C Group: Research Design 2/MC questions
basic sequence of scientific method
1) hypothesis; 2) hypothesis is operationally defined; 3) data collection & analysis
102. When conducting a study on the effects of different medications in the treatment of depression, if the individual dispensing the medication does not know which medication he/she is giving and the patient is unaware of which medication is being received, the study is called a. double-blind. b. analogue. c. externally valid. d. confounded.
A
106. Dr. Brown developed a psychological test to measure anxiety. Then she conducted several additional studies in which she showed that test scores on her test are higher for: college students during finals week, people diagnosed with anxiety disorders, and people with high psychophysiological measures of anxiety. Dr. Brown's additional studies help demonstrate the of her test. a. external validity b. internal validity c. independence d. prevalence
A
110. In a single-subject ABAB design, ABAB refers to a. repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment. b. repeatedly measuring anxiety and behavior. c. the statistical procedure used to analyze the results. d. repeating the procedure with additional subjects.
A
113. Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a weakness of the ABAB design? a. It has low internal validity. b. Reinstating the original condition is ethically questionable. c. It has low external validity. d. The initial state of the subject may not be recoverable.
A
14. In order to study phenomena and be able to draw broad conclusions, the design with the lowest value in accomplishing this goal is the a. case study method. b. correlational method. c. experimental method. d. longitudinal design.
A
15. Dr. Bradley has been conducting a case study of Brenda P., a woman with dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following statements by Dr. Bradley is a misuse of the case study method? a. "Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims." b. "Since Brenda was not sexually abused, the theory that all dissociation is caused by sexual abuse may not be universally true." c. "Brenda was sexually molested as a child. This leads me to hypothesize that perhaps other individuals with dissociative identity disorder were molested as children." d. All of the above are examples of inappropriate uses of the case study.
A
16. Which of the following research methods are best used for only hypothesis generating? a. case study b. epidemiology c. correlational study d. experiment
A
26. A correlation coefficient can range in value from a. -1 to +1. b. -100 to +100. c. 0 to 1. d. 0 to 100.
A
3. Dr. Puff discovered that hypnosis enabled smokers to quit, but when Dr. Poof tried the same procedure, it did not work. Dr. Puff's finding was not a. reliable. b. valid. c. theoretical. d. testable.
A
32. Dr. Klein found that the correlation between anxiety and an IQ test was exactly zero. This means that a. there was no relationship between IQ and anxiety. b. those scoring highest on anxiety also scored highest on IQ. c. those scoring highest on anxiety scored lowest on IQ. d. the relationship between IQ and anxiety varies depending on the order in which the tests were given.
A
34. When examining a scatter diagram, the ______ degree of scatter of the points, the _______the correlation. a. larger; lower b. larger; higher c. larger; more unstable d. larger; more stable
A
41. Which of the following findings is most likely to be statistically significant? a. correlation = .30; sample size = 350 b. correlation = .30; sample size = 20 c. correlation = -.25; sample size = 200 d. Can't tell from the available information
A
48. In correlational studies, it can be hard to show which variable led to a change in the other variable. This is a problem with a. directionality. b. cross-fostering. c. incidence. d. clinical significance.
A
64. Because Graciela's mother has schizophrenia, Graciela is more likely to develop schizophrenia herself. This is an example of a. risk factor. b. incidence. c. prevalence. d. occurrence.
A
8. Which research method would be most useful in generating hypotheses about the cause of a newly discovered, rare form of abnormality? a. case study b. correlational method c. experimental design d. single-subject ABAB design
A
82. In the field of psychopathology, what is the most common use of the experiment? a. evaluating the effects of therapies b. discovering the causes of disorders c. disconfirming the results of correlational studies d. identifying third variables
A
85. Dr. Wilhelm randomly assigned 50 depressed patients (half women and half men) to two groups for treatment. One group received medication, and the other received cognitive therapy. Ratings of the depression level of the subjects were taken before and after treatment. The rating of subjects' depression level is the a. dependent variable. b. confound variable. c. third variable. d. independent variable.
A
90. In an experiment, control groups and random assignment are used in order to a. eliminate confounds. b. increase statistical significance. c. improve external validity. d. minimize correlations.
