C464- Unit 5

Marc commented to Diane that she is not listening. He concludes this because Diane just sits there and does not respond. Diane says she is listening and doesn't have to respond all the time to prove that she is listening. Who is more accurate in this scenario? 1. Marc is accurate. 2. Diane is accurate. 3. Both Marc and Diane are accurate. 4. Neither Marc nor Diane is accurate.

1. Marc is accurate. Correct. Listening is a process of receiving, assigning meaning to, and responding to messages.

Pair the communication description to the type of nonverbal behavior. Body movements, such as posture, gestures, and facial expressions 1. Proxemics 2. Kinesics 3. Paralanguage

2. Kinesics Correct. Body language is a very powerful form of nonverbal communication.

Affect displays

Affect displays are nonverbal movements that reveal emotion. Have you ever encountered a friend who just got bad news? His or her emotions are not difficult to "read" in most cases—slumped shoulders, minimal eye contact, and a flat facial expression may indicate to you that someone is in a sad or depressed state.What cues communicate joy and excitement?

What is critical thinking?

Critical thinking involves (a) assessing the other communicator, the context, and the message, and (b) producing a reasoned conclusion about the ideas being shared. We listen critically by assessing the accuracy, relevance, viability, meaningfulness, and usefulness of a message.

Illustrators

Illustrators are movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code. For example, we sometimes shake our head when we tell someone "no" or nod our head when saying "yes." I. Illustrators make up most of our gestures, and reinforce verbal messages sent at the same time.

What is language?

Language is a collection of words that are symbolic because they have arbitrary meanings governed by a system of rules. Language allows us to describe our emotions, reactions, and behaviors and to create and sustain relationships through small talk and beyond, and it also helps us to differentiate people, objects, and ideas.

denotative meanings.

The universal or dictionary definitions of words that groups agree on are known as their denotative meanings.

Power language

power language, which conveys your own belief in, and attachment to, what you say.

two primary barriors to effective listening

1) contextual (obstacles to listening effectively) for example; material is difficult, message is too long, because it is noisy 2) personal barriers

when negative self-talk takes over, try to do one or more of the following corrective actions:

1. Check to see whether your responses are rational, or emotional. 2. Check your perception further. 3. Check your self-talk: try to figure out why are you responding in the that way.

__________ involves the ability to perceive another's messages through his or her worldview and experiences. 1. Empathy 2. Sympathy 3. Listening 4. Perception

1. Empathy Correct. In other words, empathy is the skill of "standing in someone else's shoes" as a way of better listening and better understanding of the speaker and his or her message.

You may feel uncomfortable on a crowded subway train because strangers are occupying your _________ 1. -personal space 2. social distance 3. territoriality.

1. personal space Correct. A crowded public space is likely to see violations of personal space.

__________ are movements that people engage in to relieve stress and anxiety. 1. Illustrators 2. Adaptors 3. Emblems

2. Adaptors Correct. Using many adaptors is often a sign of high anxiety in a communication encounter.

3. If Stephen was curious about Dylan's use of the word "liberal" and confused as to how it could have a negative meaning to someone else, what form of meaning in language was he identifying? 1. Abstraction 2. Connotative 3. Paralanguage 4. Denotative

2. Connotative Correct. Connotative meaning is subjective, individual, and personal meaning derived from language.

Why is it important to effectively listen in an educational setting? 1. When students listen, they can better anticipate what the teacher wants. 2. Listening is a critical factor in academic success. 3. Practicing effective listening is the best way to get an A on a test. 4. When effectively listening, students can multitask better.

2. Listening is a critical factor in academic success. Correct. Listening is the primary method through which we learn.

When listening to a couples therapist speak about healthy communication methods for couples, the therapist offered the following tip: "Do not talk about your relationship while in the car; just sit back and enjoy the ride." Why do you suppose this is sage advice? 1. Driving and talking is never a good idea. 2. You should listen to music instead to relax you. 3. Driving and talking about a relationship would be considered multitasking, which is not supportive of meaningful listening. 4. Enjoying the ride will put both people in a better mood.

3. Driving and talking about a relationship would be considered multitasking, which is not supportive of meaningful listening. Correct. Focusing on driving and being safe, and also trying to focus on meaningful listening is not effective. Listening problems occur when our brains cannot process the multiple messages we are exposed to as a result of multitasking.

Match each of the benefits with the appropriate scenario. Dr. Evans makes her diagnosis after examining her patient and listening to the patient's description of how he is feeling. 1. Helps us relax 2. Healthy relationships 3. Improved evaluation 4. Helps us gather information

3. Improved evaluation Correct. By listening effectively, the doctor is likely better able to make an accurate diagnosis.

Why would heavy use of jargon undermine speaker credibility? 1. Speakers will become insecure and intimidated trying to remember technical terms. 2. Audiences will perceive this as pandering. 3. This language won't be clear outside your specialized audience. 4. Audiences will be intimidated by how smart you sound.

3. This language won't be clear outside your specialized audience. Correct. Lack of clarity will result in audience perceptions of speaker incompetence.

As Marc is talking to Diane, she is saying to herself, "I cannot be the person he needs me to be"; "I am not that good at being patient with others." What should Diane do about these internal messages? 1. Nothing. 2. Tell Marc. 3. Understand that they are real and that they influence her listening process. 4. Stop having these negative thoughts.

3. Understand that they are real and that they influence her listening process. Correct. With a better understanding and acceptance of the influence of self-talk to the listening process, Diane has an opportunity to adapt her self-talk.

Placing a coat over seats in a movie theatre to save them for friends who haven't arrived is an example of _________ 1. personal space 2. social distance 3. territoriality.

3. territoriality. Correct. Territoriality is how we control space that we claim for ourselves. We sometimes use objects to do so, marking our claim to some space.

According to the section on critical listening, when listening to a political message and feeling distracted, what question can you ask yourself to more deeply engage with it? 1. "Is my emotional state affecting my ability to listen to this message?" 2. "Do I have animosity or negative feelings toward the speaker?" 3. "Is the volume and/or format of the message distracting me?" 4. "Do I have a basic interest in this message and curiosity to elaborate?"

4. "Do I have a basic interest in this message and curiosity to elaborate?" Correct. Both interest in a message and a curiosity to elaborate further in thought are mentioned as key to critical listening/thinking.

Based on your understanding of proxemics, what is Dylan trying to do with his body language? 1. Establish a romantic distance between himself and Stephen. 2. Establish a friendly distance between himself and Stephen. 3. Establish a public distance between himself and Stephen. 4. Establish an intimate distance between himself and Stephen.

4. Establish an intimate distance between himself and Stephen. Correct. Dylan is trying to get as close as possible in order to express intimacy between them.

Match each of the benefits with the appropriate scenario. Margaret is on a call with a customer who is explaining a problem they are having with the product her company has provided. 1. Helps us relax 2. Healthy relationships 3. Improved evaluation 4. Helps us gather information

4. Helps us gather information Correct. Gathering information is supported with effective listening.

Which of the following questions would you NOT likely ask when assessing an individual's credibility? 1. Is this person qualified to be making this claim or speaking about this subject? 2. Is this person an ethical, honest person with a history of trustworthiness? 3. Does this person have my best interests in mind as a listener? 4. Is this person an agitator—does he or she like to anger listeners over the status quo?

4. Is this person an agitator—does he or she like to anger listeners over the status quo? Correct. This is not one of the considerations when assessing the credibility of a source.

Which of the following is the most concrete term? 1. Joyous 2. Pleasant 3. Quality 4. Nauseous

4. Nauseous Correct. As a specific sensation, nausea is palpable and easily understood by most people.

What does it mean to say that language is cultural? 1. Some symbols, such as the hashtag, surpass words in their cultural universality. 2. Certain words and their meanings are universal across cultures. 3. Words carry innate meanings that are biologically inborn in all humans. 4. We use language to express identification and affinity to groups we belong to.

4. We use language to express identification and affinity to groups we belong to. Correct. Language is an important aspect of how we identify with cultural and ethnic groups.

06. Stephen and Dylan have certainly developed a friendship and speak, either by instant message or phone, on a daily basis. However, Stephen is confused about one particular aspect of their conversations. Whenever the subject of dating or romance comes up, Dylan uses strange, general language, my "partner" and "they," always leaving out specific names or gender of the individuals. When we engage in strategies that seek to recognize the power of our language, avoid biased language, and avoid hate speech in communication, on a basic level we are trying to __________. 1. engage in a type of persuasive speech that works but is still ethical 2. establish a reputation as a communicator who plays it safe with others 3. engage in a type of communication that is seen as politically correct 4. establish an immediacy or closeness with others when we communicate

4. establish an immediacy or closeness with others when we communicate Correct. One of the most basic strategies of effective communication is to establish a level of psychological and physical closeness when communicating.

"INFORMATION OVERLOAD"

The critical listening skills that allow us to determine which information is trustworthy and credible, the state of being exposed to more messages than we can cognitively process at any given time.

What Is Verbal Communication?

