Capping Exam 1

According to one survey of cultural values

Americans typically value things like their children's education and a satisfactory love life more than work

The Delphi Technique has been widely used for short-run business forecasting.

False

This is an example of a sequence record. Event 1 2 3 4 sCORE III II I III

False

It is not always possible to meet all the hallmarks of science in full. Comparability, consistency, and wide generalizability are often difficult to obtain in research.

True

Good moral judgments should be logical and

based on facts and acceptable moral principles.

Morality and self-interest

can sometimes conflict

The veil of ignorance demands people in the original position to be

impartial

Kenneth Arrow discussed two important situations in which profit maximization can be socially inefficient. One of these occurs when

there is an imbalance of knowledge between buyer and seller

Corporations differ from partnerships and other forms of business association in two ways. One of these is that

they must be publicly registered or in some way officially acknowledged by the law.

Karl Marx believed that

under capitalism workers are alienated in several ways.

Externalities are

unintended side-effects.

Ethical relativism supports the theory that:

what is right is determined by what a culture or society says is right

For philosophers, the most important issue is not where our moral principles came from, but:

whether those moral principles can be justified

If you adopt egoism as your moral code, then

you believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your best interest.

Melvin Anshen suggests that there is an relationship between business and society which he termed as

"social contract."

Which of the following does not include the process of building a theoretical framework?

An operationalization of the concepts or variables in the model.

Which of the following do proponents of the broader view of corporate social responsibility believe?

Businesses have other obligations besides making a profit.

Which statement best describes capitalism?

Capitalism is an economic system that operates under the profit motive.

In what way do the concepts causality and correlation relate to each other?

Correlation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for causality.

Which of the following answers cannot be an objective of preliminary research?

Defining concepts

The is the variable of primary interest to the researcher.

Dependent Variable

A questionnaire includes the following question, measured on a 5-point Likert scale: "To what extent are you satisfied with the appearance and the service of the shop-assistants?" This question is an example of a:

Double Barreled Question

Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a certain problem or when there is no information available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past?

Exploratory research.

'To what extent can you say about yourself that you are happy?' is an example of a loaded question.

False

A "problem" means that something is seriously wrong with a current situation that needs to be rectified immediately.

False

A hypothesis is unrelated to the theoretical framework.

False

A marketing manager aims to investigate the relationship between customer satisfaction and store loyalty among British consumers. For this purpose, data will have to be collected from British stores and the 'unit of analysis' is the country.

False

Active participation occurs when the researcher does not actively participate, and only occasionally interacts with the social group under study.

False

An advantage of engaging in an external team to do the research project is that the team would require much less time to understand the structure, the philosophy and climate, and the functioning and work systems of the organization.

False

An observational study is said to be low in control when the situation or setting is manipulated or contrived by the researcher.

False

Applied research is not scientific in nature.

False

Articles and books that were written thirty or even forty years ago should not be included in the literature review.

False

Articles in professional journals have generally been peer-reviewed: this means that the articles have been put to the scrutiny of experts in the same field before they were accepted for publication.

False

Correlational studies are invariably conducted in contrived settings, whereas most rigorous causal studies are done in non-contrived lab settings.

False

Ethical conduct applies to the researchers who undertake the research, but not to the respondents who provide them with the necessary data.

False

Fundamental research has little practical relevance.

False

Hypotheses cannot be tested with qualitative data

False

If in the introduction of the questionnaire it is made clear that the answers will be handled anonymously, this can lead to bias of the results.

False

In inductive research, a literature review will help the researcher to develop a theoretical framework and hypotheses.

False

Inductive processes are more often used in causal and quantitative studies, whereas deductive research processes are regularly used in exploratory and qualitative studies.

False

Online databases display only the bibliographic citations such as the name of the author, the title of the article (or book), source of publication, and the like.

False

Primary data are more important than secondary data.

False

Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve specific problems currently being experienced in an organization is called basic research.

False

Secondary data refers to information that the researcher gathers first hand through instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or observation.

False

The quality of the journal that published an article is unrelated to the quality of a research article.

False

Typically, the alternate hypothesis is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups.

False

University professors do not engage in applied research.

False

With respect to the sequence of questions in a questionnaire, you start with asking difficult questions which you unravel to more specific questions later.

False

Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kant's beliefs?

He believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality.

Which of the following statements is true regarding human rights?

Human rights are equal rights; if X is a human right, then everyone has this right.

What is metacognition?

Ideas of the respondent about what he should think or feel.

Which of the following is a hierarchical listing of the hypothetico-deductive research method?

