Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, which are composed of ___, ___, and _____, contain ___ kcal per gram and are found in plant foods and milk products.

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 4

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that we reduce intake of added sugars to less than __% of total calories. Excess intake of sugars decreases nutrient density and increases the risk of dental caries.

10%

For a 2,000 kcal/day diet, how many grams (g) of carbohydrates are recommended according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range? 225-325 g/day 300-400 g/day 1,000 g/day 281-406 g/day None of these is correct.

225-325 g/day

Which of the following ingredients count(s) as added sugar? -corn syrup -corn sweetener -dextrose -honey -All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

______ sweeteners are regulated and considered "Generally Recognized as Safe" (GRAS) by the FDA.

Alternative

____ fiber is naturally found in intact plant foods; _____ fiber is extracted or synthesized and added to foods during the manufacturing process.

Dietary Functional

___ may also be categorized by its source in food.

Fiber

____ , a highly branched polysaccharide, is the storage form of glucose in humans and other animals.

Glycogen

____ enables cells in the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue to take up glucose from the blood.

Insulin

Which of the following is FALSE regarding glycogen? -It is a highly branched polysaccharide. -It is stored primarily in the liver and muscle. -It is a part of the composition of plant cell walls. -It is broken down to supply fuel for contracting muscles. -It is made of linked glucose sugars.

It is a part of the composition of plant cell walls.

_____ is the primary form of sugar found in milk.

Lactose

____ glycogen can help maintain blood glucose, and muscle glycogen can supply fuel for contracting muscles during intense exercise.

Liver

___________ ____________ of Sciences recommends that carbohydrates make up 45-65% of total daily calorie intake.

The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academy

The ______ sucrose, or "table sugar," is composed of glucose and fructose.

disaccharide

In addition to serving as a primary ___ ___ , carbohydrates are a source of fiber, add sweetness and flavor to food, and reduce the use of protein for energy.

energy source

Carbohydrate digestion is accomplished through the action of specific ____ , which start their work in the mouth and complete it in the small intestine.

enzymes

Insulin also promotes the conversion of excess glucose to _____ in the liver and muscles.

glycogen

Fiber is ___ by humans and has multiple health benefits.

indigestible

Among other benefits in human health, _____ fiber aids digestive health and soluble fiber may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.

insoluble

In addition, as glycogen storage is limited, _____ stimulates the conversion of glucose to fat in the liver and adipose tissue.

insulinindigestible

Diets that emphasize foods with _____ starch (foods that cannot be or are difficult to digest because of their physical structure) may improve insulin sensitivity, satiety, and blood glucose control.

resistant

Carbohydrates can be classified as ____ carbohydrates (sugars) or ______ carbohydrates (starch and fiber).

simple complex

It is often categorized by its _____ in water.

solubility

Plants store glucose as: -maltose. -cellulose. -glycogen. -starch. -chemical energy.

starch.

Dietary and Functional fiber, together, make up ____ fiber.

total

Which of the following is an example of starch? -maltose -pectose -fiber -glucose -amylose

amylose

Which portion of a whole-grain kernel contains the majority of dietary fiber and a significant amount of B vitamins and minerals? -endosperm -kernel -grain -germ -bran

bran

Which of the following foods in the grains category contains the most grams of carbohydrates? -brown rice, ½ cup -whole wheat bread, 1 slice -whole wheat spaghetti, ½ cup -granola cereal (low fat), ½ cup -tortilla, 6 inches in diameter

granola cereal (low fat), ½ cup

Some individuals lack or have diminished levels of ____, the enzyme needed to break down lactose, so when they consume milk products, they experience lactose intolerance with gastrointestinal symptoms.

lactase

Glycogen is stored primarily in the ___ and ____ .

liver and muscles

The term "dietary fiber" is defined as: -a nondigestible carbohydrate that has been added to a food product. -a nondigestible carbohydrate that is present naturally in intact plant foods. -a type of fiber that is readily fermented by bacteria in the colon. -a type of fiber that dissolves in water to form a viscous gel. -the sum of the food's dietary fiber and its functional fiber.

a nondigestible carbohydrate that is present naturally in intact plant foods.

Enriched grains are cereal grains that: -lost nutrients during processing and do not have vitamins and minerals added back in. -gained nutrients during processing. -lost nutrients during processing but have vitamins and minerals added back in. -gained the starchy portion of the grain seed back during refinement. -are void of any minerals because of the milling process.

lost nutrients during processing but have vitamins and minerals added back in.

The ______ glucose is the most abundant sugar circulating in the blood and serves as an essential energy source for the cells of the body.

monosaccharide

Simple carbohydrates include single sugar molecules called _______ (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or two sugar units called _______ (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).

monosaccharide disaccharide

Alternative sweeteners include ______ sweeteners (sugar alcohols) and several ______sweeteners that are calorie-free and hundreds of times sweeter than sucrose.

nutritive nonnutritive

Complex carbohydrates include ______ that function as a stored form of energy (starch) or an indigestible material (fiber), depending on whether humans can break the bonds linking the sugars.

polysaccharides

The recommended daily total fiber intake is __ grams for women and __ grams for men.

25 grams 38 grams

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans advise that Americans should consume at least _____ of their grains as whole grains. 90% 10% 50% 20% 75%

50%