by the people ch 6

_____ is a movement for reform that appears to be grassroots but is actually mobilized by political professionals. a. Actorvation b. Dog whistling c. Astroturf d. Reformation

c

_____ is the organized effort to advance (or block) a proposed public policy change. a. Civil disobedience b. Civil obedience c. Issue advocacy d. Civil advocacy

c

_____ polls are conducted by a campaign as the race begins to provide a basis for comparison. a. Straw b. Response c. Benchmark d. Brushfire

c

_____ polls are internal surveys conducted by a campaign once election season begins. a. Benchmark b. Straw c. Brushfire d. Response

c

_____ states that, taken as a whole, the public can differentiate among alternative policies, in ways that accurately reflect its shared values and beliefs. a. The American Voter b. The Informed Public c. The Rational Public d. none of the above

c

_____ effects are the influences on the respondent of how a polling question is worded. a. Sampling b. Scaling c. Framing d. Falsifying

c

_____ is defined as protesting laws one considers unjust by refusing to obey them—and accepting the punishment. a. Civil disobedience b. Political volunteering c. Direct action d. Civil defiance

a

A sampling _____ is defined as a designated group of people from whom a set of poll respondents is randomly selected. a. frame b. error c. measure d. statistic

a

A/An _____ lacking in diversity led to the incorrect prediction from the Literary Digest poll during President Franklin Roosevelt's election. a. sampling frame b. response bias c. oversampling d. none of the above

a

According to the text, for public opinion to guide government, _____ conditions must be met; this three-step process reflects the argument for public opinion's vital role in democratic governance. a. three b. four c. five d. six

a

If you want to vote, the first thing you must do is _____. a. register to vote b. get a driver's license c. join a political party d. take a test

a

If your poll is to accurately reflect public views, your survey respondents must reflect the _____. a. population b. sample c. random sample d. stratified sample

a

In local political races, respondents to surveys typically favor the first candidate named in a list, demonstrating the _____ effect. a. framing b. scaling c. sampling d. falsifying

a

It is difficult to translate _____ into clear instructions for any policy area. a. electoral victory b. political support c. popular support d. party backing

a

Members of Congress are often _____ to legislate in the face of strong popular opposition. a. reluctant b. open c. willing d. none of the above

a

Political _____ are individuals who control significant wealth, status, power, or visibility and consequently have significant influence over public debate. a. elites b. partisans c. beginners d. none of these

a

Political reform that is sparked "from the ground up" at the local level is referred to as a/an _____ movement. a. grassroots b. dog whistling c. astroturf d. reformation

a

Polls help set the policy _____ (those issues the public considers important). a. agenda b. framework c. legitimation of policy d. evaluation of policy

a

Public views are _____ concrete enough to offer a guide for policymakers. a. rarely b. almost always c. always d. never

a

Social networks—_____—exert a major influence in shaping public opinion. a. friends and colleagues b. celebrities c. historical figures d. political leaders

a

The _____ effect is demonstrated when people join a cause because it seems popular or they support a candidate who is leading in the polls. a. bandwagon b. boomerang c. tiled-floor d. "golden"

a

The _____ generation is the most active in modern U.S. history when it comes to volunteering its time for worthy causes. a. millennial b. baby boomer c. mature d. lost

a

The _____ is considered the polling gold standard. a. random sample b. self-selected sample c. semi-random sample d. weighted sample

a

The greater their _____, the more likely individuals are to get involved in politics. a. income b. status c. church attendance d. cultural values

a

The motor voter law enables prospective voters to register when they _____. a. receive their driver's license b. turn eighteen c. graduate from high school d. register for Selective Service

a

To be successful, samples should be _____ of the population. a. representative b. indicative c. short d. none of the above

a

____ from public life may be described as a feeling of powerlessness or an inability to control one's own political fate. a. Alienation b. Barriers to participation c. Complacency d. Willful separation

a

_____ Americans voted at a slightly higher rate than _____ Americans in the 2012 presidential election. a. African; white b. African; Hispanic c. Hispanic; Asian d. White; African

a

_____ are professional actors involved in political issue campaigns; they are increasingly valuable in winning attention to a cause. a. Actorvists b. Activists c. Campaigners d. none of the above

a

_____ became the first state to automatically register voters. a. Oregon b. New Hampshire c. Oklahoma d. Washington

a

_____ is/are defined as public engagement in the form of voting, running for office, volunteering in a campaign, or otherwise participating in elections. a. Electoral activities b. Political capitalization c. Electoral capitalization d. Political activities

a

_____ makes the argument that, taken together, the views of a random collection of people adds up to a rational public. a. The Wisdom of Crowds b The American Voter c. The Informed Public d. The Rationale of Crowds

a

_____ refers to the measure of the proportion of eligible voters that actually cast legitimate ballots in a given election. a. Voter turnout b. Poll attendance c. Voter assembly d. Poll assemblage

a

_____ refers to the sheer volume of information and noise generated by online sources. a. Din b. Electronic Noise c. eNoise d. webwauling