Identify a broad problem area - Define the problem statement - Develop hypotheses - Determine measures - Data collection - Data analysis - Interpretation of data

Being knowledgeable about research and research methods helps professional managers to:

Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work setting, Know how to discriminate good from bad research.Appreciate and be constantly aware of the multiple influences and multiple effects of factors impinging on a situation.

Which statement creates the best picture of capitalism?

In state welfare capitalism the government plays an active role in regulating economic activities in an effort to smooth out the boom-and-bust pattern of the business cycle.

What is not an advantage of observation as a research method?

It is a cheap and fast way to collect information.

Which of the following points is not related to the costs for a respondent that go with the participation in an investigation?

Lack of influence on the decision making.

"Don't you think that in these days of escalating costs of living, employees should be given good pay raises?"

Leading

"Boy, the work you do must be really boring; let me hear how you experience it." This question is:

Loaded

Studies, when data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more points in time to answer the research question, are called:

Longitudinal studies.

A marketing manager is interested in tracing the pattern of sales of a particular product in four different regions of the country on a quarterly basis for the next 2 years. This is an example of a:

Longitudinal study.

What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study?

Making sure that all relevant variables are included in the study.

Rather than strong work ethic, a more commonly seen role is:

Me - first

A __ is one that surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it.

Mediating Variable

A has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship.

Moderating variable.

What is not a part of conversation introduction in an interview?

Monitoring the answers

Moral attitudes are best depicted by which of the following?

Moral standards typically concern behavior that can be of serious consequence to human welfare.

Examples of unpublished manuscripts include:

Papers accepted for publication but still "in-press," letters, manuscripts in preparation, and personal communications (including e-mails).

Which statement is accurate in its description of consumer protection?

The Consumer Product Safety Commission has the power to order recalls, public warnings, and refunds.

'Rigor' related to scientific investigation refers, amongst others, to:

The fact that a study has a good theoretical base.

Parsimony refers to:

The idea that a simple model explaining a certain phenomenon is preferred to a complex model.

What is wrong with a problem definition that is 'biased'?

The problem definition reflects the opinion of the researcher.

Which of the following is the most correct statement?

There are three key criteria to assess the quality of the problem statement: it should be relevant, feasible, and interesting.

Evaluate the following question on suitability for the use in a questionnaire (measured on a 5-point Likert scale): "Do you think that in the current economical situation it is wise to reduce salaries of top sportsman?"

This question is leading

Which of the following answers is not an objective of preliminary research?

To determine whether a variable is an independent variable, a dependent variable, a mediating variable, or a moderating variable.

A critical literature review ensures that a clearer idea emerges as to what variables will be important to consider, why they are considered important, and how they should be investigated to solve the problem.

True

A deductive investigation is based on theoretically logical reasoning.

True

A disadvantage of engaging in an internal team to do the research project is that, in view of their long tenure as internal consultants, the internal team may quite possibly fall into a stereotyped way of looking at the organization and its problems.

True

A first review of the literature helps you to make an informed decision about your research approach.

True

A good problem statement includes both a statement of the research objective(s) and the research question(s).

True

A literature review helps the researcher to undertake research that is relevant.

True

A practical problem of observation is that it is time-consuming.

True

A scientific hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.

True

A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values.

True

According to Karl Popper it is not possible to 'prove' a hypothesis by means of induction, because no amount of evidence assures us that contrary evidence will not be found.

True

An inductive investigation starts with an observation of empirical data.

True

An inkblot test is an example of a projective method.

True

Analyses of both quantitative and qualitative data can be done to determine if certain conjectures are substantiated.

True

As in the hypothetico-deductive studies, hypotheses can be developed in case studies as well.

True

Both purposely misrepresenting the work of others and plagiarism are considered to be fraud.

True

Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem, encountered in the work setting that needs a solution.

True

Conference proceedings are quite valuable if you are working in a relatively new area or domain.

True

Generally speaking, the most important factor in determining what to observe is the aim or purpose of the study.

True

If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship between interest rates and bank deposit patterns of clients, a 'field study' is the most suitable method of investigation.

True

Interviews are a useful method to collect data in case studies.

True

It is preferred to first ask general questions and then more specific questions.

True

Knowledge of research design details also helps managers to study and intelligently comment on research proposals.

True

Managers with knowledge of research have an advantage over those without.

True

Methodological rigor increases as we move progressively from an exploratory study to a hypothesis-testing study, and with this, the costs of research also increase.

True

Once we have identified the management problem, it needs to be narrowed down to a researchable topic for study.