A
93. Dr. Hyper treated 20 patients using a new therapeutic procedure. An outside observer rated the children's activity level on a laboratory task before and after the treatment; 80% of the children decreased their activity level following treatment, and Dr. Hyper concluded that the procedure was highly effective. What is the major problem with Dr. Hyper's experiment? a. lack of control group b. not double-blind c. no baseline measure d. The observer was biased.
A
criterion variable
AKA dependent variable
. Which of the following are generated by theories? a. case material b. hypotheses c. statistical significance d. None of the above are correct.
B
101. Lenny is enrolled in a study examining the psychological treatment of phobias. He sees a therapist weekly and receives support and encouragement, but no gradual exposure. Lenny is most likely in the: a. treatment group. b. placebo control group. c. independent variable group. d. low severity group.
B
103. Dr. Moore conducted a study of children with attention-deficit disorder. He found that a new medication was significantly better than placebo in treating attention-deficit disorder. In addition, he found that this effect was not replicated in a sample of adults. Dr. Moore's study has ___________ internal validity and __________ external validity. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low
B
111. The single subject ABAB design cannot be used to study behaviors that a. are not prevalent in the population. b. do not return to baseline. c. are highly reactive. d. have highly heritable components.
B
116. Meta-analyses compare the different studies through the use of a. correlation coefficients. b. effect sizes. c. between-group variance. d. All of the above are correct.
B
18. Correlational research differs from experimental research in that correlational research a. is associated with external validity. b. does not involve manipulation of variables. c. relies on significance tests. d. samples large groups of participants.
B
21. Professor Jones has observed a correlation between students sitting in the front of the room and getting better grades in her classes. In order to conduct an "experiment" on this, Professor Jones could a. collect data on student study habits. b. assign students randomly to seats. c. adjust her data for overall grade point average. d. obtain similar data from other professors and classes.
B
22. There is no relationship between social class and schizophrenia. What types of research would most likely lead to such a conclusion? a. epidemiological and case study b. epidemiological and correlational c. case study and mixed design d. correlational and experimental
B
23. If a researcher were to compare the relationship between school grades and conduct problems, then this would be a _________ study. a. case b. correlational c. experimental d. epidemiological
B
29. Which of the following would likely produce a negative correlation? a. intelligence and grade point averages. b. family income and living in the inner city. c. length of hair and history of child abuse. d. auto accident injuries and blood alcohol level of drivers.
B
33. Dr. Hauser hypothesized that depression is related to stress, such that people who are more depressed are also more stressed. Which of the following correlations between depression and stress would best confirm her hypothesis? a. 0 b. .80 c. -.99 d. Correlations can not inform about this type of relationship.
B
40. Dr. Samuelson finds that the relation between level of hopelessness and suicide is .35, and there is a less than 5 in 100 probability that this was found by chance alone. What would be concluded about this correlation? a. It demonstrates that suicide attempts cause hopelessness. b. It is statistically significant. c. It is unreliable. d. It is valid.
B
42. If a correlation between depressive symptoms and active treatment is clinically significant this means a. the effect is large enough to provide reliability information. b. the effect is large enough to provide meaningful information in predicting or treating depression. c. it is not statistically significant. d. that causation can be implied.
B
43. Psychopathologists rely upon correlational research since a. it is effective in determining cause and effect. b. many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated. c. ethical considerations prevent them from doing case studies. d. they cannot measure all the constructs.
B
49. Professor Misha collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the "directionality problem" in Professor X's conclusion? a. Students in love may be happier and get better grades. b. Good grades may produce happiness. c. Students with poor grades may drop out of school. d. Female (or male) students may get better grades.
B
50. Dr. Less collected data showing that depressives were less interested in interacting with nondepressives. She concluded that their depression had caused them to withdraw from nondepressives. However, later research showed that depressives had not interacted with nondepressives even before they became depressed. Dr. Less failed to consider ___________ problems. a. falsifiability b. directionality c. third variable d. internal validity
B
51. Directionality is best addressed by a. using a control group. b. using a longitudinal design. c. using a case study. d. using a correlational design.
