group

We identified four strategies that can be used to overcome cultural barriers. From a marketing viewpoint the most desirable strategy is to: a. adapt to the local culture b. do not adapt to the local culture c. use pattern globalization d. try to change the local culture

a. adapt to the local culture

A product-driven approach to tourism marketing could be described as stressing: a. attributes, then benefits and finally values. b. benefits, then attributes and finally values. c. values, then benefits and finally attributes. d. attributes, then values and finally benefits

a. attributes, then benefits and finally values.

The ultimate goal of tourism promotion is a. behavior modification b. market segmentation c. eco-tourism d. homogeneity of market segments e. market evaluation

a. behavior modification

The two major classifications of travel purpose are ______travel and ______ travel. a. business and leisure b. in-state and out-of-state c. minority and majority d. adventure man and corporate man

a. business and leisure

In order to measure and evaluate promotional effectiveness we want to measure ________ in awareness levels, perceptions, or behaviors. a. changes b. quality c. mediation d. moderation e. none of the above

a. changes

We discussed a simple formula for measuring the economic impact of tourism. Which of the following items is not part of the formula? a. cost of goods and services b. number of tourists c. average spending d. multiplier

a. cost of goods and services

The economic benefit from tourism is _______ by tourism development costs. a. impacted negatively b. not effected c. impacted positively

a. impacted negatively

Involving children in the family's decision making process a. increases the chance that the child is happy with the vacation choice b. decreases the chance that the child is happy with the vacation choice c. has no influence on whether the child is happy or unhappy with the vacation choice d. children should be seen and not heard

a. increases the chance that the child is happy with the vacation choice

Tourism legislation and regulation that is based on functional areas focus on: a. industry specific issues, such as: serving alcohol or proper hygiene in foodservice. b. specific issues, such as: environmental protection or economic development. c. certifications, such as: Servsafe and TIPS. d. operational laws, such as: airplane flight guidelines and cruise ship safety.

a. industry specific issues, such as: serving alcohol or proper hygiene in foodservice.

The organizations that market tourism destinations generally have _____ over the quality and quantity of services provided at the destination. a. little control b. lots of control c. complete control d. control over service quality and quantity is unrelated to destination marketing

a. little control

Brochures, posters, and other point-of-sale promotional materials are examples of: a. merchandising b. public relations c. personal selling d. sales promotion

a. merchandising

According to the textbook, push factors are: a. motivations for travel b. specific destinations chosen. c. used to determine where to go. d. poor indicators of pull factors.

a. motivations for travel

The final step in the tourism planning process is: a. plan evaluation b. plan development c. synthesis and visioning d. background analysis

a. plan evaluation

What are the three main reasons for government involvement in tourism? a. political, environmental and economic b. demographic, psychographic and behavioral c. technology, infrastructure and marketing d. promotion, people and distribution

a. political, environmental and economic

_________is "the process of establishing and maintaining a distinctive place for a destination in the minds of potential visitors within target markets." a. positioning b. self-congruity c. travel opinion leadership d. perceptual bias e. none of the above

a. positioning

Objective positioning is also known as ___. a. product-market matching b. market segmentation c. repositioning d. marketing evaluation

a. product-market matching

A theme park hosting a free concert in its parking lot during the off-season would be an example of which form of promotion? a. public relations and publicity b. merchandising c. sales promotion d. advertising e. personal selling

a. public relations and publicity

Which of the following does not affect the amount of conflict between hosts and guests in a destination? a. revaluing local culture and traditions b. the similarity in standards of living c. number of visitors d. the degree to which visitors adapt to local norms

a. revaluing local culture and traditions

"What happens in Las Vegas stays in Las Vegas," I love New York," and "Virginia is for lovers" are all examples of a. slogans b. concept testing c. fulfillment d. merchandising e. all of the above

a. slogans

When comparing men and women which of the following statements is true? a. there are more similarities than differences between men and women in leisure participation rates but there are substantial differences between men and women in the activities they choose b. there are more similarities than differences between men and women in the activities they choose but there are substantial differences between men and women in their leisure participation rates

a. there are more similarities than differences between men and women in leisure participation rates but there are substantial differences between men and women in the activities they choose