True

Providing inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them is a form of plagiarism.

True

Research done chiefly to make a contribution to existing knowledge is called basic, fundamental, or pure research.

True

Research questions are the translation of the problem of the organization into a specific need for information.

True

Secondary research simplifies the process of problem formulation.

True

Symptoms are concrete examples of the way in which a certain business problem reveals itself.

True

The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to know the profits made during the past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries in England, Germany, France, and Spain. It is possible that there are many regional offices of these subsidiaries in each of these countries. The profits of the various regional centers for each country have to be aggregated and the profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to the CFO. Hence, the 'unit of analysis' is the country.

True

The functions of the critical literature review depend on the specific research approach that is taken.

True

The hypotheses of a study are a good starting point when designing a questionnaire.

True

The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different objects or persons.

True

The way questions are sequenced could also introduce certain biases, frequently referred to as the ordering effects.

True

Typical examples of passive participation are observations conducted in service consumption settings, such as in a lecture room, a theatre, a waiting room, or a theme park.

True

A teacher wants to determine if the average paper grade of three tutorial groups significantly differs from each other. In this case:

Tutorial group is the independent variable and paper grade is the dependent variable.

Which of the following represents a utilitarian belief?

We should bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions.

Which of the following is an example of price gouging?

a New York hotel tripling its room prices after 9/11

Milton Friedman argues that

a business has no social responsibilities other than to maximize profits.

"If you want to go to law school, then you must take the LSAT exam." This statement is an example of

a hypothetical imperative.

Supererogatory actions are

actions that it would be good to do but not immoral not to do.

Critics of advertising contend that

advertising rarely gives consumers much useful information.

Terms like "can be," "as much as," and "help," are examples of

ambiguity

Adam Smith proposed that in our pursuit of economic interests we are led by

an invisible hand to promote general good.

The authors use the murder of Kitty Genovese to illustrate

bystander apathy.

Marxism states

capitalism leads to a concentration of property and thus a concentration of resources and power in relatively few hands.

According to Galbraith's "dependence effect",

consumer demand tends to be shaped by the production process.

The best statement to describe corporations is

corporate culture can be both explicit and implicit.

The goal of a _____ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-oriented, or other perspective.

descriptive

The concept of the "invisible hand" means

each person's private pursuit of wealth will result in the most beneficial overall organization and distribution of economic resources

A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of

effects, ideals, and obligations.

"Puffery" is an example of which of the following deceptive or misleading advertising techniques?

exaggeration

Talk of justice and injustice typically focuses on:

fairness, equality, desert, and rights

Accepting a moral principle

generally involves a desire to follow that principle for its own sake

An exclusive focus on short-term performance

has helped to create a high-pressure environment conducive to fraud

A tangible truth about having moral principles is

if you do the right thing only because you think it will pay off, you're not really motivated by moral concerns.

For those who are trying to make moral decisions

in a moral discussion, clarifying the facts and spelling out the principles to which people are appealing can help us to reach a solution.

Which statement creates the best picture of capitalism?

in state welfare capitalism the government plays an active role in regulating economic activities in an effort to smooth out the boom-and-bust pattern of the business cycle

The difference principle of Rawls includes

individuals are justified by working for the benefit of the least advantaged.

Which of the following is one of the three arguments in favor of narrow corporate social responsibility discussed in this chapter?

let-government-do-it

The Fugger dynasty was an example of

mercantile capitalism

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards?

moral standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest

Nonconsequentialists like Ross believe that

morality permits each of us a sphere in which to pursue our own plans and goals.

From John Stuart Mill's viewpoint,

only the utilitarian standard can best resolve conflicts between competing principles of justice.

According to libertarianism,

people should not attempt to coerce others.

Eminent domain is the ancient right of government to take what from an individual?

property

According to Locke,

property is a moral right

The terms "best, finest, and most" are examples of

puffery

According to John Rawls, people in "the original position" choose the principles of justice solely on the basis of

self-interest

The Supreme Court gave decision making power for Eminent domain to the

states and local communities

Consequentialism

states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results.

Primary social goods include

status

In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling included

support for corporations' First Amendment right to participate in the political process

The media with the greatest advertising influence over children is

television

Before the case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car in 1916, the law based a manufacturer's liability for injuries due to a defective product on

the contractual relationship between the producer and the consumer.

Though many jobs are outsourced, most economists believe

the economy will create new jobs.

Due care is

the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and that consumer's interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer.

The consumer's main source of product information is

the label and package.

When religion and morality are considered:

the moral instructions of the world's great religions are often general and imprecise.