B
56. Dr. Hall found a positive correlation between depression and child abuse; depressed mothers were more likely to abuse their children. Which of the following explanations illustrates the third-variable problem? a. Abusing one's children may cause depression. b. Poverty may cause both depression and child abuse. c. The relationship between depression and child abuse may apply only to women. d. Abused children may have a predisposition to become depressed.
B
59. Epidemiology is the study of a. unique cases or unusual disorders. b. the rates and correlates of disorders in a population. c. the development of disorders over the life span. d. mental disorders in other cultures.
B
60. "About 2% of adults have obsessive-compulsive disorder." This is a statement about the __________ of schizophrenia. a. incidence b. prevalence c. risk factor d. correlation coefficient
B
61. Incidence refers to a. the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture. b. the number of people who contract a disorder in a given time period. c. the proportion of a population that has a disorder now. d. the likelihood that a person will have a disorder given that they have a particular characteristic.
B
62. "Approximately 1500 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed in 1988 in San Francisco. This is an estimate of the ________________ of AIDS. a. prevalence b. incidence c. risk factor d. statistical significance
B
65. Researchers went door to door conducting structured diagnostic interviews to determine how common particular psychiatric diagnoses were. Which type of research was this? a. case studies b. epidemiological c. correlational d. experimental
B
69. What type of research enabled psychopathologists to discover that Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is more common in boys than in girls? a. case study b. epidemiological c. experimental d. correlational
B
75. The family method refers to a. identifying the gene(s) believed to cause inherited disorders. b. comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family. c. examining twins raised apart. d. examining phenotypes of nuclear families.
B
88. Persons with schizophrenia are randomly assigned to either an attention-training group or a social skills training group. Equal numbers of males and females were in each training group. Scores on a measure of thought disorder, a prominent symptom in schizophrenia, were examined after the end of the training sessions. which is the dependent variable? a. schizophrenia b. thought disorder scores c. treatment groups (attention or social skills) d. gender of the participants
B
89. In a study of 100 people with panic disorder, 50 were treated with psychotherapy and 50 were treated with medication. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment, the psychotherapy group had an average score of 25 on a scale of panic severity, while the medication group had an average score of 75. This difference is called the a. within-groups variance. b. experimental effect. c. both a and b are correct. d. neither a nor b are correct.
B
92. In an experiment, the control group does not receive the a. third variable. b. independent variable. c. dependent variable. d. experimental effect.
B
97. The inclusion of a control group a. always makes a study internally valid. b. is part of the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment. c. can never be done ethically when examining the effectiveness of therapy. d. All of the above are correct.
B
98. Random assignment a. is only used in a control group. b. is part of the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment. c. is used in the correlational method. d. All of the above are correct.
B
39. The standard for suggesting that a result is statistically significant is if the chances are less than _____ in 100 that it occurred by chance. a. .05 b. 5 c. 10 d. 25
B (p = .05)
109. Mary, who has trichotillomania (chronic hair pulling), is using an ABAB design to see if she pulls more hair while watching T.V. She watched T.V. during dinner for four weeks and pulled at least ten hairs a day for the four weeks. Then she left the T.V. off for four weeks and pulled only one hair per day for the four weeks. In the next step of this design, Mary should a. get other subjects to follow the same procedure. b. have her mother rate how much she eats. c. turn the TV back on for four weeks. d. change what she eats during dinner.
C
112. In single-subject ABAB designs, the letters A and B refer to different a. individuals. b. controls. c. treatments. d. measures.
C
117. Which of the following is a common problem in conducting meta-analyses? a. Studies use different statistical procedures. b. Different conclusions are reached by studies. c. comparing studies of varying quality. d. insufficient studies to analyze.
C
17. Professor Merrick wishes to study the percentage of men from various social classes who drop out of school. Which of the following methods would be most useful? a. experiment b. case studies c. epidemiological research d. mixed designs
C
19. Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements? a. "Depression causes weight gain." b. "Weight gain causes people to become depressed." c. "Depression is associated with higher weight." d. "Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain."
C
20. The more intelligent a person is the higher grades he or she receives in school. Most likely, this finding comes from which type of research? a. case study b. epidemiology c. correlational study d. experiment
C
28. Which of the following correlation coefficients is plausible for a study which showed that the weight of people's clothing increases as the temperature decreases? a. r = +.20 b. r = 0.00 c. r = -.20 d. r = -2.0
C
31. If the correlation between two variables is zero, a. higher scores on one are associated with higher scores on the other. b. they are perfectly related. c. there is no relationship between them. d. they are inversely related.