A consumer's interest in a particular destination area influences how much effort they put into understanding a message about that area. a. true b. false

a. true

As a general rule, the rate of growth of the economy determines the level of business travel and the extent to which that level changes. a. true b. false

a. true

Because retail travel agencies carry no inventory there is no incentive for them to promote specific destinations. The promotional burden rests with destination management organizations, transportation companies, and other suppliers of tourism services. a. true b. false

a. true

If a traveler is planning a vacation that is important to them and they are not sure about the differences in alternative options they are likely to seek advice from the social environment. a. true b. false

a. true

Information from the social environment includes information coming from friends, relatives, and members of reference groups. a. true b. false

a. true

It is difficult for marketers to change a person's attitude because a person will usually screen new information to conform to their already set attitude. a. true b. false

a. true

It is smart to use different communication strategies for each stage a consumer moves through in the decision-making process. a. true b. false

a. true

One positive impact tourism may have on the environment is that income from tourism's use of resources may justify limiting more harmful economic activities that use those same resources, such as commercial fishing around coral reefs, logging operations on mountain slopes, etc. a. true b. false

a. true

Tour operators carry an inventory of airline seats, hotel rooms, and other tourism services. They have a prior investment in specific destinations due to this inventory. Therefore, they are likely to work to promote travel to those specific destinations. a. true b. false

a. true

Tourism provides both direct and indirect employment, where direct employees are in contact with tourists and provide the tourist experience while indirect employment represents employees of firms providing goods and services to the direct suppliers. a. true b. false

a. true

When a guest has a negative experience at one hotel within a chain, the psychology of simplification assumes that they will associate the unsatisfactory service with the entire hotel chain. a. true b. false

a. true

When a person makes a travel decision, it is likely that the amount of dissonance felt is directly related to the type of decision that was made. (How attractive the alternatives were, how many alternatives there were, if the alternatives were similar, etc.). a. true b. false

a. true

Suppressed demand comes from the number of people at the origin who, for one reason or another: a. want to, but do not travel b. travel constantly c. travel occasionally d. only take domestic trips

a. want to, but do not travel

Which of the following is a positive economic impact of tourism? a. Infrastructure costs b. Creating jobs c. Leakage d. Increase in prices

b. Creating jobs

The economic impact generated by initial tourist spending is called: a. Environmental Impact b. Direct Impact c. Indirect Impact d. Induced Impact e. all of the above

b. Direct Impact

Which of the following is not one of the three main environmental impacts of tourism? a. Depletion of natural resources b. Environmental awareness c. Pollution d. Physical impacts

b. Environmental awareness

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between income and travel spending? a. Generally, higher income travelers tend to take shorter vacations. b. Generally, higher income travelers tend to spend more on recreation and travel. c. Generally, higher income travelers tend to be less educated than lower income travelers. d. Generally, people who have higher incomes tend to prefer the same activities as people with lower incomes.

b. Generally, higher income travelers tend to spend more on recreation and travel.

A majority of foreign visitors to the USA come from these two countries: a. Germany and the UK b. Mexico and Canada c. Canada and the UK d. Japan and Germany

b. Mexico and Canada

The simplest model of a travel flow consists of: a. Travelers, transportation link and destination business b. Origin, transportation link and destination c. Demand, travel intensity and supply d. Demand, transportation link and travelers

b. Origin, transportation link and destination

Which of the following market segments is based on geographic segmentation? a. Women, Ages 18 - 26 b. Philadelphia Residents c. Marriott Rewards Program Members d. Families

b. Philadelphia Residents

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a reason why tourism marketing is unique? a. Guest satisfaction is a function of the staff providing the service. b. Tourism demand is steady and predictable. c. Tourism is experiential and intangible. d. Tourism is a mixture of several services, facilities and products.

b. Tourism demand is steady and predictable.