Verbal communication involves the sharing of information, among communicators, using language.

preoccupation or psychological noise

becoming so focused on a single task, thought, or message that we do not listen effectively to anything else. This is referred to as preoccupation or psychological noise. For example, while studying for an important final exam, preparing a briefing for your boss, or listening carefully out of respect to an older relative

The meanings we assign to words fall into two categories.

denotative meanings. connotative meanings

communication overload

the constant connections and perpetual linkages one has with other

Effective listening is important in just about any situation for four primary reasons:

1) First, good listening skills help us to gather information. (Carefully executed listening skills will help you comprehend and retain complex messages too.) 2. Second, competent listening supports us in becoming better evaluators of what we hear. (it emphasizes the importance of learning to distinguish information that is credible, trustworthy, and useful from that which is not.) 3. Third, listening can help us relax and divert our attention to something we enjoy. (Recreational listening—that is, the type that we engage in when we listen to music, watch and listen to TV, and interact informally with our friends—often provides us with a break from the stress and difficulty of life.) 4. Fourth, listening contributes to the health of our relationships with other people. People appreciate you and respond well when they sense that you are listening carefully. Active listening indicates that you are interested in others and care about what they have to say. Poor or ineffective listening creates psychological distance between people, resulting in hurt feelings and damaged relationships.

Thinking back to Sheila and Renee, which of the following remarks might Sheila say in conversation to shut the conversation down and inhibit her ability to further understand Renee? 1. "No, I can never come around you or your friends again." 2. "I want to make this right. Tell me how I can help you trust me again." 3. "What would you like to see happen with our friendship?" 4. "You have always been a good friend, so let us try to work this out."

1. "No, I can never come around you or your friends again." Correct. This statement could potentially shut down any further interaction.

Carla is on a first date with Chad when he says that he thinks all income taxes should be eliminated and sales taxes should be increased to give people more control over how much tax they pay. Carla asks if he thinks sales taxes on food should go up since people have to eat and for people with lower incomes, the same amount of tax would make up a much larger percentage of their income. 1. Assess the other communicator's ideas 2. Tune in and assess the context. 3. Consider source credibility.

1. Assess the other communicator's ideas Correct. Carla is carefully listening for the evidence, accuracy, and support in Chad's communication.

What two critical listening strategies has Lorelei engaged with? 1. Assessing the context and considering messenger credibility 2. Considering the messenger's ideas and assessing personal bias 3. Recognizing the messenger's profit motive and recognizing instrumental logic 4. Recognizing the messenger's aggressive style and assessing generalizations

1. Assessing the context and considering messenger credibility Correct. Lorelei assesses the contexts of their conversations and realizes that Thomas's credibility is questionable.

Match the scenarios to its verbal strategy. StrategyIn today's lecture, you will learn how to build a birdhouse. I will show you a variety of designs and explain the benefits of each before you begin to build your own. 1. Be verbally immediate. 2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Use language to establish your credibility and power. 5. Select the right level of abstraction 6. .Set yourself up to be understood. 7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them.

1. Be verbally immediate. Correct. The speaker is using a lot of "I" and "you" rather than "we" and "us," which creates distance from the audience.

match the corrective action that best supports effective communication. Marc told Diane that he was going to shut off his phone until he was finished with an important project. Diane, who then felt abandoned by Marc and feared the worst, would have been well-advised to give herself a reality check: Marc just needed to finish his work. 1. Check to see whether your responses are rational or emotional. 2. Check your perception further. 3. Check self-talk.

1. Check to see whether your responses are rational or emotional. Correct. Waiting before you react to make sure that you are not making a snap decision based on emotion is the correct action here.

Alicia had some friends over. During their visit, the television remained on as the group listened for updates on the local storm. Alicia's son was scanning the internet and reporting on the storm also. As well, Alicia was carefully listening to the baby monitor for her 6 month-old daughters. At the end of the evening, Alicia was exhausted and could not recall much of the interaction with her friends. Which of the following contextual barriers to competent listening is Alicia experiencing in this scenario? 1. Communication Overload 2. Physical Noise 3. Message Complexity

1. Communication Overload Correct. As mentioned earlier in this module, communication overload occurs when we are exposed to more information than we can effectively process at one time.

When thinking about communication and self, which of the following statements is true? 1. Communication begins with the self. 2. People with low self-esteem are often effective and productive communicators. 3. Whether or not you approve of yourself is not critical to the communication process. 4. Others must approve of you for you to be a competent communicator.

1. Communication begins with the self. Correct. Your personal experiences, history, and identity are critical to your ability to understand, be understood, and listen effectively in interpersonal encounters.

The choice a news reporter makes to describe a public advocacy event as either a protest or a demonstration 1. Connotation and denotation 2. Powerful 3. Abstract

1. Connotation and denotation Correct. That choice depends on the connotation assigned to each of those words. Their denotative meanings are not that different, but the connotation attached to "protest" is generally more negative.

Match each of the benefits with the appropriate scenario. Each night when Ben arrives home from work, he listens to music. 1. Helps us relax 2. Healthy relationships 3. Improved evaluation 4. Helps us gather information

1. Helps us relax Correct. Listening to music likely relaxes Ben after a day at work.

Which of these is an example of identity affecting a speaker's ability to be understood? 1. Kate, who feels as if she is fat, is hurt when classmates point out how much she's eating. 2. Sam, who is a Republican, often feels like she doesn't understand where her liberal friends are coming from. 3. Hamid, a Muslim, is careful to distance himself from terrorism when talking to his Christian friends. 4. Kasey, who uses a wheelchair, is frustrated when people call him disabled.

1. Kate, who feels as if she is fat, is hurt when classmates point out how much she's eating. 1 is Incorrect. Kate's self-esteem issues are causing her to react more strongly to messages.

Match the skill to the active listening example. Speaker: "This past weekend was just a whirlwind... so much happened. Get some coffee, because we are going to be here for a while as I tell you all the details." Listener: "Great. Let me grab something to drink and come sit closer to you so I can pay close attention." 1. Listening actively 2. Paraphrasing 3. Practicing empathy 4. Providing feedback

1. Listening actively Correct. Your motivation to be an active listener can easily subside.

What does it mean to say that recreational listening can help us relax? 1. Listening to something enjoyable like music offers a break from stress. 2. It's fun to "zone out" while someone is talking and daydream. 3. Arguing with our partner is actually a pleasurable exercise in honing our reasoning skills. 4. As long as we are physically sedentary during a listening interaction, we are resting and relaxing.

1. Listening to something enjoyable like music offers a break from stress. Correct. To lose yourself in a movie or music requires listening to it closely.

three main contextual barriers to listening:

1. Message Complexity 2. Communication Overload 3. Physical Noise

Jamal is talking with his friend Sylvia who just received an exciting job offer. While she tells him the details, Jamal nods enthusiastically and smiles back at Sylvia. When Sylvia tells Jamal what the salary is, he laughs out loud while saying, "Do you think you could do better?" As she explains her job duties, he claps her on the back, and then pauses for five full seconds before saying, "I think that sounds perfect." Which two of the described nonverbal behaviors show high communication competence? 1. Nodding and smiling back at Sylvia 2. Pausing before saying, "I think that sounds perfect." 3. Clapping Sylvia on the back 4. Laughing out loud while saying, "Do you think you could do better?"

1. Nodding and smiling back at Sylvia 3. Clapping Sylvia on the back Correct. Nodding and smiling in response to good news is appropriate nonverbal behavior, and clapping a friend on the back is a good sign of friendship and support.

Which of the following does NOT help produce critical listening and thinking? 1. Our desire for personal and professional success in life 2. Our curiosity in a particular message and greater understanding 3. Our desire to thoughtfully elaborate on a message 4. Our evaluation of contexts, messages, and speaker credibility

1. Our desire for personal and professional success in life Correct. Critical listening and thinking have nothing to do with personal ambition.

Skills of Active listeners

1. Paraphrasing what they hear. 2. Providing nonverbal feedback. 3. Practicing empathy when appropriate. (This behavior allows you to deepen your understanding of the other person. ) 4. Making an effort to keep listening actively.

Which of the following are you MOST trying to avoid by critically listening to and thinking about communication? 1. Passively taking in messages that don't impact or interest us 2. Supporting the messages of unethical politicians 3. Being persuaded to do something you don't want to do 4. Supporting the messages of simplistic advertisements

1. Passively taking in messages that don't impact or interest us Correct. We critically engage in communication in order to actively participate with the messages we interact with.

Pam is studying for her law degree. During study sessions and classes, she frequently misses information while daydreaming about the weekend or what's on television. Which personal listening barrier is happening here? 1. Passivity. Pam isn't actively focusing her attention. 2. Bias and Judgement. She has an issue with her professors and fellow students and refuses to focus. 3. Multitasking. She has too much going on at once to focus. 4. Preoccupation. Pam is focused on outcomes, and can't effectively pay attention to the matter at hand.

1. Passivity. Pam isn't actively focusing her attention. Correct. Pam is allowing her mind to wander, instead of assertively reining it in.

Four key Strategy of sender to help receivers listen effectively

1. Plan and organize your content to the greatest extent possible. 2. Consider the appropriate medium for the message. (The way a message is communicated affects the receiver's ability to listen.) 3. Design the message with the receivers in mind. For example, in some Asian countries, making direct eye contact will make a receiver uncomfortable and potentially unwilling to listen to you. In some African nations, conversation during a meal is offensive and should be avoided by visitors. 4. Be aware of the range of possible outcomes from your message. As a sender, you must be aware that once a message has been communicated, it cannot be un-communicated. In other words, what has been said cannot be unsaid. When you say the wrong thing, to the wrong people, at the wrong time, you will inhibit the effectiveness of your message and diminish the chances that your receiver will be able to listen effectively in that or a future interaction.

Diane feels pessimistic(negative) about her job; she often creates complaints about her guardians; and entertains judgments about her friends. Marc just wishes that Diane could find something to be happy about. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the connection between self-talk and listening? 1. Positive self-talk is limited in helping us to deal with criticism and teasing. 2. Self-talk might result in an increased willingness to make changes in how we work or relate to others. 3. Positive self-statements should help us approach what might be a stressful, intimidating situation with confidence. 4. Negative self-statements will likely contribute to our feelings of insecurity and our anxiousness.

