C4

Washington's middle ear bones are fused, reflecting a birth defect. Washington is experiencing _____ hearing loss.

conductive

Kessa has been prescribed glasses so that images are no longer focused in front of the retina. Kessa is:

myopic;nearsighted

Temika has been prescribed glasses so that images are no longer focused in front of the retina. Temika is myopic, or _____.

nearsighted

In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to a person's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension might the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing?

loudness

thalamus

main relay center in the brain for sensory information on the way to processing areas in the cortex

bipolar cells

middle layer of cells within the retina, connecting photoreceptors to ganglion cells ;pass on the impulses from rods and cones

(QUIZ) what kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective?

monocular

The German scientist Gustav Fechner founded the field of:

psychophysics

methods of the field of ____ r used to investigate the relationship between physical properties of a stimulus and observers' perception of the stimulus

psychophysics

Several studies cited in the text compared children who had musical training and those who had no musical training. These results found that:

the auditory and motor areas were structurally different in those with musical training.

(QUIZ Q) what process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system?

transduction

In the visual system, ganglion cells convert the light detected by the retina into electrical impulses, which then travel to the brain. This example illustrates the process of:

transduction

Which alternative CORRECTLY matches a concept with an example?

transduction - Mechanical pressure in the ear is converted into neural signals when certain hair cells bend.

The parietal lobe is part of the dorsal stream, also known as the _____ pathway.

"where" or "how"

Corrine is a supertaster. According to the text, about _____% of all people are supertasters.

25

Acme Foods wants to make its potato chips saltier, but it does not want to spend an excess amount on salt. A sample of consumers are asked to compare its current chip (saltiness = 100) with saltier versions and to report whether the new version is saltier. On average, sample consumers reliably report that the new chip is saltier when its saltiness value is 108, but not when its saltiness value is below 108. Assuming Acme Foods' sample consumers are representative of people in general, which value BEST represents the just noticeable difference (JND) for saltiness?

8%

Ben still perceives a dull pain in his hand after breaking it in a skiing accident. This pain sensation is transmitted by _____ fibers.

C

Based on letter identification experiments, such as those performed by Anne Treisman and Hilary Schmidt, which alternative most accurately describes the relative effect of limiting participants' attention on (a) the prevalence of illusory conjunctions, and (b) participants' confidence in their responses?

Limiting attention should have more effect on the prevalence of illusory conjunctions than on confidence.

With respect to potential differences between olfaction and the other senses, which statement is FALSE?

Olfaction is the only sense with connections to the thalamus.

Clem is missing the _____-cones. Clem is likely to have trouble perceiving _____.

S;blue

The stimulus intensity that one can just barely detect is termed the _____ threshold.

absolute

(QUIZ Q) the smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called

absolute threshold

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area that is the size of a one-bedroom apartment in 50% of trials. This is a(n):

absolute threshold

Abbie is nearsighted. Her vision defect reflects an error in _____, the process by which the _____ changes shape to focus an image on the retina.

accommodation;lens

According to gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce physical aches and pains by causing the:

activation of specific neural fibers in the spinal cord.

Don and Jen are arguing and Jen begins to yell. Based on this information, what is MOST likely happening to the sound waves corresponding to Jen's voice?

amplitude is increasing

(QUIZ Q) which part of the brain is the location of the primary visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene?

area V1

visual cortex

area in the occipital lobes that receives and processes information from the eyes

Tamara hears her phone ring. With her right hand, she searches for her phone from a book bag on the passenger seat. Tamara's ability to localize the sound of her phone depends on activity in the _____ portion of the temporal lobe.

caudal

(QUIZ Q) light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the 3 cone types, leads to our ability to see

colors

A dozen seagulls are seen as a flock because they fly in the same direction. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

common fate

optic nerve

contains the axons of the ganglion cells; carries visual information from the eyes toward the brain ;carries neural impulses from the retina toward the brain

Humans adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus to:

detect potentially important changes in what is going on in the environment.

Which term is the BEST synonym for "disparity"?

difference

The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye can serve as a depth cue termed binocular _____.

disparity

A researcher uses fMRI to trace activity in two distinct regions of participants' temporal lobes as they view a series of faces displayed on a computer screen. For each face, the researcher computes a difference score by subtracting the overall level of activity in the second temporal lobe area from the overall level of activity in the first temporal lobe area. According to the text, the lower the average difference score, the greater the support for the _____ view.

distributed representation

Brain area MT is part of the _____ stream of visual processing, also known as the "where" or "how" pathway.

dorsal

The parietal lobe is part of the _____ stream, also known as the "where" pathway or "how" pathway.

dorsal

The parietal lobe is part of the _____ stream, also known as the _____ pathway.