C
36. Saying that a research result is "statistically significant" means that it probably a. has practical applications. b. shows a cause-effect relationship. c. did not occur by chance. d. shows a positive correlation.
C
38. Statistical significance is used to evaluate a. the causal relationship between variables. b. the external validity of research results. c. the likelihood of repeating research results. d. the theoretical consistency of research results.
C
52. You hypothesize that low social class causes poor school grades. You find that the correlation between low social class and school grades is .01. What can you conclude? a. Your hypothesis may be correct, but longitudinal research is indicated to reach a firm conclusion. b. Your hypothesis is probably incorrect. c. Your hypothesis has not been tested, because a correlational study cannot answer questions about cause and effect. d. It is probably poor school grades that lead to low social class.
C
53. Ava wants to design a study in which the causes and effects are measured at the same point in time because it is more cost-efficient. This type of study design is called a. longitudinal. b. correlational. c. cross-sectional. d. epidemiological.
C
66. "The lifetime prevalence rate of panic disorder is 3.5%." This statement indicates that a. there will be 3.5% of new cases of panic disorder in the population over the next year. b. there is a 3.5% chance of developing panic disorder following the interview until death. c. of individuals interviewed, 3.5% had experienced panic disorder at some point in their life. d. the proportion of chronic panic sufferers is 3.5%.
C
67. Epidemiological research is helpful for a. addressing third variable and directionality problems. b. determining the effectiveness of different treatments. c. planning for health care needs of communities. d. intensive analysis of a disease in a single individual.
C
68. Which research method is useful for providing clues to the causes of different disorders? a. case study b. correlational method c. epidemiological research d. analogue design
C
74. The best evidence supporting a genetic component to different disorders stems from a. proband studies. b. twin studies. c. sibling studies. d. family studies.
C
76. Which of the following is another term for an index case? a. genotypes b. phenotypes c. probands d. zygotes
C
83. Dr. Adams believes that increased alcohol consumption diminishes grade point average in college freshman. This is an example of a. a theory. b. a correlational study. c. an experimental hypothesis. d. a paradigm.
C
84. Professor McMurrich believes that when people try to block certain thoughts, the thoughts are more intrusive. She randomly assigns participants to two groups; one that must try to prevent thoughts, and one that can think of anything they wish. What is the independent variable in the following experiment? a. participants b. intrusive thoughts c. assignment to prevent thought or think of anything groups d. None of these choices are correct.
C
87. Persons with schizophrenia are randomly assigned to either an attention-training group or a social skills training group. Equal numbers of males and females were in each training group. Scores on a measure of thought disorder, a prominent symptom in schizophrenia, were examined after the end of the training sessions. What is the independent variable? a. schizophrenia b. thought disorder scores c. treatment groups (attention or social skills) d. gender of the participants
C
95. In Dr. Hyper's experiment, described above, what is the independent variable? a. The children's diagnosis as hyperactive or not. b. The presence of the observer. c. The new therapeutic procedure. d. The children's activity level.
C
99. Chris is suffering from a migraine headache. His mother gives him a small white pill to take and tells him that it is a new medication specifically for migraines. After taking the pill, Chris reports feeling a bit better. The pill was actually just a breath mint. This is an example of a. misdirection. b. malingering. c. the placebo effect. d. the hopefulness principle.
C
100. Placebo effects a. are always short-term. b. are rare. c. exist only in the literature. d. can be increased with enthusiasm.
D
12. Which of the following are valid criticisms of the case study method? a. It does not provide the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses. b. It is unable to provide satisfactory evidence for cause-effect relationships. c. The results of a case study are influenced by many factors unique to the subject and the context of the case study. d. All of the above choices are correct.
D
27. Which of the following correlations might have resulted from a study which compared grade point average to hours per week spent partying and which concluded that students who party more get poorer grades? a. + 1.50 b. + .50 c. 0.00 d. - .50
D
30. A correlation of .98 between X and Y would indicate a. virtually no relationship between X and Y. b. a causal relationship, where X causes Y. c. a weak positive relationship between X and Y. d. a strong positive relationship between X and Y.