1. Positive self-talk is limited in helping us to deal with criticism and teasing. Correct. The accurate reflection is that positive self-talk WILL help us to deal with criticism and teasing.

Given Marc's resistance to listening to Diane, what personal barrier might Marc be experiencing? 1. Preexisting bias 2. Preoccupation 3. Passivity 4. Emotional overload

1. Preexisting bias Correct. Because Diane often complains, Marc is likely experiencing a preexisting bias that leads him to judge Diane and not give her a fair hearing.

Indicate whether the following scenario represents passivity, bias, or preoccupation. Xavier is preparing for an annual fiscal presentation at work. He has been focusing on it for weeks and realizes now that he cannot recall what he and his wife talked about last night regarding their vacation plans. 1. Preoccupation 2. Passivity 3. Bias

1. Preoccupation Correct. Preoccupation involves becoming preoccupied with one's thoughts and creating a barrier to effective listening.

Pair the communication description to the type of nonverbal behavior. How space, such as during a conversation, is utilized 1. Proxemics 2. Kinesics 3. Paralanguage

1. Proxemics Correct. The amount of distance between people while communicating can denote their level of familiarity, the environment, and cultural aspects.

Using Verbal strategies to accomplish objectives.

1. Set Yourself Up to Be Understood 2. Select the Right Level of Abstraction 3. Limit Your Use of Technical Jargon 4. Avoid Empty or Bloated Speech 5. Use Language to Establish Your Credibility and Power 6. Speak in Ways That Attract People Rather Than Alienate Them 7. Be Verbally Immediate

Nonverbal Strategies for Competent Communicators

1. Smile and Make Eye Contact 2. Be Aware of Your Nonverbal Behavior 3. Recognize the Importance of Time 4. Use Your Voice to Reinforce Your Verbal Messages 5. Respect Others' Personal Space 6. Touch Cautiously 7. Be Aware of the Interplay Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Strategies of critical thinking

1. Tune in, and assess the context. (Critical thinking and listening involve a heightened awareness of the situation in which communication is unfolding.) 2. Carefully assess the other communicator's ideas (Evaluate what others say for accuracy, relevance, and evidence or support.) 3. Consider source credibility. Source credibility refers to a communicator's competence, trustworthiness, and degree of perceived caring toward other communicators relative to the claims he or she is making

What happens when you perceive someone you are physically attracted to as having a pleasant voice? 1. Your interest in that person increases, testifying to the power of paralanguage. 2. You are more prone to be suspicious of that person's competence and motives. 3. You tend to ignore the content of that person's messages and other cues. 4. There is no effect, indicating the relative unimportance of nonverbal communications.

1. Your interest in that person increases, testifying to the power of paralanguage. Correct. Paralanguage can have a measurable, positive effect on attraction.

20. Ultimately, Diane and Marc decide to stay together and work toward a more healthy and productive communication style. Focusing on the listening process, both Marc and Diane are committed to strive to be better at actively listening. Maximizing your understanding of a message, being highly valued by others in a conversation, and being involved and having purpose in an interaction are all benefits of __________. 1. active listening 2. paraphrasing 3. speaking clearly 4. purposeful facial expressions

1. active listening Correct. An active listener will likely experience these rewards.

Most gestures are _________ which accompany or complement your message. 1. illustrators 2. adaptors 3. emblems

1. illustrators Correct. Illustrators make up most of our gestures, and reinforce verbal messages sent at the same time.

Four distances of personal space

1. intimate distance, which extends up to 18 inches away from you. In Western cultures, people tend to reserve this space for those to whom they are very close relationally. Intimate distance is used more in private than in public. 2. Personal distance is the space that begins 18 inches away from you and extends up to 4 feet. It is the amount of space used by most Americans (and other Western cultures) for conversation with friends and acquaintances. 3. Social distance ranges from 4 to 12 feet away from you. Most professional, workplace communication takes place at a social distance. Social distance implies formality and may be increased when one communicator has more power or status than the other. 4. Finally, public distance is greater than 12 feet away from you, and it is used for public speaking and lecturing. Priests tend to maintain public distance during Mass, as do professors in lecture halls.

Malcolm is giving a presentation to his classmates on how to bake bread. Each of the three pieces of his speech below represents a mistake in his language choices. Identify the mistake that each piece of language represents. Once you have all of your dry ingredients together, mix them up to make a shaggy dough. 1. no shared meaning 2. Oversimplification 3. Overcomplexity 4. Overly technical language

1. no shared meaning Correct. The term "shaggy" may not be familiar to inexperienced bakers. It doesn't have a common meaning for them to understand.

As Marc is explaining his feelings to Diane, Diane responds with the following: "I am going to stop you for just a minute to make sure I understand..." Diane has just practiced __________. 1. paraphrasing 2. feedback 3. empathy 4. listening

1. paraphrasing Correct. Paraphrasing involves taking another's message and restating it in your own words.

As Marc and Diane make their way down the highway, Diane begins to open up to Marc. She tells him her concerns about how they have been interacting. Marc barely listens to Diane because he knows she will just start complaining and judging and he doesn't want to hear it. As Marc and Diane continue their road trip, they begin to tell stories about their childhood. They both are reminiscing and laughing and even sharing common elements of growing up. Passive listening, also known as __________, involves receiving messages mindlessly, without exerting sufficient effort or maintaining concern for what is being said. 1. pseudo listening 2. pretend-listening 3. one-way listening 4. reactive listening

1. pseudo listening Correct. Passively engaging in the listening process can be detrimental to our ability to comprehend and retain important information.

Both self-concept and our evaluation of ourselves influence __________, or the internal dialogue we have throughout our lives. 1. self-talk 2. interactions 3. listening 4. thoughts

1. self-talk Correct. This inner voice is a sort of running commentary on what we do and experience. Not only does self-talk have an impact on how we feel about ourselves, but it is also an important determinant of how we perceive, make sense of, and respond to everything we hear.

16. In their last conversation about whether to stay together and try to improve their relationship or break up, Diane cried, "I don't feel like you ever listen to me. I never feel supported by you when I'm having a bad day." To add insult to Marc's injury, Diane added, "My ex was always a supportive listener, unlike you!" When both communicators simultaneously send and receive messages and adapt to one another's feedback, they are illustrating __________ reciprocity. 1. sender-receiver 2. talker-listener 3. person-person 4. man-woman

1. sender-receiver Correct. Although receivers play the most prominent role in listening, true understanding as an outcome of communication requires that senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness.

Which of the following is NOT a type of distance that is defined through proxemics? 1.Familial distance 2. Intimate distance 3. Social distance 4. Public distance

1.Familial distance Correct. Familial distance is not a defined distance of proxemics.

Margaret is on a call with a customer who is explaining a problem they are having with the product her company has provided. 1: Gather Information 2: Improved Evaluation 3: Helps Relax 4: Healthy Relationships

1: Gather Information correct: Gathering information is supported with effective listening.

Which of the following scenarios shows a communicator who is properly aware of his or her nonverbal communication? 1. A job candidate who arrives at an interview for a finance job wearing jeans, a T-shirt, and sandals 2. A 911 dispatcher who consistently has a clear, controlled, and calming voice during emergency calls 3. An interview subject on the news who laughs at questions about very serious material 4. A convention speaker who regularly puts his hands in his pockets and fidgets with his watch during the presentation 5. A flight attendant who yells at passengers who do not properly stow their carry-on items

2. A 911 dispatcher who consistently has a clear, controlled, and calming voice during emergency calls Correct. A dispatcher has to get a lot of information from people who are very emotional, so it is important for the dispatcher to remain calm and demonstrate confidence for the callers.

Imagine a cooking instructor who tells a class to cook their pasta just to al dente. Which of the following would be the BEST way to make that abstract term more concrete? 1. Al dente pasta has had most of its free starch extracted, so that the texture is perfect and the reserved water can be used to thicken a sauce or reheat the noodles properly. 2. Al dente pasta should offer a bit of resistance and chewiness when you bite into it, but there should be no crunchiness in the middle. 3. Al dente pasta is when your noodles are not overdone, and not underdone, but cooked just right. 4. Think of the best meal you have had in the best Italian restaurant you have been to. The pasta there was cooked al dente. Try to match that.

2. Al dente pasta should offer a bit of resistance and chewiness when you bite into it, but there should be no crunchiness in the middle. Correct. This takes an abstract concept and gives it a much more concrete definition.

Which of the following is an example of self-talk misrepresenting reality? 1. A happily married wife: "I made some mistakes with the budget, but Keith is forgiving and will understand." 2. An award-winning author: "This book is silly. Everyone in the audience will boo me." 3. A tenured professor: "I'm an expert on this topic, and remember I know more than my students." 4. A student: "The last speech didn't go well, but I fixed my mistakes, so this should be better."

2. An award-winning author: "This book is silly. Everyone in the audience will boo me." Correct. If the author has won awards, it is unlikely that everyone will hate the book.

Match the scenarios to its verbal strategy. What we have in this design is the most perfect combination of space and easy maintenance of a birdhouse that's available. This design is maximally optimized for you and your wildlife friends. 1. Be verbally immediate. 2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Use language to establish your credibility and power. 5. Select the right level of abstraction 6. .Set yourself up to be understood. 7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them.

2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. Correct. There are a lot of meaningless or purposeless words here, pieces of language that don't really convey anything significant.