______ travel is typically non-discretionary behavior while _____ travel is usually discretionary behavior. a. pleasure . . . business b. business . . . pleasure c. suppressed demand . . . expressed demand d. expressed demand . . . suppressed demand e. none of the above

b. business . . . pleasure

2. Consumers tend to: a. avoid products consistent with their self-image. b. buy products preferred by their peer groups. c. avoid products preferred by their peer groups. d. buy products inconsistent with their self-image

b. buy products preferred by their peer groups.

Travelers who were highly satisfied with a specific travel destination will likely a. consider more alternatives next time that same need arises b. consider fewer alternatives next time that same need arises c. satisfaction and evaluation of alternatives is unrelated

b. consider fewer alternatives next time that same need arises

Which of the following is NOT a key function of typical DMOs in the USA? a. marketing and getting people to visit a destination b. creating and managing attractions at a destination c. driving the local economy through generating new income, employment and taxes d. leading and coordinating a destination's tourism activities

b. creating and managing attractions at a destination

When discussing the tourist's learning process, Mill and Morrison note that our decision criteria are developed or modified (i.e., learned) in great part by our actual experiences. As we become more confident in our decision criteria . . . a. decision-making becomes harder b. decision-making becomes easier c. there really isn't any relationship between confidence in our decision criteria and the ease of decision-making.

b. decision-making becomes easier

We discussed key benchmarks used in tourism and hospitality. One important benchmark in the hotel industry is the occupancy rate. Given information on room supply, room demand, and room revenue, how do you compute the occupancy rate? a. supply / demand b. demand / supply c. revenue / demand d. revenue / supply e. demand / revenue

b. demand / supply

This form of marketing focuses on the senses, feelings, cognitions, actions and relationships. a. traditional marketing b. experiential marketing c. next-wave marketing d. exponential marketing

b. experiential marketing

From the point of view of the consumer, there is no such thing as having too much information. a. true b. false

b. false

Pearce's Travel Career Ladder emphasizes that people's travel decisions and travel decision-making process are static; they remain constant over a person's lifetime. a. true b. false

b. false

The most recent recession showed that casinos in the USA are recession proof—that is, their revenue continued to grow even during the recession. a. true b. false

b. false

When a person who was originally unaware of a destination becomes aware of the area they will definitely decide to visit the location. a. true b. false

b. false

The MICE sector a. is about the same size as it was in the 1970s b. has grown a lot since the 1970s c. trick question; no such thing as MICE

b. has grown a lot since the 1970s

In the USA, many CVBs represent destinations at the county and city level, and often are funded by: a. charitable organizations b. hotel room taxes collected at local lodging properties c. real estate taxes d. the USTA

b. hotel room taxes collected at local lodging

This is the use of travel to motivate people or recognize people who have achieved increased levels of performance in support of organizational goals. a. business travel b. incentive travel c. travel to a congress d. in-transit travel

b. incentive travel

As people move from the awareness stage to the familiarity stage, their interest and likelihood to visit ____ a. decreases b. increases

b. increases

This term represents all the activities, other than marketing to attract visitors, undertaken by the DMO to develop and maintain tourism in the destination. a. external destination marketing b. internal destination development c. economic driver d. channel destination development

b. internal destination development

Generational differences illustrate that: a. people who were born within a particular time period are all the same. b. people are shaped by the events that happen during their lifetimes. c. people are always completely different from generation to generation.

b. people are shaped by the events that happen during their lifetimes.

Deferred demand is best described as: a. people who travel. b. people who do not travel due to scarcity of supply. c. people who would travel if the factors that prevented them from travelling were removed. d. people who will never travel.

b. people who do not travel due to scarcity of supply.