a

_____ research is defined as the systematic study of a defined population analyzing a representative sample's views to draw inferences about the larger public's views. a. Survey b. Qualitative c. In-person d. Random-digit dialing

a

_____ users are more likely to participate in politics than the general public. a. Social media b. Cell phone c. Smart phone d. Laptop

a

A _____ bias reflects a respondent's desire to answer a question in a way that is "acceptable." a. random error b. response c. sampling d. selection

b

According to The Rational Public, a homeowner grasping the importance of interest-rate changes is an example of a/an _____ shortcut. a. preference b. information c. access d. temporary restraint

b

According to the text, for public opinion to guide government, _____ must pay attention to public views—and respond. a. the masses b. political leaders c. bureaucracy d. voting public

b

Economist Anthony Downs's _____ suggests that voting is not economically logical. a. irregularity of voting theory b. paradox of voting theory c. madness of voting theory d. illogical voting theory

b

If you _____, you're more likely to vote, pay attention to political affairs, and otherwise engage in public life. a. keep abreast of world events b. volunteer c. have a library card d. tithe

b

In his path-breaking book, Public Opinion, _____ insisted, "The masses are asses!" a. Mills b. Lippmann c. Goodnow d. Lawrence

b

Just under 50 percent of eligible voters in _____ communities vote. a. African-American b. Latino and Asian-American c. White d. African-American, Latino, and Asian-American

b

People sharing specific characteristics such as age, ethnicity/race, religion, or country of origin are called a _____. a. sampling frame b. demographic group c. random sample d. random group

b

President _____ once remarked, "Tell me where a man comes from, how long he went to school, and where he worships on Sundays, and I'll tell you his political opinions." a. John Kennedy b. Lyndon Johnson c. Harry Truman d. Dwight Eisenhower

b

Research shows that large membership-based interest groups tend to attract more new members and receive a boost in financial contributions when the group's core issues are _____. a. highly publicized b. threatened c. ignored d. marginalized

b

The _____ effect is described as the discrepancy between candidates' high poll ratings and election performance, caused by supporters' assumption that an easy win means they need not turn out. a. bandwagon b. boomerang c. tiled-floor d. golden

b

The apparent inclination of some survey respondents to avoid appearing racist or racially motivated is known as the _____ effect. a. Bradford b. Bradley c. Miranda d. poor sampling

b

The margin of error is the degree of _____ in any poll. a. accuracy b. inaccuracy c. representativeness d. none of these

b

When _____ get politically involved, it is usually not through traditional channels but through direct action—intense and even violent protest. a. mobs b. alienated citizens c. civil miscreants d. estranged civilians

b

____ is defined as the effort to encourage people to engage in the public sphere: to vote for a particular candidate (or donate money, work on the campaign, etc.) or to get involved in specific issues. a. Social capital b. Political mobilization c. Civil obedience d. Social acclimation

b

_____ describes the tendency among a small group of decision makers to converge on a shared set of views. a. Like-mindedness b. Groupthink c. Shared outlook d. Team thought

b

_____ does not encourage creative thinking or solutions to policy problems. a. Like-mindedness b. Groupthink c. Shared outlook d. Team thought

b

_____ is defined as relations between people that build closer ties of trust and civic engagement, yielding productive benefits for the larger society. a. Civil bonding b. Social capital c. Political alliance d. Social activation

b

_____ is the most important aspect of political participation in the United States. a. Registering to vote b. Voting c. Supporting a candidate or campaign d. Education oneself about the issues and candidates

b

_____ occurs when insider "coded" language is used to rouse constituents or interest group members who care strongly about an issue. a. A grassroots movement b. Dog whistling c. Astroturfing d. Reformation

b

_____ polls are informal polls carried out by local party organizations or news outlets that involve actual nonbinding votes cast by party members. a. Benchmark b. Straw c. Brushfire d. Response

b

_____ polls are performed on Election Day by both campaigns and news organizations by intercepting voters as they leave the voting location. a. Benchmark b. Exit c. Brushfire d. Straw

b

A/An _____ poll is usually conducted by a campaign or allied group and features strongly critical or unflattering information about an opponent. a. survey research b. partial c. push d. insertion

c

According to The Rational Public, _____ opinion is the key to assessing popular preferences. a. minority b. majority c. collective d. cascading

c

According to the text, for public opinion to guide government, the _____ must know what they want and guide government decisions. a. bureaucracy b. elected officials c. people d. voting public

c

Age is a strong predictor of political engagement: _____ people vote more often. a. middle-aged b. younger c. older d. elderly

c

Calling respondents to a poll on a Friday night demonstrates lack of consideration for the principle of _____ in polling. a. location b. proximity c. timing d. courteousness

c

Critics of online political activity decry the sustained power of _____ control by governments or corporations over the Internet and its users. a. economic b. informational c. central d. electronic

c

Economist John Kenneth Galbraith, coined the phrase _____ to describe America: the uppermiddle class and those at the top of the wealth distribution are willing to fight hard to sustain their way of life, while those less well-off are increasingly discouraged from participating in political life. a. "culture of self-satisfaction" b. "society of satisfaction" c. "culture of contentment" d. "cultivation of contentment"