Oscar is listening to Bert tell him about how much Oscar means to Bert. While listening to Bert, Oscar begins to engage in negative self-talk with messages like "Bert must be telling me this because he wants something... it can't be because he really likes me." To be a better listener when negative self-talk takes over, what should Oscar do? 1. Accept that his responses are rational or emotional. 2. Check for misunderstandings. 3. Oscar should seek out input from a third party. 4. Oscar should listen to his self-talk. 5. Solidify(make or become hard or solid.) his perception further.

2. Check for misunderstandings. Correct. Do not jump to conclusions and search for alternative explanations.

match the corrective action that best supports effective communication. Trish noticed that Aaron had been rather cool and distant toward her for the past few days, and she thought, "Here we go again—he is mad at me." In reality, Aaron was worried about his father's impending health test results, and, in an effort to avoid unloading negative talk on Trish, he had not shared his concerns with her. Rather than assuming the worst, Trish talked to Aaron, and they were able to work through the problem. 1. Check to see whether your responses are rational or emotional. 2. Check your perception further. 3. Check self-talk.

2. Check your perception further. Correct. When we make assumptions, we are often not accurate and this can lead to ineffective interactions. Checking our perceptions of a situation is a more healthy process.

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies for competent nonverbal communication mentioned in this section? 1. Smile and make eye contact. 2. Find an opportunity to touch. 3. Respect others' personal space. 3. Use your voice to reinforce your message.

2. Find an opportunity to touch. Correct. Not trying to touch, but rather using caution with touching is a strategy for competent nonverbal communication.

Stephen has not understood that Dylan is romantically attracted to him based on the differences between his language and behavior. Assuming Stephen is neither receptive nor offended by Dylan's behavior, based on all aspects of his communication, what is Dylan doing to confuse him? 1. He is not using his voice's pitch and volume to reinforce his verbal message to Stephen. 2. He is not aware of the interplay between his verbal and nonverbal communication. 3. He is not choosing the appropriate time to touch Stephen affectionately at the pub. 4. He is not using language to attract Stephen by complimenting him frequently.

2. He is not aware of the interplay between his verbal and nonverbal communication. Correct. Dylan is not aware of the difference between what he has said about romantic relationships and how he is using body language and space to communicate with Stephen

Match each of the benefits with the appropriate scenario. Matt listens intently as his wife Lisa describes a difficulty she is having with her sister. 1. Helps us relax 2. Healthy relationships 3. Improved evaluation 4. Helps us gather information

2. Healthy relationships Correct. Matt displaying effective listening skills will support a more healthy relationship.

Which of the following BEST illustrates checking to see whether your responses are rational, or emotional? 1. Gloria's boss, Mary Jane, is rude and terse(Abrupt) on Monday morning. Although it was approved, Gloria is terrified that her Friday report was bad, and she's about to be fired. 2. Lauren's teenage daughter Catrina storms into her room after school, shouting, "Leave me alone!" at her mom. Although hurt, Lauren asks Catrina what happened at school. 3. Shonda's ex, Frank, is being friendly to her when they are arranging their son's weekly visitation. Shonda is excited that Frank wants to reconcile. 4. Shawn's new girlfriend tells him that due to her new job she has to stay off Facebook for a week. Shawn is nervous that she's about to break up with him, and asks her what he did.

2. Lauren's teenage daughter Catrina storms into her room after school, shouting, "Leave me alone!" at her mom. Although hurt, Lauren asks Catrina what happened at school. Correct. Before assuming that Catrina is upset at her, Lauren assesses the situation and checks for external factors.

Malcolm is giving a presentation to his classmates on how to bake bread. Each of the three pieces of his speech below represents a mistake in his language choices. Identify the mistake that each piece of language represents. You need to give the yeast time to make gas. That's basically what they do: Eat sugar and then burp gas out 1. no shared meaning 2. Oversimplification 3. Overcomplexity 4. Overly technical language

2. Oversimplification Correct. This is a description of yeast that is probably a better fit for young children, not adult students.

Match the skill to the active listening example. Speaker: "I would like to come over on Tuesday to clean the house because Friday I am going to the movies." Listener: "Okay, just to be sure I understand your schedule, you are not able to clean the house on Friday, so you will be over on Tuesday?" 1. Listening actively 2. Paraphrasing 3. Practicing empathy 4. Providing feedback

2. Paraphrasing Correct. Paraphrasing involves taking another's message and restating it in your own words.

Indicate whether the following scenario represents passivity, bias, or preoccupation. While riding in a car with her friend, LuLu's friend was talking. Although LuLu was nodding her head and saying "right," she was looking out the window and reading the road signs. 1. Preoccupation 2. Passivity 3. Bias

2. Passivity Correct. Passive listeners mindlessly receive messages without considering or responding to them.

If you deploy the strategy of tuning in and assessing the context of communication, what are you doing? 1. Focusing closely on the reasoning, evidence, and sources that inform his or her general ideas and claims 2. Paying attention to the specific situation, the place, the person(s), and the details of the message as it unfolds 3. Determining if the messenger is only motivated by his or her desire to change the listener's mind 4. Considering the messenger's credibility, integrity, and general goodwill to listeners

2. Paying attention to the specific situation, the place, the person(s), and the details of the message as it unfolds Correct. Assessing the context of communication includes recognizing the time, place, identities, and details.

George W. Bush using the term "regime change" beginning in March 2002 to describe his administration's foreign policy goal in Iraq 1. Connotation and denotation 2. Powerful 3. Abstract

2. Powerful Correct. The use of the term "regime change" came to define the war in Iraq and became a powerful piece of language that influenced debates about foreign and military policy. Although a relatively simple euphemism, "regime change" was used as a very powerful piece of language.

__________ generally extend(s) 4-12 feet from you, where most professional and workplace conversation takes place. 1. Personal space 2. Social distance 3. Territoriality

2. Social distance Correct. Social distance is for people you know, but who are not necessarily friends. It is respectful and appropriate, but not intimate.

Barbara is going for a job interview and is nervous about appearing unqualified. She keeps going through her weaknesses in her mind. What strategy should she use to monitor internal dialogue? 1. Balance the obsession with weaknesses with a realistic assessment of her strengths. 2. Tell herself that she's the best employee ever, and anyone would be thrilled to have her. 3. Surrender to the negative thoughts and resign herself to not getting hired. 4. Ask her interviewers whether they think she's qualified enough. We aren't able to manage our internal dialogue alone.

2. Tell herself that she's the best employee ever, and anyone would be thrilled to have her. 2 is Incorrect. Self-talk should be realistic and specific.

Although it is true that language is in some sense constructed by us and its meaning arbitrary, what is absolutely crucial for communicating through language? 1. The meaning of language must be able to be translated into many languages. 2. The meaning of language must be shared or agreed upon by communicators. 3. The meaning of language must be simple so that a child can understand. 4. The meaning of language has to be imaginative and original for the listener.

2. The meaning of language must be shared or agreed upon by communicators. Correct. Meaning must be agreed upon in order for successful communication to occur.

Along the way on their road trip, Marc and Diane decide to stop for lunch. The cafe they visit is charming, full of energetic people, and Marc's favorite song is playing in the background. Marc gets inspired to talk about their relationship and begins a deep conversation about his dreams and desires going forward with Diane. Which of the following is at play here? 1. The favorite song and hustle and bustle of the people will be good for Marc and Diane's interaction—it might keep them positive. 2. The music and people moving about will be distracting and will hinder the effective listening process. 3. Food is always good for the soul and will help Diane and Marc feel comfortable talking. 4. Music is likely to inspire Diane as well to communicate with Marc.

2. The music and people moving about will be distracting and will hinder the effective listening process. Correct. Interruptions such as these are not conducive to meaningful and productive listening.

Kayla has been on two dates with Ronald, during which they have both expressed the desire to take a relationship slowly and hold off on the physical component for now. Ronald unexpectedly calls her late one night and says he just wants to chat, but then proceeds to fill the conversation with compliments about how attractive he finds her. Finally, he tells Kayla that he has a really expensive bottle of wine that he would like to bring over to her place for a late-night tasting. 1. Assess the other communicator's ideas 2. Tune in and assess the context. 3. Consider source credibility.

2. Tune in and assess the context. Correct. Kayla is focused on listening to the contextual cues in her phone conversation with Ronald.

Which of the following is an example of a euphemism that obscures meaning? 1. Using "ladies' room" in place of "toilet" 2. Using "gone to a better place" to say that someone has died 3. Saying "they're sleeping together" to explain that two people are having a sexual relationship 4. Saying someone "dropped the f-bomb" to describe a particular use of vulgar language

2. Using "gone to a better place" to say that someone has died Correct. This euphemism runs the risk of confusion. Someone who has gone to a better place might just have moved to the beach.

Which of the following is NOT likely to inhibit(hinder) an audience's understanding of verbal messages? 1. Using overly technical jargon 2. Using language that matches the audience's existing level of understanding 3. Using language that is insensitive to the audience's identity/identities 4. Using language that is polite, but obscures your message

2. Using language that matches the audience's existing level of understanding Correct. Thinking about the audience and planning for what they already know (and what they don't) is going to make any communication more effective.

09. Finally, Stephen and Dylan agree to meet up for a beer at a downtown pub. Once again, Stephen is quite confused by their conversation. There is no mention of politics or anything controversial. Even more strange is how Dylan is acting, smiling the whole time, making frequent eye contact, and leaning in close toward Stephen while they talk. Chronemics, or the study of the use of time as a form of communication, would be appropriate in which of the following situations? 1. Your best friend asks you what time it is in a loud, angry voice. 2. Your father calls you on your cell phone at 4:00 in the morning. 3. Your professor sends the class an email about the date for the midterm. 4. Your blind date touches his watch numerous times throughout dinner.