When a potential visitor is at the purchase stage of the buying process the goal of a promotional message should be: a. inform b. persuade c. remind d. create attention

b. persuade

Older consumers generally: a. have much less leisure time than middle-age consumers. b. prefer passive recreational activities over more active ones. c. travel to closer destination than younger travelers, who prefer to travel greater distances. d. use technology for planning and experiencing a destination more than younger travelers

b. prefer passive recreational activities over more active ones.

It appears that factors determine whether to go, while factors determine where to go. a. pull push b. push pull c. pull pull d. push push

b. push pull

Which of the following are NOT associated with an increased willingness to travel greater distances? a. high income b. search for relaxation c. interest in discovering new places d. high income (albeit with a saturation point) e. variety seeking behavior

b. search for relaxation

When we discussed the hierarchical nature of travel decision making we distinguished among core decisions, secondary decisions, and en route decisions. Which type of decision is made tentatively prior to departure but remains flexible to change during the trip? a. core decisions b. secondary decisions c. en route decisions

b. secondary decisions

Travel behavior is affected by the match between the destination image and the tourist's self-concept. This is referred to as the concept of a. positioning b. self-congruity c. travel opinion leadership d. perceptual bias e. none of the above

b. self-congruity

Acts of terror, the fear of terrorism, and the impact of natural disasters can keep people from traveling to destinations they would otherwise choose. This would be an example of a. the prepotency of self-actualization b. the prepotency of survival and security needs c. the homeostasis of self-actualization d. the homeostasis of survival and security needs

b. the prepotency of survival and security needs

If someone visited Germany, and had a negative experience, how will that likely affect their perception of new information about Germany? a. it won't have any effect on how they perceive the new information b. they will tend to perceive this new information negatively, since it reminds them of a bad experience c. they will tend to perceive this new information positively since it offers an explanation to their bad experience

b. they will tend to perceive this new information negatively, since it reminds them of a bad experience

Travelers are more likely to: a. visit places that have vastly different cultures compared to where they are from. b. visit places closer to their homes rather than those that are further from their homes. c. visit places with fewer attractions rather than those with greater attractions. d. visit places with poorer local populations rather than those with higher income populations

b. visit places closer to their homes rather than those that are further from their homes.

An example of a testimonial message format is: a. An ADT commercial where burglars attempt to break into a house, but are thwarted by ADT b. A Burger King commercial comparing the size and quality of their burgers to McDonalds c. A L'Oreal commercial featuring Beyonce Knowles using L'Oreal make up d. A Holiday Inn commercial where a typical family goes on vacation and enjoy time by in the pool

c. A L'Oreal commercial featuring Beyonce Knowles using L'Oreal make up

Event attractions: a. Are held in fixed and permanent locations b. Cost more money to develop than site attractions c. Can be developed at places more convenient to the market d. Typically have a very long duration

c. Can be developed at places more convenient to the market

Travelers who base buying decisions on their self-image have all but one of the following consumer behavior tendencies: a. Buy products which reflect their self-image b. Avoid products that don't coincide with their self-image c. Choose to buy products which differ greatly from 'normal' buying behavior and group norms d. Choose to buy products which are closely tied to 'normal' buying behavior and group norms

c. Choose to buy products which differ greatly from 'normal' buying behavior and group norms

Which of the following regions has the greatest market share for international tourism arrivals? a. Americas b. Africa c. Europe d. Middle East

c. Europe

Which of the following is not generally considered a business travel segment by the textbook? a. Incentive travel b. Regular business travel c. Group tour travel d. Conference travel

c. Group tour travel

Which of the following statements is true for leisure travelers? a. Leisure travelers tend to be less budget conscious than business travelers b. Leisure travelers usually take shorter trips than business travelers c. Leisure travelers are more likely to choose their destination than are business travelers d. Leisure travelers are usually more experienced and demanding than business travelers

c. Leisure travelers are more likely to choose their destination than are business travelers