c

More than _____ percent of high school drop-outs do not vote in presidential elections. a. 25 b. 50 c. 70 d. 75

c

Of the three propositions in The Rational Public, the idea of information shortcuts refers to how _____. a. collective opinion is key to assessing popular preferences b. majority opinion is key to assessing popular preferences c. individuals can arrive at reasonably well-established positions on candidates or policy issues despite ignorance of policy specifics or basic government d. collective opinion is useful only when public officials are attentive to it

c

On average, Americans exercise their political _____ more often and more openly than citizens of many other advanced democracies. a. rights b. prejudices c. voice d. thoughts

c

Political _____ is the process by which individuals acquire their political values and outlooks. a. indoctrination b. mobilization c. socialization d. inoculation

c

Political science studies find that _____ is the most reliable route to political activity. a. grassroots organization b. astroturf engagement c. face-to-face encouragement d. dog whistling

c

Receiving a federally guaranteed student loan can boost your political _____ later in life. a. participation b. capital c. voice d. vote

c

Recently, alienation levels have soared among _____ who failed to finish high school. a. African-American men b. Hispanics c. white men d. millennials

c

Social and historical _____ deeply influence opportunities for political engagement. a. relationships b. activities c. context d. themes

c

The most serious charge against the Internet and social media as keys to political participation is the incubation of lies, malice, and falsehood in the hyper-connected, _____ new media. a. often hostile b. often aggressive c. often anonymous d. often non-accountable

c

Thirty-seven states now permit early voting, and more than _____ of the ballots are cast before Election Day. a. one-fourth b. one-half c. one-third d. one-eighth

c

Those elected with mandates _____ find it difficult to translate an election into support for any single policy. a. never b. always c. often d. rarely

c

Today, _____ percent of Americans rely on mobile phones rather than landlines. a. 5 b. 25 c. 47 d. 15

c

Traditional _____ is defined as engaging politics through the formal channels of government and society. a. social participation b. social media participation c. political participation d. neighborhood

c

Using careful data analysis, the authors of _____ concluded that most citizens were politically ignorant. a. Voting in the States after Landslides b. The Constant Majority c. The American Voter d. none of the above

c

Volunteering for a cause or donating money to a local charity are forms of _____. a. political voice b. social elitism c. civil voluntarism d. social responsibility

c

A margin of sampling _____ is a statistical measure of the accuracy of a poll's results. a. framework b. residual c. frame d. error

d

A/n _____ rating is the measure of public support for a political figure or institution. a. campaign b. populace c. establishment d. approval

d

According to journalist James Surowiecki, a random collection of people is actually wiser than a group of _____ when it comes to devising the best solution to a policy dilemma. a. politicians b elected officials c. educators d. experts

d

Although anyone can post and blog, not many develop _____. a. a political voice b. sponsorship c. amplitude d. an audience

d

Basic life details, such as _____, are strong agents of socialization that help predict where people stand. a. race and age b. gender and ethnicity c. one's level of education d. all of the above

d

Citizens with _____ are more than twice as likely to vote in presidential elections. a. a professional license b. a business c. children d. a college degree

d

Framing effects relate to the _____ of a question. a. timing b. punctuation c. spelling d. wording

d

In 1964, many counties across the Jim Crow South required African Americans to take a literary test in order to vote. Alabama required black voters earn a score of _____ percent to vote. a. 40 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100

d

In areas where neighbors are more trusting and civic participation is strong, people are more likely to vote for _____. a. initiatives b. state office c. referendums d. national office

d

One reason voter turnout in the United States is low is that _____. a. elections are held on Tuesdays when many people work b. the U.S. holds more frequent elections—national, state, and local c. registering to vote can be burdensome and complicated d. all of the above

d

Polling workers are usually _____ (which is another form of political participation). a. paid b. contracted c. pulled from jury duty pools d. unpaid volunteers

d

Some evidence suggests _____ voters are more likely to try and influence politics through direct action and are far more likely to participate in clicktivism and political expression. a. middle-aged b. elderly c. older d. younger

d

The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 permits citizens to register to vote when they _____. a. turn eighteen b. graduate from high school c. register for Selective Service d. receive their driver's license

d

The _____ effect is invoked when a candidate losing in the polls performs better than expected. a. bandwagon b. boomerang c. tiled-floor d. underdog

d

The goal of _____ is generally to call attention to a cause and to foster a movement around it. a. volunteering b. indirect action c. civil disobedience d. direct action

d

_____ do not identify strongly with either political party—half of them call themselves independents. a. Baby Boomers b. Matures c. Generation X members d. Millennials

d

_____ is one way to explain why people of all ages, income levels, and educational backgrounds do not participate in political life. a. Alienation b. Barriers to participation c. Complacency d. all of the above

d

_____ optimists point out how easily people can respond or "talk back": ticking the "Like" icon, firing off an irate e-mail, or communicating with a network of like-minded people. a. Selectivism b. Optivism c. Netivism d. Clicktivism

d

_____ states and the District of Columbia now permit registration and voting on the same day. a. Twenty-two b. Eighteen c. Fifteen d. Thirteen

d