2. Your father calls you on your cell phone at 4:00 in the morning. Correct. The perception of timeliness in behavior and action is an example of chronemics.

Dylan apologized to Stephen for his initial angry blog posts, insisting that he was "very passionate" about his southern family and history. Stephen told him that was still no excuse to hate a person or group of people based on prejudice and discrimination. In doing so, Stephen was recognizing Dylan's language as __________. 1. an example of a god term 2. an example of hate speech 3. an example of religious language 4. an example of heterosexist language

2. an example of hate speech Correct. Dylan is showing disrespect and hate based on his prejudice toward individuals who identify as liberal.

Which example does BEST illustrate empathy? 1. "Well, then why don't you do something about it?" 2. "How could you feel that way when I have it so much worse?" 3. "I can understand how you would feel that way." 4. "Just so I'm clear, you are saying that my comment offended you?"

3. "I can understand how you would feel that way." Correct. This speaker is putting himself or herself in the other's shoes.

Which of the following shows a difference between the denotative and connotative meanings of a word? 1, "Elder" is a person of advanced age (respect your elders) but also describes the relationship between someone who is older than someone else (an elder brother). 2. "Glamour" meant confusion caused by enchantment or witchcraft but now means beauty and allure. 3. "Muggle" is a word that has no real meaning except for people familiar with the Harry Potter world where it describes a person who is not magical.

3. "Muggle" is a word that has no real meaning except for people familiar with the Harry Potter world where it describes a person who is not magical. Correct. There is a significant difference between the meaning of the word for a subset of people and the way everyone else would understand the word.

The use of the term "family values" to label some politicians or policies 1. Connotation and denotation 2. Powerful 3. Abstract

3. Abstract Correct. The function of this term comes from its flexibility and the variety of meanings an audience can attach to it.

01Lorelei and Thomas have been best friends since they were in grade school and are in a new phase of their relationship now that they are both attending different colleges apart from one another. Lorelei has always prided herself on the fact that she's "had Thomas's back," always, no matter what he has been through. From terrible parenting to angry ex-girlfriends, to bullies, to Thomas having been cheated out of almost every opportunity—Lorelei has listened to him and supported his feelings. When communicating with another person, what should be our major goal as listeners? 1. Make sure to smile and present a happy, welcoming-looking face. 2. Be ready with an immediate response as soon as someone is done. 3. Be patient, show interest, and attempt to fully understand another person. 4. Make sure that you have advice and a solution to someone's problem.

3. Be patient, show interest, and attempt to fully understand another person. Correct. Ultimately, as listeners, we desire full understanding of someone else's position and message.

Indicate whether the following scenario represents passivity, bias, or preoccupation. While listening to the speaker in her public speaking class, Julianna found it difficult to accept the supportive position the speaker was taking on the latest chain grocery story being built because Julianna works for the local grower's market. 1. Preoccupation 2. Passivity 3. Bias

3. Bias Correct. Sometimes, while listening, it is not easy to separate one's feelings about the categories a speaker might represent for you, from the message itself.

According to O'Keefe (2009) and Petty & Cacioppo (1986), in which of the following situations is Bronson less likely to critically listen to Ming Na? 1. Ming Na is talking about a subject Bronson finds controversial. 2. Bronson finds Ming Na's message to be useful. 3. Bronson finds Ming Na to be very physically attractive. 4. Bronson and Ming Na are in one of Bronson's classes.

3. Bronson finds Ming Na to be very physically attractive. Correct. Research shows that communicators will be less likely to critically listen when the message comes from an attractive source.

match the corrective action that best supports effective communication. Andrew had a particularly difficult interaction with one of his professors. He left her office agitated and angry. However, when Andrew thought more deeply about the situation, he realized that her suggestions for improving his performance in the class were well-intended and that the real problem for him was that the professor's suggestions brought up upsetting memories of his harshly critical parents during his childhood. 1. Check to see whether your responses are rational or emotional. 2. Check your perception further. 3. Check self-talk.

3. Check self-talk. Correct. Checking self-talk is a useful corrective action to try and figure out why you are responding to the communicator in the way that you are.

As Jolie sat in her psychology class and her teacher lectured, she continued to text and scan her Facebook page. At the end of the class session, Jolie was unaware that the instructor presented the homework for the week. Which of the following contextual barriers prevented Jolie from listening to her professor? 1. Physical Noise 2. Message Complexity 3. Communication Overload

3. Communication Overload Correct. Jolie is experiencing communication overload, as she is ineffective in devoting her attention to all of the communication tasks.

Carlos is at the mall when a young man approaches him asking if he has ever tried a protein shake from the nutritional store located in the same mall. The young man promises that the shake will improve Carlos' workouts, building more muscle while helping control hunger, and tells him that the shake is on sale for the next hour so he should hurry and buy some. Carlos thinks the young man looks familiar and asks if he works at the nutritional store. It turns out that he does work there and his approaching people in the mall is part of the store's marketing plan. 1. Assess the other communicator's ideas 2. Tune in and assess the context. 3. Consider source credibility.

3. Consider source credibility. Correct. Through critical listening Carlos has discovered a hidden reason why the young man might promote this product.

Which of the strategies listed is NOT considered key in the process to help receivers listen effectively? 1. Plan and organize your content to the greatest extent possible. 2. Consider the appropriate medium for the message. 3. Design the message with the sender in mind. 4. Be aware of the range of possible outcomes from your message.

3. Design the message with the sender in mind. Correct. We actually want to design the message with the receivers in mind. Effective communicators make listening easier for receivers when they consider things like what words they will understand, gestures or phrases that may be culturally inappropriate, or what issues and topics may arouse suspicion or defensiveness.

19. As Marc and Diane's situation illustrates, other people's perceptions of us as good listeners are critically important to our relationships. Diane perceived Marc to be uninterested, unsupportive, and insensitive to her difficulties and needs. Regardless of Marc's intent, Diane's experience of him as a poor, unsupportive listener was a major contributor to their cycle of frequent arguments. Another likely contributor to their cycle of frequent arguments is the internal dialogue that each has. Marc is at home making dinner and Diane is on her way home from work. As Diane drives home, she begins to experience internal dialogue. Which of the following statements is likely the MOST supportive of Diane having a productive interaction with Marc when she gets home? 1. This relationship is doomed; I do not even know why I am trying so hard. 2. I am a great person and Marc should see that, no matter what. 3. I am a good person who is not perfect. Marc is also a good person who is not perfect.

3. I am a good person who is not perfect. Marc is also a good person who is not perfect. Correct. This positive self-talk statement is a strong, healthy alternative to the two other self-statements. This statement puts both Diane's and Marc's behavior into perspective.

Match the scenarios to its verbal strategy. For this corner, make sure you use a miter with a spline for the joint. A dado or rabbet wouldn't hold and a mortise and tenon need more material than you'll have to work with. 1. Be verbally immediate. 2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Use language to establish your credibility and power. 5. Select the right level of abstraction 6. .Set yourself up to be understood. 7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them.

3. Limit your use of technical jargon. Correct. The speaker is using some technical terms that are unlikely to be familiar to novices. Without further explanation, they will not be able to effectively follow or implement the message.

In attempting to avoid office language and concepts when communicating with someone who does not work with you, which strategy are you employing for effective communication? 1. Attract rather than alienate others. 2. Select the right level of abstraction. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Avoid empty or bloated speech.

3. Limit your use of technical jargon. Correct. You are trying to avoid technical or esoteric terms that others do not have experience with.

03. The more they communicate remotely via email, chat, and phone, the more perspective Lorelei has gotten on Thomas as a messenger, as well as the various contexts in which he complains or insists that he has been made a victim in some way. As she listens to him, Lorelei recognizes that Thomas seems incapable of understanding anyone's point of view as he feels threatened or slighted. In addition, he seems incapable of taking personal responsibility for failures in his life, nor does he give credit to anyone but himself when he experiences success. When the messenger is perceived as humorous or attractive, receivers are more likely to do which of the following? 1. Be persuaded to change beliefs, opinions, or actions 2. Become interested and curious in the message 3. Listen passively and not think critically about the message 4. Reject the ideas being presented

3. Listen passively and not think critically about the message Correct. We will be less likely to critically listen and think in these cases.

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary reason to listen? 1. Good listening skills help us to gather information. 2. Competent listening supports us in becoming better evaluators of what we hear. 3. Listening can make us anxious and divert our attention from something we enjoy. 4. Listening contributes to the health of our relationships with other people.

3. Listening can make us anxious and divert our attention from something we enjoy. Correct. Although we tend to think of listening as an intense activity important to the health of our relationships and our working lives, it is also an activity that helps us relax and boosts our physical and mental health.

While listening to the evening news, Marcia found it difficult to make sense of the vast amount of and multi-layered information the two commentators were presenting related to a local community issue that had state implications. Which of the following contextual barriers is preventing Marcia from listening effectively? 1. Communication Overload 2. Physical Noise 3. Message Complexity

3. Message Complexity Correct. Message complexity is connected to a message that is detailed or characterized by a number of arguments and related evidence might be difficult to follow and comprehend.