According to Maslow's hierarchy, the most basic need is: a. Self-Actualization b. Esteem c. Physiological d. Safety

c. Physiological

Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions evaluates the inequalities among the people in a society? a. Individualism b. Uncertainty Avoidance c. Power Distance d. Masculinity

c. Power Distance

______ is an example of a direct distribution channel. a. Booking a flight through expedia.com b. Having a travel agent plan a tour c. Reserving hotel rooms by calling the hotel d. Ordering dinner through grubhub.com

c. Reserving hotel rooms by calling the hotel

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? a. To determine environmental acceptability b. To achieve environmentally sound proposals c. To determine positive revenue streams d. To create effective public participation e. all of the above are purposes of an EIA

c. To determine positive revenue streams

Compared to the mid 1990s, the number of travel agency locations in the USA today is a. a much larger number than in the mid-1990s b. about the same number as in the mid-1990s c. a much smaller number than in the mid-1990s

c. a much smaller number than in the mid-1990s

What does it mean for a DMO to have a marketing orientation? a. the emphasis is on selling the destination b. a greater emphasis is placed on developing services and products c. a tourist organization begins with the needs and wants of the visitor as its first priority and attempts to satisfy them d. all of the above e. none of the above

c. a tourist organization begins with the needs and wants of the visitor as its first priority and attempts to satisfy them

When the tourism literature talks about travel as a way for people to experience family togetherness, maintain social contacts, experience their roots, or show affection for family members, these are all examples of which of Maslow's needs? a. self-actualization b. esteem c. belonging d. safety e. physiological

c. belonging

Informational promotions are most effective for: a. attracting established and loyal customers. b. changing customer attitudes about a particular product or service. c. creating attention and awareness of a product or service. d. reminding customers why they love a particular product or service.

c. creating attention and awareness of a product or service.

A travel gravity model assumes that tourist flows between two places . . . a. increase as distance between them increases b. decrease as distance between them decreases c. decrease as distance between them increases d. distance between places in not part of the travel gravity model

c. decrease as distance between them increases

In order to maximize tourism's economic impact . . . a. destinations should minimize foreign exchange earnings, tourism income, and tourism jobs and they should minimize the leakage of both money and jobs out of the local economy. b. destinations should maximize foreign exchange earnings, tourism income, and tourism jobs and they should maximize the leakage of both money and jobs out of the local economy. c. destinations should maximize foreign exchange earnings, tourism income, and tourism jobs and they should minimize the leakage of both money and jobs out of the local economy. d. destinations should minimize foreign exchange earnings, tourism income, and tourism jobs and they should maximize the leakage of both money and jobs out of the local economy.

c. destinations should maximize foreign exchange earnings, tourism income, and tourism jobs and they should minimize the leakage of both money and jobs out of the local economy.

If we say that countries are converging in terms of health and wealth we mean that: a. differences among countries are the same as they were in 1948 b. differences among countries are increasing c. differences among countries are decreasing

c. differences among countries are decreasing

Which type of message format is American Express using to promote their travelers checks when they tell people "Don't leave home without it!" and illustrate that message by showing the victims of pick-pockets? a. analogy b. comparions c. fear d. honest twists e. slice of life

c. fear

The process of a DMO sending collateral materials to people who requested them is known as a. slogans b. concept testing c. fulfillment d. merchandising

c. fulfillment

In Importance-Performance Analysis we graph the mean importance and mean performance of key destination characteristics. We then examine the graph to see where each point representing a characteristic falls. We want to concentrate our effort on points falling in which part of the graph? a. low importance - low performance b. low importance - high performance c. high importance - low performance d. high importance - high performance

c. high importance - low performance

This socioeconomic characteristics accounts for most of the differences in vacation participation. a. age b. gender c. income d. religion

c. income

Tourism policy seeks to ensure that visitors are hosted in a way that: a. maximizes stakeholder benefits and maximizes costs. b. minimizes stakeholder benefits and maximizes costs c. maximizes stakeholder benefits and minimizes costs d. minimizes stakeholder benefits and minimizes costs