dorsal:

In the Ames room, the parallel lines formed by the edges of interlocking black tiles seem to converge toward the back of the room. This illustrates the depth cue of _____.

familiar size

(QUIZ Q) our ability to combine visual details so that we prepare unified objects is explained by

feature-integration theory

Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details. Visual acuity thus reflects the operation of photoreceptors called cones, located in the _____.

fovea

Juan and Joseph are opera singers. Juan is a baritone. Joseph is a tenor, so his voice is higher-pitched than Juan's voice. With respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to Juan's voice are lower in _____ than are those corresponding to Joseph's voice.

frequency

Part is to whole as _____ is to _____.

geon;template

Gloria's M-cones are not functional. Gloria is likely to have trouble perceiving the color:

green

The color afterimage effect can be explained by the color-opponent system, in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells.

green;red

The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration.

haptic

Imagine that in a signal detection experiment, an observer responds "yes" when a tone is presented. The observer's response is termed a:

hit

(QUIZ Q) what best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects

involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories

A researcher presents to an observer one light at a constant intensity, and then presents alternate lights at either higher or lower intensities to measure when a change can be detected. The researcher is attempting to measure the observer's:

just noticeable difference (JND).

Gina has suffered damage to her left temporal lobe. She is most likely to have problems processing _____ sounds.

language

retina

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing rods and cones

Kieran perceives that the railroad track converges to a point way off on in the distance because of the depth cue of:

linear perspective

(QUIZ Q) the placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability is

localize sound sources

The time difference between left and right auditory stimulation, which can be experienced by cocking one's head from side to side, is MOST important for accurately:

locating sounds

(QUIZ Q) image-based and parts-based theories both attempt to explain the problem of

object identification

When Pablo entered a Mexican bakery, he noticed the smell of fresh sweet bread. This elicited memories of visits to his grandmother's house, which then produced sad feelings because he has missed her since she died last year. This sequence of the smell producing the memories, and then the emotional response, is explained by the _____ approach to odor identification.

object-centered

Carmen is reading her psychology text. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed:

perception

Juliana's vision is 20/20, but she cannot recognize the faces of her friends, family members and acquaintances. Juliana's impairment reflects a deficit in the information-processing activity of:

perception

Despite fluctuations in sensory signals, human perceptions remain fairly consistent. This describes the principle of:

perceptual constancy.

The process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane, from which the brain determines pitch is called the _____ code.

place

Humans perceive the longest visible wavelengths as the color _____, and the shortest visible waves as _____.

red;blue

Margaret is experiencing pains in her abdomen and goes to the doctor, who tells her that she has suffered a mild heart attack. Margaret's experience of pain in her abdomen and not in her chest is an example of:

referred pain

While driving his car, Matt sees a partially covered billboard for MacDonald's. Matt completes the gaps in his vision of the billboard and is able to identify that the billboard is for MacDonald's. This example illustrates the Gestalt principle of:

relative height

Pablo is standing on the beach and the sea is choppy. He observes that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also higher in his field of vision than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates the monocular depth cues of:

relative size and relative height

Visual information is processed by _____ before neural signals are sent to the brain.

rods and cones, then bipolar cells, and then ganglion cells

Juanita notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley late at night. Kirsten deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Juanita's vision is driven mainly by her _____, while Kirsten is mainly using her _____.

rods; cones

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____.

sensation; perception

Which sequence BEST orders the information processing activities described in the text, from first to last?

sensation; transduction; perception

Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____.

sensation;perception

Perception is the process by which:

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda may have:

shorter-than-normal eyeballs

Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower a person's absolute threshold for sound as he or she subsequently tries to fall asleep?

signal detection theory

Unlike the other senses, the human sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behavior.

smell

photoreceptors

special cells in the retina that detect light ;change the light energy into neural impulses

Both children and adults who have musical training have a greater ability to detect _____ when in a noisy environment.

speech

(QUIZ Q) sensation involves ___, whereas perception involves ___.

stimulation

lens

structure inside the eye that changes shape to focus images on the retina

Devon avoids certain types of lettuce because she thinks they are too bitter. Devon may be a:

supertaster

ganglion cells

top layer of cells within the retina; axons of these cells form the optic nerve

The back of Will's leg hurts, so he presses his thumb into his calf muscle in a few different places to find the source of the pain. Neurons in the _____ portion of Will's parietal lobe are probably active.

upper

In the auditory system, the "what" pathway is to the "where" pathway, as the _____ temporal lobe is to the _____ temporal lobe.

ventral; caudal

While on a cruise, Jarrell becomes sea sick. His problems probably reflect the impaired functioning of his _____ system.

vestibular

Which set contains a discrepant element?

{organization; sensation; identification}