Malcolm is giving a presentation to his classmates on how to bake bread. Each of the three pieces of his speech below represents a mistake in his language choices. Identify the mistake that each piece of language represents. Parts of the sugar molecules on the outside of the bread react with amino acids, which causes the loss of water and the creation of an unstable new molecule. That molecule then forms brown nitrogen-based polymers, and melanoidins, and that Maillard reaction is why the crust of bread is brown. 1. no shared meaning 2. Oversimplification 3. Overcomplexity 4. Overly technical language

3. Overcomplexity Correct. This is a very complex explanation, much more complex than Malcolm needs to make his point.

Pair the communication description to the type of nonverbal behavior. Vocal cues, such as pitch, rate, and tone 1. Proxemics 2. Kinesics 3. Paralanguage

3. Paralanguage Correct. Paralanguage involves much more than your tone, but also rate, pitch, and even silence.

Match the skill to the active listening example. Speaker: "I feel like my job is to taxing on my relationship and I am likely going to give my notice to quit." Listener: "I can sure appreciate your wanting to support your relationship and not jeopardize it with your long hours and work demands." 1. Listening actively 2. Paraphrasing 3. Practicing empathy 4. Providing feedback

3. Practicing empathy Correct. Empathy allows you to deepen your understanding of the other person.

What did Mead (1975) say about the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication? 1. Nonverbal matters, but verbal more so. 2. Verbal matters, but nonverbal is more important most of the time. 3. The two work in tandem and are understood in conjunction. 4. Nonverbal communication carries more weight in professional situations.

3. The two work in tandem and are understood in conjunction. Correct. The two types inform each other and concomitantly influence receivers.

Which of the following is an example of negative self-talk affecting listening? 1. When Matt asks Lisa to a party, and she doesn't convey her enthusiasm because she's too worried about what her parents would think of Matt 2. When Kandace tells herself, "I'm such a klutz. I should give up now, and everyone is laughing at me" after falling on a ski slope 3. While Jane's boss praises Jane's work ethic, she mentions that Jane's a little quiet during meetings. Jane immediately thinks, "My mom was right that I'm mousy and too shy." 4. When Theo tells himself, "I'm a loser and she won't want to go out with me," resulting in his projecting insecurity when asking a girl out

3. While Jane's boss praises Jane's work ethic, she mentions that Jane's a little quiet during meetings. Jane immediately thinks, "My mom was right that I'm mousy and too shy." Correct. Jane only listened to the negative part of the feedback filtered through her negative self-talk.

Which of the following messages is BEST designed with the receivers in mind? 1. Elizabeth, a school counselor, tells Andy's parents that he's not smart enough for the gifted and talented program. 2. Hillary, a union steward, tells her members that accepting their wage cuts is the best thing for the stock market. 3. While on the campaign trail on a military base, Sarah is careful to mention the sacrifices of veterans. 4. Franz, a police captain, lectures his squad on their ignorance in racial profiling.

3. While on the campaign trail on a military base, Sarah is careful to mention the sacrifices of veterans. Correct. Sarah tweaks her speech to reflect issues of importance to her audience.

Which of the following is NOT true of verbal communication? 1. Language is connected to thought. 2. Verbal communication is composed of symbols. 3. Words have settled and concrete meanings. 4. Language provides a window into understanding culture.

3. Words have settled and concrete meanings. Correct. The meanings of words change to adapt to new needs and usages.

How are critical thinking and critical listening related? 1. You cannot critically listen to a message until you have first thought critically about the message. 2. Both critical listening and thought can only occur when we hear political messages. 3. You cannot engage in critical thinking without first engaging in critical listening. 4. Both critical listening and thought should not be used when we are with loved ones.

3. You cannot engage in critical thinking without first engaging in critical listening. Correct. Critical listening is a starting point for critical thinking.

01. Stephen and Dylan first met on a popular news blog site where they both commented on an article about the removal of the Confederate flag from southern state capitols. They begin communicating by instant message after Stephen becomes intrigued by Dylan's seeming anger toward his "godless, communist, liberal" bias and prejudice against people from the South because Stephen claims that there is no place for the Confederate flag to fly in public. Which of the following should NOT be included as verbal communication? 1. Your reciting of someone else's poem at an open mic poetry slam 2. Your speaking in riddles to your perplexed best friend 3. Your posting an image of a hamburger to Instagram 4. Your writing of an email to your teacher to clarify an assignment

3. Your posting an image of a hamburger to Instagram Correct. Visual images by themselves are not a part of verbal communication.

Each night when Ben arrives home from work, he listens to music. 1: Gather Information 2: Improved Evaluation 3: Helps Relax 4: Healthy Relationships

3: Helps Relax

Which of the following is the MOST likely self-talk that Pasquale hears from himself? 1. "I have an important message that a lot of people should hear, so I should find a new platform for it that reaches a larger audience." 2. "The contributions I have to make to a conversation are valuable, both to me and to the other people in the conversation." 3. "I've been able to overcome an emotionally difficult childhood and I'm now a very effective communicator." 4. "I probably shouldn't be involved in this conversation, I don't have anything to contribute, and even if I did, I wouldn't know how to express it well."

4. "I probably shouldn't be involved in this conversation, I don't have anything to contribute, and even if I did, I wouldn't know how to express it well." Correct. Low self-esteem and poor self-concept are likely to affect a person's perception of his or her effectiveness and value as a communicator.

Which of the following demonstrates the inappropriate use of technical jargon? 1. A coach explaining to an experienced basketball player the role of the two guards in the triangle offense 2. A salesperson telling a customer that cast iron gets seasoned by coating the surface with oil and then heating it until it bonds with the cast iron itself 3. Telling someone with an ice cream headache to press his or her tongue to the roof of his or her mouth to rewarm the blood vessels there and relieve pressure 4. An auto mechanic explaining to a customer that the flywheel is out of alignment, the ignition timing is three degrees off, and the OBD2 board needs replacing

4. An auto mechanic explaining to a customer that the flywheel is out of alignment, the ignition timing is three degrees off, and the OBD2 board needs replacing Correct. The technical jargon here is likely to confuse anyone without substantial experience working with auto repair.

In general, the point of critical listening and critical thinking is to __________. 1. Be skeptical of everyone you communicate with 2. Question anything people call "common sense" 3. Always "follow the money" when communicating 4. Ask questions about source credibility in messages

4. Ask questions about source credibility in messages Correct. When critically listening/thinking, we use whatever strategies are available to analyze the credibility of sources of information and messengers.

Which of the following strategies identifies the way that Dylan is confusing Stephen with his choice of language? 1. Limit your technical jargon. 2. Attract rather than alienate others. 3. Use language for credibility and power. 4. Avoid empty or bloated speech.

4. Avoid empty or bloated speech. Correct. In using these general and meaningless terms, Dylan is creating confusion about the identities of the persons he speaks about.

When explaining your technical profession to your grandmother, what verbal strategies should you use to maximize understanding? 1. Use euphemisms to disguise potentially hurtful language. 2. Use lots of abstraction so she won't ask questions. 3. Speak slowly with lots of gestures. 4. Avoid jargon and speak in layperson language.

4. Avoid jargon and speak in layperson language. Correct. Avoiding technical terms and seeking linguistic common ground will aid comprehension.

It is Friday night. Bob texts his friend Kevin to see if he wants to go out on the town. Kevin responds that he would like to "kvatcexp." What needs to happen before Bob can respond? 1. Bob needs to find a new friend, someone who doesn't speak Klingon. 2. Bob needs to understand the connotative meaning of "kvatcexp." 3. Bob needs to utilize metaphorical language to understand what "kvatcexp" means. 4. Bob needs to learn the denotative meaning of "kvatcexp."

4. Bob needs to learn the denotative meaning of "kvatcexp." Correct. A word is simply a combination of a collection of letters that have had meaning arbitrarily assigned that everyone agrees on.

Suppose someone argues that there is no such thing as a police brutality problem in America and makes the following claims: "Everyone knows" that police everywhere are the people who are in danger on a daily basis; the liberal media has exaggerated the number of civilians hurt and killed to sell the news; experts agree that thugs and communist agitators egg on and harass the police. In this case, what critical listening strategy would be most useful? 1. Assess the situation in which this conversation unfolds. 2. Consider the credibility of this individual. 3. Try to put yourself in this individual's position. 4. Consider this individual's ideas and evidence.

4. Consider this individual's ideas and evidence. Correct. You should systematically and rationally critique this individual's claims and reasoning.

Because Diane frequently employs negative self-talk, she has committed to create a plan to limit her negative self-talk in an effort to be a better listener. Which of the following tips will NOT support Diane's plan to limit her negative self-talk? 1. Check for misunderstandings. 2. Check to see whether your responses are rational, or emotional. 3. Check your perception further. 4. Eliminate all self-talk.

4. Eliminate all self-talk. Correct. It is not likely Diane can eliminate all self-talk. She should check her self-talk—try to figure out why she is responding to Marc the way she is.

Though it was difficult for Marc to hear what Diane said about his listening behavior, he asked Diane to help him be a better listener. As she considered this request from Marc, Diane wondered what she could do to help Marc be a better listener. She knew that designing her message with Marc in mind would be a good place to start. Which of the following choices will NOT support Diane's goal to design her messages with Marc in mind? 1. Use words Marc will understand. 2. Consider what gestures will best support Marc's connection to the message. 3. Present only topics that will not arouse suspicion or defensiveness. 4. Encourage Marc to decide where and when they talk so he feels comfortable.

4. Encourage Marc to decide where and when they talk so he feels comfortable. Correct. Marc should not be the only one deciding where and when to talk. Both he and Diane should determine this.