c. maximizes stakeholder benefits and minimizes costs

When the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use ______ occur. a. positive impacts from tourism b. no impact from tourism c. negative impacts from tourism

c. negative impacts from tourism

Although information from both the commercial and social environments is distorted, information received from personal sources is less subject to a. the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle b. influencing the traveler c. perceptual bias d. distinctiveness

c. perceptual bias

The five key functions in the marketing process are: a. demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioral, channel distribution b. sales, distribution, product development, customer service, accounting c. planning, research, implementation, control, evaluation d. introduction, maturity, growth, decline, revitalization

c. planning, research, implementation, control, evaluation

In the USA, moving certain historic celebrations such as Columbus Day, Washington's Birthday, etc. to Mondays in order for people to have 3-day weekends was good for tourism but may have meant that the purpose of those celebrations was lost. This is an example of a. cultural involution b. sustainable tourism c. the authenticity of culture being compromised for tourism d. an example of satellite accounting

c. the authenticity of culture being

As a result of the US Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 all of the following have happened EXCEPT: a. airlines have evolved hub-and-spoke route networks b. there has been a high failure rate of airline companies c. the number of airline jobs has increased and the quality of those jobs has become better d. there has been a huge increase in the number of people flying e. all of the above are consequences of the Airline Deregulation Act

c. the number of airline jobs has increased and the quality of those jobs has become better

What business does this describe? "Through volume buying, and thorough research into all destinations, facilities, and services, negotiates and contracts with various suppliers to put together creative itineraries and tour packages. These travel packages are then marketed primarily through independent retail travel agencies." a. retail travel agency b. wholesale travel agency c. tour operator (also known as tour wholesaler) d. convention and visitor bureau

c. tour operator (also known as tour wholesaler)

Among the reasons tourism planning is important is/are: a. tourism development has only negative impacts. b. tourism is a simple phenomenon to understand. c. tourism affects everyone in a community. d. tourism competition is steadily decreasing. e. all of the above.

c. tourism affects everyone in a community.

One characteristic that makes tourism distribution more challenging is that: a. it is based solely on physical distribution. b. tourism services can be physically packaged and shipped to visitors. c. tourism services are highly perishable. d. tourism services can be stored in inventory. e. all of the above

c. tourism services are highly perishable.

Attractions are dependent on their a. Relationship to the visitor's origin b. Accessibility c. Number of facilities and services d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

An induced image is a term used to describe: a. An image formed from exposure to general media b. An image which the traveler creates themselves based on a previous experience c. An image that an opinion leader develops which influences the general public d. An image formed through tourism advertising

d. An image formed through tourism advertising

Which of the following is NOT a function of retail travel agents? a. Designing individualized tour itineraries b. Information provision and travel counseling c. Reservations and ticketing d. Development of corporate travel policy

d. Development of corporate travel policy

The text identified criteria for creating market segments. This criterion addresses the idea that members of a segment similar to each other. a. Measurable b. Substantial c. Durable d. Homogeneous

d. Homogeneous

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of destination branding? a. Creating logos that readily identify and differentiate a destination. b. Conveying the expectations of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with that destination. c. Consolidates and reinforces the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination. d. Increasing consumer search costs

d. Increasing consumer search costs

Which of the following statements best describe the VFR (visiting friends and relatives) segment? a. VFR travelers typically spend more money on vacations than do other segments b. VFR travelers are more likely to stay in a hotel than are members of other segments c. The VFR market is a completely homogeneous market d. Most VFR travel occurs in winter

d. Most VFR travel occurs in winter

Which of the following statements is true about organic image? a. Organic image is formed as a result of exposure to information managed and controlled by the industry, such as ads and travel posters. b. Organic image tends to form after induced image. c. Organic image formation is easily influenced d. Organic image tends to be a stronger influence in overall image formation than induced image.

d. Organic image tends to be a stronger influence in overall image formation than induced image.

