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Which of the following is used to mock an attitude toward linguistic change? "apocalyptically" (lines 1-2) "anecdotal evidence" (lines 4-5) "careful selection" (line 15) "hacks and bureaucrats" (line 16) "understandable" (lines 17-18)

"apocalyptically" (lines 1-2)

The second paragraph of the passage relies especially on the use of cautionary advice colorful anecdotes self-depreciating humor extended analysis terrifying juxtapositions

colorful anecdotes

The italicization of "their" in line 16 suggests that writers of past eras labored under much different conditions than writers of" Sunday supplements" (line 4) the terms "hacks" and "bureaucrats" apply also to the writers of the materials mentioned in lines 8-10 the terms" hacks" and "bureaucrats" are being used facetiously the speaker has contempt for sweeping condemnations of writers of earlier eras the speaker is repeating valid accusations that have been made by others

the terms "hacks" and "bureaucrats" apply also to the writers of the materials mentioned in lines 8-10

In lines 39-40, the phrase" current critics" refers most directly to the writers of the" standard jeremiads of the Sunday supplements" (lines 3-4) the authors of" current plays or novels" (line 7) "college deans" (line 10) "their hacks and bureaucrats" (line 16) "my fellow linguists" (line 23)

the writers of the" standard jeremiads of the Sunday supplements" (lines 3-4)

The passage implies that unlike hurricanes, tornadoes are not given human names because there are too many of them their destruction is not as great as that of hurricanes they last too short a time they move too erratically to be plotted they can appear in any area of the world

they last too short a time

Which of the following best describes the images in the last sentence of the passage (lines 32-43) answer choices a disdainful rehearsal of other people's experiences a random listing of repulsive or frightening occurrences a thorough review of absurd legends a series of increasingly detailed and implausible events a chronological account of major storms

a series of increasingly detailed and implausible events

The first sentence of the passage (lines 1-14) employs all of the following to convey the power and variety of tornadoes except abstract generalization the jargon of climatologists metaphor parallel construction varying degrees of formality

abstract generalization

The statement "although .... survived" (lines 7-8) is an admission that details about technical equipment are of interest only to specialists some tornadoes are so powerful that scientists can not qualify them precisely scientists have abandoned the effort to measure the wind speed of tornadoes predicting the path a tornado will take is extremely difficult precise measurements of wind speed will aid climatologists in categorizing tornadoes

some tornadoes are so powerful that scientists can not qualify them precisely

compared with that of the rest of the passage, the diction of lines 1-8 (climatologists ... survived" ) is informed and straightforward technical and specialized subjective and impressionaistic speculative and uncertain understated and supemastic

technical and specialized

The author develops the passage primarily through accumulation of detail pro-and-con argument thesis followed by qualification assertion supported by evidence analysis of the ideas of other

accumulation of detail

The speaker cites Silone's comment (lines 58-59) in order to undercut the issue presented in the following paragraph justify the statement in the preceding sentence summarize the attitudes against which the speaker is arguing convince the reader that the approach to the issue is a neutral one introduce a digression from the major thesis of the passage

justify the statement in the preceding sentence

The passage ends on a note of utter exhaustion genuine relief catastrophic destructiveness ominous warning lighthearted irony

lighthearted irony

All of the following statements are true of the first sentence of paragraph 2 (lines 23-25) EXCEPT: It alludes to the expertise of the speaker. It states the main thesis of paragraph 2. It contradicts the conclusion reached at the end of paragraph 1. It provides one answer to the question raised at the beginning of the passage. It enunciates one approach to the issue with which the passage is concerned.

It contradicts the conclusion reached at the end of paragraph 1.

The analogy in lines 34-37 accomplishes all of the following EXCEPT: It continues the analogy of" continental drift" (line 31). It introduces an image that reappears in the last paragraph. It implies that grammarians' work is nonessential and ineffective. It recalls the jeremiads referred to in the opening of the passage. It emphasizes the futility of opposing changes in the language.

It introduces an image that reappears in the last paragraph.

Which of the following is true of the comparisons in lines 11-14 (they say ... Philadelphia")? They emphasize the unpredictable nature of tornadoes They exaggerate the danger of tornadoes in order to make people cautious of them They use technical terminology in order to ensure accuracy of description They draw on familiar information to particularize an aspect of tornadoes They clarify the distinctions between the language of climatologists and that of weathercasters

They draw on familiar information to particularize an aspect of tornadoes

The author is best described as a curious individual who seeks out diverse information from a variety of sources a serious scientist who is determined to learn more about the causes of these storms an excited eyewitness who is too distracted to fear for personal safety a confused novice who is unable to decide which claims are accurate an ironic interpreter who comments on the failures and follies of others

a curious individual who seeks out diverse information from a variety of sources

In lines 31-32, "this Olympian point of view" refers specifically to the perspective of one who is tolerant of the opinions of grammarians considered a master of the English language able to influence the development of the language aware of the "historical picture" (lines 25-26) familiar with theories of" continental drift" (line 31)

aware of the "historical picture" (lines 25-26)

Part of the speaker's rhetorical strategy in paragraph 1 is to discredit invalid views on the topic berate the reader for believing misinformation alarm the reader about the nature of the controversy enumerate the standards according to which appraisals will be made convince the reader of the importance of the issue

discredit invalid views on the topic

Taken as a whole, the passage is best described as a critique of the characteristics of bureaucratic prose technical analysis of a point of linguistic theory discussion of differing attitudes toward linguistic change description that relies primarily on concrete examples series of admonitions and predictions

discussion of differing attitudes toward linguistic change

The phrase "as bald as if a cyclonic wind had taken his scalp" (lines 18-19) does all of the following except describe the grandfather with an image related to the cyclone suggest a lighter tone for the paragraph particularize the first of several sources of information mentioned in the paragraph suggest the power of the tornado express concern about the condition of the grandfather

express concern about the condition of the grandfather

In context, the image of being up under Old Nell's skirt (lines 23-24) is meant to suggest safety confusion domesticity familiarity imprisonment

familiarity

In lines 21-22, the speaker refers to a possible comparison between baseball players of different eras to illustrate that arguments about the English language have become a popular pastime people readily forget the glories of past eras pessimistic attitudes about change are usually warranted judgments about declining standards are difficult to support respect for traditions has declined in many areas

judgments about declining standards are difficult to support

The passage most directly resembles the speaker's sense of Parker's style in its a. juxtaposition of disparate elements b. lyrical description of religion and art c. blatant mimicry of other writers' techniques d. relentless insistence on a single theme e. reliance on abbreviated, staccato phrases

juxtaposition of disparate elements

When the passage moves from the first paragraph to the second, it also moves from overview to illustration analysis to argumentation narration of the past to analysis of the past assertion to definition objective presentation to ad hominem argument

overview to illustration

A central contrast presented in the passage is that between anticipated and actual instances of language change random and novel ways of directing future language changes philosophical and psychological analyses of language use parochial and international approaches to changes in various languages immediate and long-term views of language changes

random and novel ways of directing future language changes