Cardiovascular System Chapter 12

What are some ways to detect and treat heart disease?

1.start out first with a stress test (walking on the treadmill); 2.do a EKG (can show changes in the hearts electrical activity under stress) 3. MRI (for imaging) 4. If symptoms continue you would need an angiogram 5. If a problem is found during the angiogram it is commonly treated with a balloon angioplasty (opens up the blocked artery) Also would need to change lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, smoking cessation, or medications

What are the 2 types of hemorrhagic strokes?

1. intracerebral hemorrhage (vessel ruptures within the brain- *intra means in something) 2. subarachnoid hemorrhage- a blood vessel on the brains surface ruptures and bleeds into the space beween the brain and the skull

What are the 2 types of ischemic strokes?

1. thrombotic stroke- caused by a thrombus (blood clot that forms in an artery) 2. embolic stroke- caused by an embolus (wandering blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream and may become wedged in an artery)

What is the condition called when the heart cannot maintain its regular pumping rate and fluids begin to back up? Parts of your body will swell (mostly legs and ankles) and fluids can back up into your lungs as well?

CHF- congestive heart failure

What is the test that must be performed immediately after being rushed to the hospital with a stroke?

CT scan

The system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

What is the leading cause of death in United States

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

What is the diet called that is recommended in the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans? it is a diet low in fat and high in fuits, vegetable, and low fat dairy products reducing BP?

DASH diet

What are some things you can do to protect yourself against heart disease?

Eat heart healthy exercise regularly avoid tobacco products know and manage your BP and cholesterol levels develop effective ways to handle stress and anger

Tell me the flow of Pulmonary Circulation

Oxygen-poor blood enters through the superior vena cava into the right atrium, to right ventricle up through the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs where it gets oxygenated.

Tell me the flow of the systematic circulation

Oxygenated blood travels into the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, to the left ventricle, up to the Aorta then out through the entire body.

What pumps blood to the left side of the heart

The left side of the heart pumps to the rest of the body called the systematic circulation. ( The path of blood flow through the heart and cardirespitory system)

a technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at the point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply

balloon angioplasty

a healthy BP for a normal adult is what?

below 120 for systolic and below 80 for diastolic FYI: high BP is defined as equal to or greater than 140/90

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels, created by the pumping of the heart and the resistance of the blood vessels

blood pressure

a small blood vessel that serves to exchange oxygen and nutrients between the blood and the tissues

capillary

a technique involving mouth-to-mouth breathing and/or chest compression to keep oxygen flowing to the brain

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

The collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

What are some warning signs of a heart attack?

chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas of the upper body (jaw, arm, neck); shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness

What are the signs of a heart attack?

chest pain or pressure, arm, neck, or jaw pain, difficulty breathing, excessive sweating, nausea and vomiting, and loss of consciousness (some people don't have any symptoms)

What is a symptom of PAD?

claudicaton (aching or pain in the affected leg with exertion which resolves with rest)

the use of computerized x-ray images to create a cross-sectional depiction (scan) of tissue density

computed tomography (CT)

a defect or malformation of the heart or its major blood vessels, present at birth

congenital heart defect

a condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body's metabolic needs; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

congestive heart failure (CHF)

One of the systems of arteries branching from the aorta that provides blood to the heart muscle

coronary artery

What is the most common form of heart disease?

coronary artery disease (which is caused by atherosclerosis)

heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease

coronary heart disease (CHD)

The relaxation phase of the heart

diastole

What are some heart healthy food choices?

eating plants and sterols, folic acid and vitamin b-6 and b-12, calcium, vitamin D, soy protein, health carbs, watching total calories

a test to detect cardiac abnormalities by evaluating the electrical activity in the heart

electrocardiogram (EKG)

a blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream

embolus

damage to or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack

What stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts spilling blood into the surrounding tissue?

hemorrhagic stroke

impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel

hemorrhagic stroke (hint: blood vessel ruptures=hemorrhage)

What is the most common form of congenital heart defects in children?

holes in the wall that divides the chambers of the heart

sustained abnormally high blood pressure

hypertension

What is the most common cause of sudden death among athletes younger than age 35?

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) heart muscle is enlarged

Abnormal enlargement of an organ

hypertrophy

impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing the blood vessel

ischemic stroke

What are the 2 major types of strokes?

ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke

protein and lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and cholesterol; classified according to size, density, and chemical composition

lipoproteins

People with an intermediate to high risk of CVD should take what every day?

low dose aspirin (81mg) *this helps the platelets from sticking to plaques and forming clots

a computerized imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field to create detailed pictures of body structures

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

What is the most common heart valve disorder?

mitral valve prolapse

a condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle in to the left atrium

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

an abnormal heart sound indicating turbulent blood flow through a valve or hole in the heart

murmur

What are some common disabilities from a stroke?

paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, memory loss, or change in behavior

What is it called when you have artherosclerosis in the leg or arm arteries and can eventually limit or completely obstruct blood flow?