Which of the following is true of perception? a. People perceive information exactly how it is presented to them. b. Most people make decisions based on the information they've read rather than their perception. c. Every person perceives the world in the same way. d. People behave based in part on their perception of information received.

d. People behave based in part on their perception of information received.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people return to a destination? a. The risk of a bad experience is less. b. They feel an emotional attachment to the place. c. They want to explore the destination more widely. d. They want to meet people who are very different from themselves.

d. They want to meet people who are very different from themselves.

The SMARTER acronym in tourism planning means that goals, strategies and objectives should be all of the following EXCEPT: a. Specific b. Measurable c. Realistic d. Transitional

d. Transitional

A study that evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of a tourism promotion campaign by determining how many people who obtained information then actually visited the destination and measured their demographics, how long they stayed at the destination, how much they spent, etc. is known as: a. a product life cycle study b. a direct response advertising c. integrated marketing communications d. a conversion study e. none of the above

d. a conversion study

A statement that reflects an organization's desired future situation is called: a. a mission statement b. a position statement c. a marketing statement d. a vision statement

d. a vision statement

People might revisit a destination because: a. it lowers the risk of a bad experience b. they feel an emotional attachment to that place c. they wish to share the destination with others d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Sustainable tourism development aims to: a. improve the quality of life of the host community b. maintain the quality of the environment c. provide a high quality experience for visitors d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The USA attracted fewer foreign tourists in 2007 than it did in 2000. What factors contributed to that decline? a. increased security at America's borders b. visa restrictions (e.g., it was more difficult for foreign visitors to obtain visas) c. the image of the US as a hospitable place to visit had declined d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Tourism legislation and regulations are established in order to: a. control the quality of the visitor experience. b. protect visitors from unscrupulous business practices. c. ensure safety standards in transportation and recreation. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following characteristics of tourism demand affect how it is marketed? a. tourism demand is highly elastic b. tourism demand is often seasonal in nature c. tourism demand is often affected by subjective factors d. all of the above e. none of the above affect tourism marketing

d. all of the above

Which of the following is (are) true about Internet users compared to those who don't use the Internet? a. younger b. have higher education levels c. are travelers who stay overnight in commercial lodging establishments d. all of the above e. none of the above distinguish between Internet users and those who don't use the Internet

d. all of the above

Areas with larger tourism multipliers tend to: a. be countries with less developed economies b. be smaller in size c. have few international visitors d. be countries with more developed economies e. none of the above

d. be countries with more developed economies

_______ represents the maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by visitors. a. environmental impact b. biological diversity c. socio-cultural impacts of tourism d. carrying capacity

d. carrying capacity

The text discussed the decoy effect in advertising. Which of the following statements is NOT true about successfully implementing the decoy effect in tourism advertising? a. people avoid extreme options and will avoid the lowest priced option as a result b. a decoy is an option offered to the consumer without the intention that the customer will actually purchase it c. offering decoys at a lower price with less value usually inspires customers to buy the higher-priced target option d. decoys should be priced lower than the option you want customers to pick and decoys should have more features than the target option you want people to pick

d. decoys should be priced lower than the option you want customers to pick and decoys should have more features than the target option you want people to pick

Tourism policy is formulated by considering needs, goals and constraints. An example of a constraint is: a. cultural needs b. resource protection c. market development d. low quality of attractions

d. low quality of attractions

One of the major differences between traditional forms of communication like television or brochures and new forms of communication such as on-line social media is that in new forms of communication information is not just transmitted and received but rather it is ____________. a. durable b. testimonial c. distributed d. mediated e. competitive

d. mediated

In the rejuvenation stage of the Destination Life Cycle: a. the destination starts to have local investment in tourism b. there is little or no infrastructure for tourism. c. tourism infrastructure becomes run down and visitor numbers decrease. d. new attractions are developed to reverse a decline in tourists.

d. new attractions are developed to reverse a decline in tourists.

