Cannabinoids

Which of the following is the primary metabolite of THC and acts as more potent agonist of cannabinoid receptors than THC itself? A. 11-OH-THC B. THC-COOH C. 7-OH-Δ8-THC D. 11-OH-Δ9-THC E. 11-oxo-Δ8-THC

A. 11-OH-THC

In 1970, the United States federal government passed the Controlled Substances Act, which declared that marijuana A. has no potential medical use and a high potential for abuse B. has great potential medical use but also a high potential for abuse C. has great potential medical use and a low potential for abuse D. has no potential medical use and a low potential for abuse E. is a narcotic drug, like the opioids

A. has no potential medical use and a high potential for abuse

Archeological evidence and ancient writings suggest that the oldest use of the hemp plant was to A. make rope B. remedy diarrhea C. smoke in religious ceremonies D. get high E. cool the uterus

A. make rope

The ability of cannabinoids to increase firing of mesolimbic dopamine neurons and enhance striatal dopamine release stems largely from A. their inhibition of GABA neurons B. stimulation of D1 receptors C. stimulation of D2 receptors D. their excitation of glutamate neurons E. stimulation of L-DOPA production

A. their inhibition of GABA neurons

When cannabis is smoked, its subjective effects can be felt within about A. 30-60 seconds B. 5-10 minutes C. 20-30 minutes D. 45-60 minutes E. 1-2 hours

B. 5-10 minutes

Which of the following is a relatively new scientific target in the development of pharmaceuticals to slow the progression of neurodegenerative disorders? A. CB1 receptors B. CB2 receptors C. CBD D. 11-OH-THC E. Δ9-THC​

B. CB2 receptors

Which of the following are distinct species of Cannabis? A. sativa and ruderalis B. sativa and indica C. ruderalis and indica D. sativa, indica, and ruderalis E. none of the above are species of Cannabis

B. sativa and indica

The first cannabinoid receptor to be discovered in the brain is called A. CBα B. CBA C. CB1 D. CBΔ E. CBthc

C. CB1

Which of the following puff topography variables does not significantly impact the absorption of cannabinoids into the bloodstream when cannabis is smoked? A. the depth of smoke inhalation B. the length of time the smoke is held in the lungs C. the frequency of puffs D. all of the above significantly influence cannabinoid absorption E. none of the above significantly influence cannabinoid absorption

B. the length of time the smoke is held in the lungs

Animal studies have helped researcher elucidate the neuropharmacological basis for the munchies that occur in humans after smoking cannabis. Which neurotransmitter system is believed to play a major role? A. the serotonin system B. the opioid system C. the adenosine system D. the norepinephrine system E. the dopamine system

B. the opioid system

Under the effects of cannabis, people sometimes experience a type of cognitive impairment called temporal disintegration. This affects their ability to accurately judge A. the pitch of sound B. the passage of time C. the happiness of their childhood D. the temperature of stimuli E. the mood of others present

B. the passage of time

Which of the following is NOT an endocannabinoid? A. anandamide B. N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA)​ C. 2-arachidonoyl glutamate (2-AGlu) D. N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) E. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)

C. 2-arachidonoyl glutamate (2-AGlu)

Which of the following would you find in a Cannabis plant? A. endocannabinoids B. synthocannabinoids C. phytocannabinoids D. opioids E. all of the above are found in cannabis plants

C. phytocannabinoids

Which of the following is not a medical condition that marijuana has been used to treat? A. muscle spasticity B. cachexia C. chronic pain D. obesity

D. obesity

How are endocannabinoids, such as AEA and 2-AG, different from most other neurotransmitters? A.they have far greater ability to depolarize a neuron B. they stimulate both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors C. they produce both active and inactive metabolites D. they are not packed in synaptic vesicles but are, instead, synthesized 'on demand' in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron E. they act not only as neurotransmitters, but also as neuromodulators

D. they are not packed in synaptic vesicles but are, instead, synthesized 'on demand' in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron

In 2012, Meier and colleagues published the findings of a four decade longitudinal study in which New Zealanders' cannabis use and IQ scores were repeatedly assessed. The researchers discovered that early and persistent cannabis use A. had no impact on IQ score B. was associated with an average decline in IQ score of about 2 points C. was associated with an average decline in IQ score of about 8 points D. was associated with an average decline in IQ score of about 4 points E. was associated with an average decline in IQ score of about 15 points, but this result could be explained by participants' level of educational attainment and degree of alcohol use

D. was associated with an average decline IQ score of about 8 points

Generally speaking, how do synthetic cannabinoids differ from the phytocannabinoid, THC? A. Synthetic cannabinoids are typically much more potent than THC B. Synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists at CB1 receptors, whereas THC is a partial CB1 receptor agonist C. Synthetic cannabinoids are able to produce a maximum functional response while occupying relatively few receptors, in comparison to THC's ability to do so D. Whereas THC metabolites exhibit reduced affinity for CB1 receptors, many of the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids retain their high affinity for CB1 receptors E. All of the above represent ways in which synthetic cannabinoids differ from THC.

E. All of the above represent ways in which synthetic cannabinoids differ from THC.

The feelings of anxiety and paranoia that sometimes result from marijuana use are more likely to occur in when individuals A. are in the company of othes who feel anxiety and paranoia B. use the drug in high doses C. smoke synthetic marijuana as opposed to natural marijuana D. have a family or personal history of psychosis or depression E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Throughout the early decades of the 1900s, the clinical use of cannabis waned. Which of the following explains the loss of the plant's appeal amongst physicians in Britain and America? A. the composition of the plant material varied so widely across samples that dosing standardization was essentially impossible. B. due to a lack of plant consistency, physicians could never be certain of treatment efficacy. C. the shelf-life of cannabis was too short and unpredictable D. the emergence of pure opioids and synthetic drugs with greater sedating and analgesic actions offered reliable medical alternatives E. all of the above reasons contributed to physicians' loss of admiration for the medical use of cannabis

E. all of the above

The link between cannabis use and amotivational syndrome A. is supported bu laboratory experiments in which rhesus monkeys exposed to marijuana smoke were less wiling to work for tasty treats B. is supported by inpatient hospital findings that, with abstinence from cannabis, the severity of amotivational symptoms decreased significantly in humans C. is supported by a direct correlation between the degree of motor retardation and blood serum levels of cannabinoids and their metabolites D. is not supported by the findings that, once enrolled in college, students who smoke cannabis demonstrate comparable or even higher grades than their cannabis-abstinent classmates E. all of the above are true

E. all of the above are true

Which of the following phytocannabinoid is responsible for the majority of cannabis' psychoactive effects? A. cannabinol (CBN) B. cannabidol (CBD) C. cannabichromene (CBC) D. delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC)​ E. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)​

E. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)​

What degree of risk does the use of cannabis pose for overdoes death? A. the use of high potency cannabis poses a risk of overdose death roughly equivalent to that of alcohol B. the use of high potency cannabis poses a risk of overdose death roughly equivalent to that of GHB C. the use of high potency cannabis poses a risk of overdose death roughly equivalent to that of heroin D. the use of high potency cannabis poses a risk of overdose death roughly equivalent to that of oxycodone E. the use of cannabis, at any dose, poses essentially no risk of overdose death

E. the use of cannabis, at any dose, poses essentially no risk of overdose death