D
35. Statistical significance in research suggests the results are a. internally valid. b. externally valid. c. not affected by experimenter bias. d. not due to chance.
D
37. Which of the following correlation coefficients are most likely to be statistically significant? a. 0 b. 25 c. 70 d. -.85
D
4. A theory a. is derived from hypotheses. b. is the result of long deliberation by a scientist. c. attempts to explain a class of phenomena. d. All of the above are correct.
D
46. Dr. Fiedler found that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have low socioeconomic status than those who do not have schizophrenia. What can you conclude from this study? a. Poverty is a cause of schizophrenia. b. Schizophrenia leads to poverty. c. Economic reform would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia. d. Schizophrenia and poverty are related.
D
47. Several studies have found a correlation between schizophrenia and family conflict. Which of the following explanations illustrates the directionality problem? a. The relationship found between schizophrenia and family conflict may not be consistent in different ethnic groups. b. Schizophrenics may be less likely to live with their families. c. Both schizophrenia and family conflict may be caused by low socioeconomic status. d. Family conflict may cause schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may cause family conflict.
D
5. A good theory should a. be capable of being proven wrong. b. make sense of obscure phenomena. c. develop directly out of observations. d. explain cause-effect relationships.
D
54. Farrah is working on a study that selected a group of teenage girls diagnosed with an eating disorder and plans to measure risk variables in this sample repeatedly for the next 25 years. Farrah is most likely working on a study with a a. experimental design. b. correlational design. c. cross-sectional design. d. longitudinal design.
D
57. A research team found that men who did not exercise had a higher rate of heart disease. Which of the following explanations illustrates the third-variable problem? a. Heart disease might make it more difficult for men to exercise. b. The relationship between exercise and heart disease might not be causal. c. Including men who smoke in the study might erase the relationship between exercise and heart disease. d. Smoking might cause both heart disease and reluctance to exercise.
D
63. A risk factor may be best defined as a. the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture. b. the likelihood of contracting a disorder in a given time period. c. the proportion of a population that has a disorder now. d. a characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder.
D
73. In research using the twin method, a disorder is heritable if the concordance is in DZ compared to MZ twins is a. absent. b. higher. c. the same. d. lower.
D
77. A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices? a. Higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins. b. MZ twins reared apart are likely to share the disorder. c. First-degree relatives of someone with schizophrenia are more likely to have schizophrenia than third-degree relatives. d. All of these support a genetic explanation.
D
80. Causal relationships are best identified by which design? a. case study b. epidemiological research c. correlational study d. experiment
D
86. In the study described above, the type of treatment received (medication vs. cognitive therapy) is the a. third variable. b. classificatory variable. c. dependent variable. d. independent variable.
D
91. In an experimental design, the control group is the group that a. has the disorder in question. b. does not have the disorder in question. c. receives the experimental treatment. d. does not receive the experimental treatment.
D
94. In Dr. Hyper's experiment, described above, what is the dependent variable? a. The children's diagnosis as hyperactive or not. b. The presence of the observer. c. The new therapeutic procedure. d. The children's activity level.
D
96. When an experimenter can confidently state that the findings from an experiment are due to the independent variable and not due to other uncontrolled factors, the research is called a. testable. b. statistically significant. c. double-blind. d. internally valid.
D
random selection or random sampling
all members of a target population have an equal chance of being selected or chosen to participate in the research
developmental research
assessing variable as a function of time--physical &/or psychological development
naturalistic research
behavior is observed & recorded in its natural setting or in a setting as similar to the natural one as possible. the study will lack internal validity due to no control over external environment or assignment to groups.
Protocol Analysis
collection & analysis of verbatim reports. applies to research where the subject is asked to think out loud while performing a task.