Another important benchmark in the hotel industry is revenue per available room, or RevPAR. Given information on room supply, room demand, and room revenue, how do you compute RevPAR? a. supply / demand b. demand / supply c. revenue / demand d. revenue / supply e. demand / revenue

d. revenue / supply

One of the private sector's roles in tourism development is idea generation, which is best described as: a. providing financial backing through corporate lenders and financial institutions b. contributing specialized skills through consulting, design, engineering, etc. c. financial risk-taking and management of operations d. sponsoring research studies and assessments of the supply and demand relationship

d. sponsoring research studies and assessments of the supply and demand relationship

Leakage is best described as: a. the money that is gained by a local economy through foreign exchange earnings b. the money that is used to pay for tourism worker salaries at a destination c. the money spent at local businesses to support tourism d. the money that leaves a local economy due to imports to serve the needs of tourism.

d. the money that leaves a local economy due to imports to serve the needs of tourism.

Both historically within a country and when we make comparisons across countries, which of the following statements is true about child mortality and the average number of babies each woman has? a. there is no pattern between these two variables b. when child morality is high women have fewer babies c. when child mortality is low women have more babies d. when child mortality is low women have fewer babies

d. when child mortality is low women have fewer babies

Which of the following would be considered an internal information source? a. travel agent b. family members who live with you c. tv commercials d. your personal memory e. brochures

d. your personal memory

Indicators used by the World Travel and Tourism Council to determine the competitiveness of a destination include a. Prices b. Infrastructure c. Human resources d. Openness to international trade e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Vacation behavior is determined by the following factor or factors: a. Motivation b. Perception c. Learning d. Attitudes e. All of the above

e. All of the above

What are the symptoms of a lack of tourism planning at a destination? a. Damage to historical or cultural landmarks b. Dislike of visitors by local residents c. Erosion of market share due to competition d. Poor or inadequate travel information services e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

What does the UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) do? a. It's a global forum for tourism policy issues b. It's a source of practical tourism knowledge c. It promotes responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism d. It fosters the development of national Systems of Tourism Statistics that are comparable across countries e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

Which of the following affect distribution mix strategy decisions? a. market coverage b. costs c. positioning and image d. motivation of travel trade intermediaries e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following are concerns expressed by senior travelers? a. the single supplement penalty b. the pace of itineraries c. meals d. concerns related to transportation e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following factors can influence travel information search? a. purpose of trip b. stage in the family life cycle c. mode of travel d. length of trip e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following represents ways that you can limit your adverse impact on climate change while traveling? a. use public transportation while at the destination b. eat locally produced foods at the destination c. save water while showering, shaving, etc. d. book with tourism companies that have good sustainability practices. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Internet marketing compared to traditional communication channels? a. increased speed of transactions b. ability to instantly update information c. availability of instant feedback from consumers d. greater ability to build and maintain relationships e. all of the above are advantages of Internet marketing

e. all of the above are advantages of Internet marketing

Based on the video, Religion & Babies, which of the following statements is true? a. countries, whether majority Christian, Islamic, or Eastern religions, are converging on the model of two children per woman b. curbing child mortality lowers birth rates regardless of religion c. children born per woman decreases when women have access to education and the work force d. economic growth that lowers the importance of children's labor is associated with lower birth rates e. all of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

Which of the following would not contribute to the leakage experienced by a destination? a. Commissions to travel agencies or tour operators located outside the destination b. Profits paid to foreign owners and landlords c. Wage remittances and savings sent home by foreign workers d. Overseas training of tourism personnel e. all of the above would contribute to leakage

e. all of the above would contribute to leakage

When the tourism literature talks about travel as a way for people to escape, relax, relieve tension, sunlust, or engage in physical activities, these are all examples of which of Maslow's needs? a. self-actualization b. esteem c. belonging d. safety e. physiological

e. physiological