Jamile is a student at the local community college. Jamile is paying his way through school with several part-time jobs. Lately, Jamile has been experiencing headaches and is concerned there might be something wrong. Because midterms are coming up, Jamile knows he cannot miss any class sessions. As his friend, what would you suggest to Jamile? 1. Jamile should see a doctor right away. 2. Jamile should quit at least one of his jobs so he can likely limit the number of headaches he gets. 3. Because midterms are coming up, Jamile should take some headache medicine and try to get through his classes. 4. Given the many things on Jamile's mind, it's likely he's suffering from preoccupation, which affects his ability to listen in class. Therefore, Jamile should address his headaches as soon as possible. 5. Jamile is experiencing what it's like to be a college student and should learn methods for effective multitasking.

4. Given the many things on Jamile's mind, it's likely he's suffering from preoccupation, which affects his ability to listen in class. Therefore, Jamile should address his headaches as soon as possible. Correct. Our worries about paying bills, work-related deadlines, or health issues can be very consuming and inhibit our ability to listen to an instructor's message during class, focus carefully on a news broadcast, or obtain necessary information from a sales presentation.

To minimize the contextual listening barriers to an interaction, which of the following would be ideal? 1. Register for courses with difficult material to force you to pay attention and listen. 2. Expect to take in all the information at one time so you can prepare to listen the one time. 3. Ensure plenty of other people are around in case you have questions so you can get the answers quickly. 4. Invite a friend over for coffee to talk about a complaint you have.

4. Invite a friend over for coffee to talk about a complaint you have. Correct. Talking in a quiet and safe environment will likely support effective listening.

What does it mean to say that any particular word has both denotative and connotative meanings? 1. It means that, respectively, any word has a meaning that is acceptable by culture and language as well as a meaning that cannot be agreed upon as legitimate. 2. It means that, respectively, any word has a meaning that is seen as appropriate as well as one that is deemed inappropriate for use in public. 3. It means that, respectively, any word has a physically written-down meaning as well as a spoken meaning that only exists through sound and storytelling. 4. It means that, respectively, any word has a universally agreed-upon meaning as well as a unique, subjective meaning that depends on personal experience to make sense.

4. It means that, respectively, any word has a universally agreed-upon meaning as well as a unique, subjective meaning that depends on personal experience to make sense. Correct. The denotative meaning is the largely agreed-upon "dictionary" meaning, whereas the connotative meaning is the idiosyncratic, individualized experience of a particular word.

Fred is having trouble following Kim's directions to the mall, which include streets and landmarks, exposition on how long various businesses have been there, and multiple alternative routes. Which contextual barrier to listening is Fred dealing with? 1. Bias and Judgement 2. Communication Overload 3. Physical Noise 4. Message Complexity

4. Message Complexity Correct. Kim's message is too complex, and burdened by too many details.

Malcolm is giving a presentation to his classmates on how to bake bread. Each of the three pieces of his speech below represents a mistake in his language choices. Identify the mistake that each piece of language represents. Don't wait for the flour to autolyse, you don't need your gluten and starches to align before fermentation. 1. no shared meaning 2. Oversimplification 3. Overcomplexity 4. Overly technical language

4. Overly technical language Correct. Words like "autolyse," "gluten," and "fermentation" are probably too technical for an inexperienced audience. Even if they know something about what these terms mean, they may not understand them in the context of baking.

Match the skill to the active listening example. Speaker: "I am pretty sure I am going to be taking a semester off this year from school to focus on my health." Listener: "It seems that focusing on your health is a good idea so that you can be in good health when concentrating on your studies." 1. Listening actively 2. Paraphrasing 3. Practicing empathy 4. Providing feedback

4. Providing feedback Correct. Listeners can verbally and nonverbally offer feedback to the speaker in a number of other ways.

Buddy and Samantha have been working together for a while. Buddy noticed that during her lunch break, Samantha often puts on earbuds and listens to music. Buddy thinks this makes Samantha a bit detached from her work priorities. Which of the following statements does MOST illustrate why Buddy's assumption is NOT correct? 1. Good listening skills help us to gather information. 2. Good listening can prevent communication overload. 3. Competent listening supports us in becoming better evaluators of what we hear. 4. Recreational listening can help us relax and divert our attention to something we enjoy. 5. Listening contributes to the health of our relationships with other people.

4. Recreational listening can help us relax and divert our attention to something we enjoy. Correct. Because recreational listening often provides us with a break from the stress and difficulty of life, Samantha's listening for enjoyment during her lunch break is likely to support her being less stressed and better able to concentrate during her work time.

What aspect of their relationship might be preventing Lorelei from critically listening to Thomas when they communicate? 1. Lorelei is too proud of herself as a loyal, supportive good friend. 2. Thomas has been intentionally manipulating Lorelei for pity and understanding. 3. Thomas has had too unhealthy and unfortunate of an upbringing to be helped. 4. Thomas and his friend-ship have made Lorelei easily accept his messages.

4. Thomas and his friendship have made Lorelei easily accept his messages. Correct. Attractive or familiar messengers or communicators can lead individuals to passively accept messages.

Which of the following MOST likely represents a speaker using a god term? 1. The tax policy is likely to slow down our economic growth. 2. Voter turnout is important so as many people as possible have their voices heard in government. 3. The country can't afford health care without raising taxes on the wealthy, which is a Communist policy. 4. We have to act now to preserve our freedom!

4. We have to act now to preserve our freedom! Correct. Freedom is a powerful concept, one that is likely to trigger a positive emotional reaction from almost any audience

Match the scenario with the effective listening Benefit BEST exemplified. Matt listens intently as his wife Lisa describes a difficulty she is having with her sister. 1: Gather Information 2: Improved Evaluation 3: Helps Relax 4: Healthy Relationships

4: Healthy Relationships correct:Matt displaying the effective listening skill will support a more healthy relationship.

Non verbal codes

:1. Kinesics: The study of body movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions, is referred to as kinesics. Body movements can be further classified as emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, and adaptors (Ekman, 1997). Identifying the purpose of a movement can help us assign accurate meaning to it. 2. Proxemics: the ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning. This is known as proxemics. Hall studied two aspects of proxemics. a. First, territoriality refers to how we establish and manage space as belonging uniquely to us. for example, placed your purse on a table to reserve a space b. Personal space is the sort of "bubble" that we create around ourselves and claim as our own. For example, some people take their seat on an airplane and arrange their elbows, blanket, and belongings to create a "zone" around them that is theirs and that they do not want their row-mates to infiltrate. 3. Chronemics: Chronemics refers to the ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time. Time may be a cultural element, such as in Japan and China where punctuality is expected in the workplace, and arriving late to a scheduled meeting may be perceived as deeply disrespectful. 4. Haptics: describes the use of touch in communication. Touch involves a highly intimate form of communication, and it may be welcome or unwelcome. In close relationships, touch communicates the existence of the relationship and affiliation, intimacy, and affection. However, unwelcome touch can be highly problematic—and may result in allegations of sexual harassment in a work setting, particularly when initiated by men. 5. paralanguage: This category of nonverbal behavior refers to uses of the voice other than to express words and phrases. The quality of one's voice can signal seriousness, humor, sarcasm, attraction, and a range of other meanings. In these ways, the voice is very powerful. It includes vocal cues: Pitch, rate, tone, disfluencies(such as the use of pauses and nonwords (e.g., "ahhh" and "ummm"), enunciation (clarity with which a speaker pronounces and says a word so that it results in understanding) and silence. 6. Artifacts; Artifacts have a powerful influence on how others perceive us before we even open our mouths to communicate verbally. These include jewelry, hairstyle and hair color, makeup, tattoos and piercings, clothing, cars, glasses, logos, watches, smartphones, and so forth. Artifacts communicate messages about our age, socioeconomic status (or desired status), gender, group memberships, and personal style.

Critical thinking

Critical thinking involves (a) assessing the other communicator, the context, and the message, and (b) producing a reasoned conclusion about the ideas being shared. Critical listening, then, is required in order to engage in critical thinking. We listen critically by assessing the accuracy, relevance, viability, meaningfulness, and usefulness of a message.

Listening

Listening is a process of receiving, assigning meaning to, and responding to messages. Further, listening involves understanding and remembering messages. Being a good listener is important in all aspects of our lives, 1) In your personal and family relationships 2) Studies of the amount of time that elementary, secondary, and college students spend listening indicate that listening is the primary method through which we learn. 3. Employees are evaluated heavily on their ability to listen well. 4. The ability to listen effectively and in a variety of situations differentiates people with management, leadership, and other critical organizational skills from those who listen more casually or only to the things that interest them

What factors are involved in Effective communication?

Listening, critical thinking, and adaptability are the skills required for competent communication, and these skills play a vital role in both interpersonal relationships and professional interactions.

Bias and Judgment

Our feelings and judgement about the communicator effects our listening for example, some people only listens to higher authority like their manager, making a bias relating to ones religion, sex and non-native speakers of English.

Passive/ pseudo listening:

Passive listening, also known as pseudo listening, involves receiving messages mindlessly, without exerting sufficient effort or maintaining concern for what is being said. People listen passively because they are bored, tired, uninterested in the speaker or topic, hungry, or ill. For example, college students listen passively in lecture halls around the world, every day, when they pretend to listen to their instructors but really let their minds wander to the weekend ahead.

Regulators

Regulators are movements that help communicators manage conversation. Examples of regulators include waving your hand to tell someone to get to the point, checking the time when you want a speaker to wrap up, or creating distance between yourself and the other communicator (by walking further away) when you want that person to stop talking.

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, argues that our perception of reality is determined by the things we think about, and that the things we think about are limited by the language that exists to describe them. Therefore, the hypothesis concludes, language is so powerful that it actually shapes our reality.