Multiple IVs (factorial design)
combine every level of 1 IV with every level of the other IV--e.g. two types of schizophrenia + 3 different types of treatment (2x3 factorial design)
cross-sequential design
combines the methods of longitudinal & cross-sectional research. representative samples of different age groups are assessed on 2 or more occasions
counterbalancing
controls for order effects. different subjects or groups of subjects receive the treatments in different order
Reversal (Withdrawal) Design
controls for possibility that observed change in AB design due to historical event or other extraneous factor. treatment withdrawn to see if behavior returns to baseline-- also known as ABA design. Better is ABAB design so that participant ultimately receives benefit of treatment
matching
controls for the effects of a specific extraneous variable. involves identifying subjects (usually via pre-test) who are similar in terms of their status on the extraneous variable, then grouping similar subjects & randomly assigning members of the matched group to the treatment groups. designed to make groups equivalent
Predictor variables
correlational research; input variable (e.g. gender, age) AKA predictor variables
Case Studies
detailed examination of a single case. most useful as pilot studies for identifying variables that can be studied more systematically and thoroughly
cross-sectional design
different groups of subjects, divided by age are assessed at the same time problems: cohort effects (intergenerational effects)--observed differences between different age groups may have to do with experience rather than age
holding constant
eliminates effects of an extraneous variable by including only subjects who are homogeneous in terms of their status on the extraneous variable
confound
extraneous variable that contaminates an experiment
equivalence
if a study has 2+ groups necessary for each group to be equivalent (#of members, gender distribution, age, etc.)
blocking
making the extraneous variable another independent variable. designed to determine the effects of the extraneous variable.
random assignment--randomization
most powerful method for controlling extraneous variables. all subjects in the experiment have the same probability of being assigned to a particular group. purpose is to obtain equivalency between groups
time-series design
multiple measures over time, usually pre & post test measures, in order to assess the effects of an IV
double blind research
neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which groups subjects have been assigned to
single subject designs
one subject (can be a group of 2+ people if the groups is treated as the subject) well suited to research on behavior modification
Dependent Variable (DV)
outcome variable; hypothesized to change as a result of the manipulations of the IV
Surveys
polls used in such areas as attitude measurement, consumer preference, worker satisfaction studies. Problems with external validity: sample bias (self-selection).
quasi-experimental research
random assignment not possible--i.e. reading program in a school with pre-existing classes
true experimental research
random assignment to different groups which receive different levels of a manipulated variable. greatest internal validity
demand characteristics
refers to cues in the research setting that allow subjects to guess the research hypothesis
external validity
refers to the generalizability of the results.
Order Effects (Carryover Effects & Multiple Treatment Interference)
repeated measures design--subjects receive more than one treatment.
interaction b/w testing & treatment
research in which pre-tests are used may lead to sensitization & results might not be generalizable to cases in which pre-tests are not used
correlational research
researcher does not manipulate the variables of interest variables are measured not manipulated no internal validity
longitudinal design
same people studies over a long period of time. Problems: cost, subject drop-out rate, practice effects
AB design
simplest single subject design. single baseline phase & a single treatment phase
interaction b/w selection & treatment
some variable has one effect under one set of circumstances, but a different effect under another set of circumstances. the given effect is NOT generalizable
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
statistical strategy for increasing internal validity. involves statistically adjusting the data. Similar to post-hoc matching. it does not control for extraneous variables that the researcher has not identified & measured
Internal Validity
study has it if it is possible to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the IV & DV
single blind research
subjects are not informed of the purpose of the study & do not know which treatment they have been assigned to
stratified random sampling
taking a random sample from each of several subgroups of the total population
Hawthorne Effect
tendency of subjects to behave differently due to the fact that they are participating in research
interaction b/w history & treatment
the effects of a treatment do not generalize beyond the setting &/or time period in which the experiment was done
Qualitative (Descriptive) Research
the theory is developed from the data rather than derived a priori (beforehand), includes: participant observation, nonparticipant observation, interviews, surveys, & case studies
cluster sampling
the unit of sampling is a naturally occurring group of individuals, rather than the individual
Independent Variable (IV)
treatment variable or experimental variable; manipulated by the researcher
Latin square design
type of counterbalancing technique. entails ordering the administration of treatments so that each appears once & only once in every position
Multiple baseline design
used when reversal design is not possible. involves applying the treatment sequentially (across different baselines); to the same subject in different settings (multiple baseline across settings), or to the same behavior of different subjects (multiple baselines across subjects)
levels
when applied to a variable refers to the values it could take-- e.g. IV1-standard treatment, IV2-experimental treatment, IV3-No treatment