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs (or less commonly, the arms) that can impede blood flow and lead to pain, infection, and loss of the affected limb

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

a deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of an artery

plaque

cells in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots

platelets

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart; the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

pulmonary circulation

the accumulation of fluid in the lungs

pulmonary edema

What is the most important factor regarding a stroke?

recognizing symptoms and getting immediate treatment

What is the leading cause of heart failure worldwide?

rheumatic fever

a disease mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints. It often damages the heart valves and muscle, a condition called rheumatic heart disease

rheumatic fever

If a strep throat infection is left untreated what can that lead to in your heart?

rheumatic fever which can permanently damage the heart muscle and heart valves and leads to rheumatic heart disease

impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

stroke

What occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off and brain tissue dies?

stroke or CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease

sudden cardiac death

What are the warning signs of a stroke? (this will probably be some type of test ?)

sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg- especially on one side of the body sudden confusion or trouble speaking sudden trouble seeing or one or both eyes sudden severe headache with no known cause sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart; the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body

systemic circulation

The contraction phase of the heart

systole

a blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of its formation

thrombus

What are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis?

tobacco use, physical inactivity, high blood cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and diabetes

a small stroke, usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficult with speech

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease

triglyceride

Either of two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart

vena cava

either of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body

ventricle

What is the most common arrhythmia causing sudden cardiac death?

ventricular fibrillation (when the ventricle quivers and it is ineffective pumping blood) If this continues more than a few minutes it is fatal- you need a cardiac defibrillator(or AED) to deliver a shock to jolt your heart back into rhythm

What group of individuals is less likely to experience pain or discomfort but might experience some of the more vague symptoms such as shortness or breath or nausea?

women

What group of people are most likely to experience heart attacks without any chest pain?

women, ethnic minorities, older adults, and people with diabetes

pain in the chest, and often in the left arm and shoulder, caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough oxygenated blood. The pain is usually brought on by exercise of stress.

angina pectoris

a picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to x-rays

angiogram

The largest artery in the body that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body

aorta

A change in the heartbeat's normal , regular pattern

arrhythmia (when the electrical conduction system is interrupted)

a form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits; arteries become narrow, and blood supply can be reduced

atherosclerosis

Either of the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles

atrium

What medication is recommended if a person thinks they might be having a heart attack?

1 adult aspirin (325mg)

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart disease; also known as "good" cholesterol

Artery (A for artery)

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Vein

A vessel that carries blood to the heart.

What happens when on of the coronary arteries becomes blocked?

Heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI)

FYI: Atherosclerosis is thickening and hardening of the artery walls; the process begins when the endothelial cells (cells that line the arteries) become damaged. Once these cells build up and cause a bulge in the artery-plaques accumulate in the artery walls and the artery looses its ability to expand or looses its elasticity; once this happens you are at risk for a blockage in your artery. *If the heart or brain, or other organs are deprived of oxygen due to the blockage, this can be deadly. Coronary arteries are particularly susceptible to plaque buildup and it leads to a condition called coronary heart disease (CHD). The blockage of a coronary artery causes a heart attack; the blockage of a cerebral artery (leading to the brain) causes a stroke. (blockage of an artery in the limb causes peripheral arterial disease)

FYI: angina pectoris occurs when the need for oxygen exceeds the supply - usually felt as extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back- can be controlled with drugs and surgical or nonsurgical procedures but its course is unpredictable

FYI: hemorrhages can be caused by head injuries or an aneurysm (a blood filled pocket that bulges out from a weak spot in the artery wall)

FYI: the effects of a stroke vary depending upon how long the interruption of blood flow was to the brain

Which stroke is caused by a blockage in the blood vessel?

Ischemic stroke

What are some risk factors associated with CVD (cardiovascular disease)

Modifiable (can be changed): tobacco use, high BP, poor diet, physical inactivity, and diabetes

What pumps blood to the right side of the heart

Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and is called the pulmonary system.

What is a TIA? and what is important about them?

a TIA (transischemic attack) is a "mini stroke"; produces stroke-like symptoms but is brief and doesn't cause permanent damage; but it should be taken as a warning sign of a stroke and you should get medical attention

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

a lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol, which tends to become deposited on artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease; also known as "bad" cholesterol

What can happen to those who have PAD and continue to use tobacco products?

amputation (PAD is the leading cause of amputation in people over 50)

a sac formed by a distention or dilation of the artery wall

aneurysm