C182 Pt 2 - Computer Systems

Switches

A layer 2 device that is used to connect two or more network segments and regulate traffic.

What does inputs do?

brings information into the processor.

The system divides the work into three parts:_____<__________<________

(1) a requirement from the environment or input (2) a computation based on the requirement or process (3) a provision for the environment or output. In addition, it uses storage for the input and output elements, as well as for keeping the results of the calculations during the processing.

client/server network

A network that uses centrally administered computers, known as servers, and running authentication to facilitate millions of users logging in and permitting access to specific resources based on parameters such as username, password, and system identifiers

GPU (graphics processing unit)

A processor on a video card used to create graphics. makes them an extension to the central processing unit. the CPU.

What is a Physical Topology?

A topology that describes a network's physical layout (actual layout) and shape.

Current Instruction Register (CIR)

Holds the current instruction during processing

Memory Address Register (MAR)

Holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed

What are some of the notable Second-generation computers?

Honeywell 400, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and UNIVAC 1108

devices, such as keyboards, mouses, and sensors, are used to move data into computer are considered

Input

_____________replaced Transistors in the third generation of computers

Integrated Circuits (1965-1971)

monitors, tablets, keyboards, mouses, or smartphones, are examples of ?

computer hardware

RAM is _______, meaning data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off.

ephemeral

a computer bus that moves information between the internal hardware of a computer system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices.

expansion bus

The speed at which the processor processes information is measured in?

gigahertz (GHz)

What are the two types of storages?

hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD)

What are the two common types of Networks

local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).

__________ is another component that stores instructions for crucial system activities, including booting up the system and initializing different computer components

read-only memory (ROM)

A computer system, or a computer, is?

A system that consists of hardware and software components that work together to store, retrieve, and process data. We use computers to type documents, send emails, play games, browse the web, and create spreadsheets, presentations, and videos.

What is a logical topology?

A topology that describes the data-flow patterns in a network.

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

Carries the destination address of where the data is assigned to be processed

Address bus

The programs that allow users to do specific tasks, such as edit text and images or send an email.

Application software

wires that serve as electrical roadways, transmitting information between the CPU and other components

Buses or bus lines

The motherboard holds the ___________, as well as other hardware components

CPU, RAM, and ROM chips

___________are common across organizations and _________ are common in small offices and homes.

Client-server networks , peer-to-peer networks

_______ allow a computer to send and receive data to and from other computers

Communication devices

The components of a computer system that specify how data is transformed into information per the user specifications comprise what?

Computer software

What stores data, direct the traffic on the internet, collect meteorological data, or perform analyses of survey results?

Computer systems

Carries control signals (commands) from the CPU (and status signals from devices); controls and coordinates all activities within the computer system

Control bus

Carries data between the processor, the memory unit, and the input/output devices

Data bus

What are some of the notable first-generation computers?

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), IBM-701, and IBM-650

ENIAC (1946)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Which application allow a user to receive and send email communications?

Email applications

Memory data register (MDR)

Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory

Accumulator (AC)

Holds the ALU results

Program Counter (PC)

Holds the address of the next program instruction to be executed

___________replaced Integrated Circuits in the Fourth generation of computers

Microprocessors (1971-Present)

Components that share software and data between elements of a computer system (both hardware and software components) are known as

Middleware

What allows the hardware and software to communicate with each other, enabling data to move between computer system components?

Middleware

is the main circuit board for the computer containing both soldered components that cannot be removed and sockets or slots for components that can be removed.

Motherboard

Some of the most prominent hardware components in a general-purpose computer system.

Motherboards, graphics cards, central processing units (CPUs), and power supply

________________involves the use of nanoscale (extremely small) tools and nonbiological processes to build structures, devices, and systems at the molecular level.

Nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing

Systems of hardware and software components that connect two or more devices for the purpose of sharing data and information.

Network

devices, such as printers and monitors, are used to move information out of computers.

Outputs

What are some of the notable third-generation computers?

PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, and IBM 370

Hardware found in the memory slots of the motherboard?

Random-access memory (RAM)

What occupies the memory slots on the motherboard and keeps the data in them immediately accessible while the computer is turned on?

Random-access memory (RAM) modules

What runs on your computer and provide instructions telling the computer what to do

Software programs

Which application help create charts and complete complex calculations?

Spreadsheet applications

What sends out a pulse of electricity at regular intervals?

System Clock

artificial intelligence (AI)

The development of artificial intelligence and natural language processing while using principles of robotics, neural networks, expert systems, and natural language understanding and generation.