Self-talk

Self-talk is the internal dialogue we have throughout our lives. This inner voice is a sort of running commentary on what we do and experience. Self-talk does not always reflect reality. It is unlikely that an entire roomful of people would evaluate a speaker in this way if the speaker is well prepared.

relationship between self-talk and communication

The messages that we tell ourselves influence how we interact with others; negative self-talk (messages) likely leads to negative or ineffective interactions (communication) with others. For example, if I tell myself that I cannot get along with Mary, it's likely my interaction with Mary will reflect this negative assumption.

connotative meanings

These are contextual meanings that we associate with words, meanings that often express some kind of value beyond the commonly agreed upon definition.

An old saying advises, "Believe half of what you see and none of what you hear." True or false

True

True or false "Listening is a critical factor in academic success"

True

When communicators_______a_______ send and receive messages and ______b_____ to one another's feedback, they are illustrating sender-receiver _____c__________. 1) simultaneously 2) adaptively 3) adapt 4) reciprocate 5) adaptivity 6) reciprocity

a) 1) simultaneously Correct. Although receivers play the most prominent role in listening, true understanding as an outcome of communication requires that senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness. b) 3) adapt Correct. Communication requires that senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness. c) 6) reciprocity Correct. When senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness, they are engaging in reciprocity.

adaptors

adaptors refer to movements that communicators engage in, sometimes unconsciously, to relieve stress and anxiety. For example, people who are nervous about public speaking might tap their fingers on the podium or hold a pen and click it open and closed. Similarly, we may rub our noses, scratch our head, or bite our nails in response to some anxiety-producing situation.

01) Diane and Marc have been in a romantic relationship for quite some time. They each have challenges when communicating specifically related to the listening and responding process. Diane feels that she should be able to count on Marc, her significant other, to be a sounding board when she has had a bad day at work or when she is worried about her guardians' health. Marc finds offering this daily dose of support to be tiring and difficult. He responds to most of Diane's negativity with silence or by changing the subject. Marc and Diane have come to a crossroads in their relationship. They can barely get through a day without arguing, and on the days when they manage not to argue, it seems it's because one or both have shut down. Although listening is an important aspect of professional and academic life, it is not such a crucial part of a personal life because, in personal relationships, it's more about talking than listening. TRUE or FALSE? 1. True 2. False

false Correct. A strong connection exists between feeling satisfied with your relationship and feeling like your partner is a good listener (Cohen, Schulz, Weiss, & Waldinger, 2012).

The lower your self-esteem, the more positive self-talk you should do. TRUE or FALSE? True False

false Correct. Wood et al. (2009) noted that people with low self-esteem might have a hard time believing their positive self-talk, and, therefore, they might feel even worse about themselves when they attempt to use positive self-talk.

When both communicators simultaneously send and receive messages and adapt to one another's feedback, they are not illustrating sender-receiver reciprocity. true false

false Feedback informs the sender how the receiver is processing and assigning meaning to the message.

Negative self-statements, would not likely contribute to your feelings of insecurity and your anxiousness. true false

false Negative self-statements, would likely contribute to your feelings of insecurity and your anxiousness. negative self-talk may result in defensive reactions on your part, stemming from your feelings of being personally attacked.

positive self-talk does not help you to deal with criticism and teasing, true false

false correct: positive self-talk helps you to deal with criticism and teasing, and it may result in an increased willingness to make changes in how you work or relate to others.

Competent Communicators do not Prepare to Listen and Concentrate on Others' Messages true false

false to be successful, you must listen well.

Personal Barriers to Competent Listening

personal reasons that influence our listening are 1. Multitasking and Preoccupation 2. Bias and Judgment 3. Passivity

Abundant evidence suggests that multitaskers use their brains less effectively and efficiently, have more short- and long-term memory deficits, and are less apt to usefully organize and filter information than more focused listeners true false

true

Another personal, internal characteristic that can affect the listening process is self-concept. true false

true

Critical thinking is dependent on a range of factors, including personality characteristics and intelligence. true false

true

Culture and language are tightly intertwined. true false

true

Listening allows us to gather information, strengthen our relationships, and perform better. true false

true

Listening is generally defined as the process of receiving, assigning meaning to, and responding to messages. true false

true

Nonverbal communication is used alongside verbal communication to indicate meaning, tone, and emotions; effective listening requires perceiving and interpreting both types of messages. true false

true

Our personal experiences, upbringing, history, identity and sense of approval or disapproval of ourselves are critical to our ability to understand, be understood and listen effectively in interpersonal encounters. true false

true

Self-involved people are poor listeners because they often redirect the conversation to themselves and see themselves as the center of attention in most situations. true false

true

Smiling, maintaining eye contact, head nodding, and facing the other communicator without distraction helps the listener focus on the sender and listen effectively, but these actions also prompt the sender to keep talking. true false

true

The positive self-statements should help you approach what might be a stressful, intimidating situation with confidence. true false

true

Some self-talk reflects reality, while other self-talk is a misrepresentation of reality. true false

true Self-talk does not always reflect reality. It is unlikely that an entire roomful of people would evaluate a speaker in this way if the speaker is well prepared.

positive self-talk may work best for those who already have high self-esteem, but may backfire for those with low self-esteem. true false

true people with low self-esteem might have a hard time believing their positive self-talk, and, therefore, they might feel even worse about themselves when they attempt to use positive self-talk.

In an effort to review their current situation and consider the options for their relationship, Marc and Diane have agreed to take a vacation. They will be taking a weekend road trip to visit relatives in a nearby city. Contextual barriers are the obstacles to listening effectively that stem from features of the situation, including the message itself. TRUE or FALSE? True False

true Correct. Contextual barriers to listening are the elements outside of the actual people that influence the effectiveness of the listening process.

sender-receiver reciprocity

true understanding as an outcome of communication requires that senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness. This is referred to as sender-receiver reciprocity. For example, when a teacher notices that students appear confused, he or she may slow down, restate a concept in different words, or try a different instructional strategy.

Abstract Language

words are those that refer to intangibles, like "honor," "love," and "moral." Abstract language can be very useful for bringing together different audiences or bringing together an audience and a speaker, even when they do not necessarily have a lot in common.

Which of the following is NOT an example of nonverbal communication? 1. Nonword vocalizations (inflections, tone, and sounds) 2. Hairstyle, personal grooming, and clothing 3. Use of passive-aggressive statements 4. Gestures, eye contact, and posture

2. Use of passive-aggressive statements Correct. This type of communication refers to the way a message is structured verbally.

A gesture that replaces or substitutes for a word or phrase is an ___________ 1. illustrator 2. adaptor 3. emblem.

3. Emblem Correct. Emblems are a special, and relatively infrequent, category of gestures that have a verbal translation.

Match the scenarios to its verbal strategy. You need some good wood, something with a good grain, a good character, and a real solid feel for this kind of birdhouse project. 1. Be verbally immediate. 2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Use language to establish your credibility and power. 5. Select the right level of abstraction 6. .Set yourself up to be understood. 7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them.

5. Select the right level of abstraction Correct. The thoughts expressed here are very abstract. What makes a good grain? What would be a good wood for the project? The speaker could get much more concrete to be more effective.

Match the scenarios to its verbal strategy. Now, if this particular cut is hard to make, ladies, go ahead and ask your husband, or that strapping man next door. 1. Be verbally immediate. 2. Avoid empty or bloated speech. 3. Limit your use of technical jargon. 4. Use language to establish your credibility and power. 5. Select the right level of abstraction 6. .Set yourself up to be understood. 7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them.

7. Speak in ways that attract people rather than alienate them. Correct. The thought is very sexist and makes some very unpleasant assumptions about the women in the audience—that they are heterosexual, and that they have husbands. It would be a very alienating way to address them.

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Affect Self-Talk

Both self-concept and our evaluation of our selves(self-esteem) influence self-talk. Peoples internal dialogue how positive or negative they are about themselves. For example, (negative ones) 1. "I am boring this audience!" 2. "Why would I ever think a blind date was a good idea? I am unattractive and uninteresting." 3. "I never should have agreed to do this for my boss. I am such a dummy; I will never do a good job." (Positive ones) 1. I can do this. 2. "I know she will like me; I have a lot of interesting things to say." 3. I have prepared for this promotion my entire career. I am ready."

Emblems

Emblems refer to nonverbal movements that substitute for words and verbalizations. Holding your hand up in front of someone else to say "stop," giving the "thumbs up" symbol to suggest that all is well or in order, or using your index finger to say "one minute" are all examples of emblems.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing involves taking another's message and restating it in your own words. Paraphrasing helps us to check our understanding and perceptions of a message. e.g. "Let me put that another way and see if I am on the right track," or "I am going to stop you for just a minute to make sure I understand."

Empathy

Empathy involves the ability to perceive another's messages through his or her worldview and experiences. In other words, empathy is the skill of "standing in someone else's shoes" as a way of better listening to the speaker and better understanding the speaker and his or her message.

Concrete Language

Words that represent tangible objects are concrete words. Words like "car," "rock," or "Walter" are concrete because they reference tangible things. make an example very vivid in the minds of the audience.

hate speech

a form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize groups of people. words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities. any communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of characteristics

To prime yourself to listen effectively and _______a_____ and in a way that will help you communicate _______b________ in all situations, make yourself aware of ______c_____ self-talk. 1) accurately 2) competently 3) negatively

a) 1) accurately Correct. Accurate listening is crucial to effective and objective self-talk. b) 2) competently Correct. Competent communication will support awareness of negative self-talk. c). 3) negatively Correct. Negative self-talk is influenced by poor listening habits.