Carbohydrate Classification and Structure
What is the percentage of carbs in an animal?
1% glucose and glycogen (liver and muscles-energy)
What is the percentage of carbohydrates in dry matter?
70-75% found in the roots of the plant
What is the percentage of carbohydrates in grains?
80-85% grain is seed with lots of CHO which provs energy during process of germination
Why is fructose important?
An example is corn It is found in fruit and honey It is sweetest of all the sugars It is converted to glucose in the animal body
Why is galactose important?
An example is milk It is milk sugar It is not found free in nature Only synthesized in mammary tissue
What are common pentoses? Give some examples
Arabinose - pectins, polysaccharides Xylose - corn cob, wood, polysaccharides Ribose - nucleic acids found in RNA
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What is the carb cycle?
Carbs are consumed by an animal It is converted to CO2 Plants use CO2 in photosynthetic pathway to produce carbs For animals: Carbs serve as a source of energy or Bulk (bulk fiber important in animals)
What disacharides are not digested by mammalian enzymes?
Cellobiose
What are some facts about cellobiose/where found?
Fibrous portion of plants (cellulose) Only microbial enzymes can cleave off glucose units
What are some examples of hexoses?
Glucose Fructose Galactose Mannose
Why is mannose important?
It is found in plants Legumes - a bean
Where is sucrose found?
It is found in sugar beets, sugar cane, and tree sap
What is muscle starch and what does it do?
It is the animal's starch made from glycogen It aids in muscle contractions
Why is glucose important?
It is the most important sugar in nutrition It is a primary form of sugar used for energy Circulates as free glucose Insulin is sensitive to blood glucose Not as sweet as cane sugar
What are some facts about lactose/where found?
Milk sugar Not as sweet as sucrose Cows milk contains >4.6%-4.8% Lactose intolerance in humans is a lactase deficiency
What does polysaccharide mean?
More than ten sugar units
What does monosaccharide mean?
One sugar unit (simple sugars)
What are the two names of monosaccharides and what do they mean?
Pentoses - 5 carbons such as C5H10O6 Hexoses - 6 carbons such as C6H12O6
What are the two categories for carbohydrates?
Simple and Structural
What are some facts about maltose/where found?
Starchy plants and roots Not as sweet as sucrose
What are examples of disaccharides and what are the made of?
Sucrose (glucose+frustose alpha) Maltose (glucose+glucose alpha) Lactose (glucose+galactose beta) Cellobiose (glucose+glucose beta)
What disaccharides are digested by mammalian enzymes?
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
What does oligiosaccharide mean?
Three to ten sugar units
What does disaccharide mean?
Two sugar units linked (glycosidic bond)
What type of bonds do disaccharides have? What does the alpha rep? the 1-4?
a-1, 4 glycosidic bonds a: tells abt the larger shapes 1-4: which carbons are bonded together
maltose structure
celliboise has the o going up (opposite)
If a carbon group is linear, how do you read it?
count down (from top to bottom)
alpha hydroxyl group direction and how you read the elements?
down, counterclockwise
lactose structure
glucose and galactose
What parts of plants contain carbs?
stem, leaves, roots (storage mechanism: starch)
What are carbs classified as?
sugar units (saccharides)
beta hydroxyl group direction and how you read the elements?
up, clockwise