Define Hardware

The electronic and mechanical parts of a computer system (the set of computer system components that one can touch.)

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The internal operating unit or "brain" of a computer. Processes the data from the programs your computer runs.

_____________replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers

Transistors (1959-1965)

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Protocol that connects computers to the Internet. Tells computers how to exchange information over the Internet. (commonly found on the internet and in home networks.)

True or False It is said to be more efficient than modern computing through the use of quantum tunneling

True

serial, parallel, and Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, which are recognizable by their distinct shapes.

Types of Ports

Which application allow a user to access the content of web pages on various sites

Web browsers

The system software, such as _________, runs the computer by controlling its hardware components and peripherals.

Windows, Mac, or Linux,

Which application allows users to type letters, complete assignments, and produce any other written artifact?

Word processing

abacus

a calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods or in grooves

What is a computer system?

a collection of hardware, software, and middleware components (or a combination of these) that work together to transform data into information and meet a specific user's need.

Define local area networks (LANs)

a geographic network that covers a relatively small geographic area such as a building or a small campus - no more than a mile distance between computers

Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P)

a platform that directly connects parties to a transaction without the third-party intermediary. (all devices tend to support the same functions.)

BitTorrent uses what kind of protocol for file sharing?

a protocol that enables peer-to-peer file sharing

What are the three different types of Buses?

address buses, data buses, and control buses.

The electronic circuit responsible for executing computer program instructions

central processing unit (CPU)

Define software

collection of instructions that enable a user to interact with a computer to perform tasks. Internet browsers, text editing tools, and spreadsheets are examples of computer software. (the data and the computer programs)

A storage device responsible for storing permanent and temporary data

hard drive

A storage device that permanently stores data, or temporarily stores data in a paging file system is a

hard drive

What are the four main functions of a computer system?

input, processing, output, and storage

What models are frequently used to explain the function of a system?

input-process-output (IPO) and input-process-output-storage (IPOS)

Nanotechnology s a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of________, or reaction outcomes determined by the use of mechanical constraints.

mechanosynthesis

Computer storage and memory are often measured in

megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

system speed commonly is measured in what two primary measurements?

megahertz (MHz), which converts to millions of pulses per second gigahertz (GHz), which converts to billions of pulses per second

Common Network Topology

mesh, bus, ring and star

End Users (users)

operate the system for different purposes

The unit that supplies the system and allocates power among other components.

power supply

The memory unit consists of____________, sometimes referred to as primary or main memory.

random-access memory (RAM)

An information system takes in __________ entered by a user or acquired from a data source or sources (input), transforms the data in a purposeful fashion into ____________(process), and provides the results of the transformation to the user (___________)

raw data, information, output

All data must be stored in a __________before it can be processed.

register

What is the CPU responsible for?

responsible for processing all information from programs run by your computer.

What are Ports?

sockets that allow cables to be plugged in without opening the system unit

The term ________is often used to differentiate between the computer and its peripheral devices.

system unit

Protocols

technical rules governing data communication

What are the three parts of the a CPU?

the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which contains circuitry that performs operations on data (such as addition and subtraction); the control unit, which contains the circuitry coordinating the machine's activities; and the processor register, which contains data storage cells called registers.

Access Point

the computer or network device that serves as an interface between devices and the network

Leibniz Machine

the gears of the machine are initially mechanically set in a position that represents the input, and their final state represents the output of the calculations.

Define Wide Area Network (WANs)

the largest type of network in terms of geographic area (across cities, states, or even across the world); the largest WAN is the Internet

Computer hardware provides ?

the physical elements that support each function of the input-process-output (IPO) model.

What is Quantum Computing?

the study of a non-classical model of computation

role of RAM

to temporarily store information created by programs and to do so in a way that makes this data immediately accessible (could be rendering images for graphic design, editing video or photographs, or multitasking with multiple applications open.)

encases various components already mentioned: the motherboard, CPU, RAM, power supply, and any other internally installed components

tower or chassis

the control unit

transfers the data from the main memory into the registers, informs the ALU which registers hold the data, activates the ALU, and tells the ALU which register should receive the result.

The most important element of a computer system is its__________

users, sometimes called liveware

solid-state drive stores data by ?

using static flash memory chips.

The first-generation computers used ________________or circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and they were often enormous in size.

vacuum tubes (1946-1959)

System programmers Role

write code to implement the working of the system

Hard disk drives work by?

writing binary data onto spinning magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high speeds,