Career Counseling

The assumption that individuals have unique patterns of ability that can be measured and matched with jobs is a key concept of: a. Trait-and-factor theory b. Construct theory c. Developmental theory d. Self-concept theory

a. Trait-and-factor theory

The position that clients create their own way of organizing information and that reality is a matter of perception is the premise of which theory? a. Contextual explanation b. Super's career maturity c. Gottfredson's sex type d. Holland's typology

a. Contextual explanation

What factor contributes greatly toward determining the market force and workplace changes in today's world? a. Globalization and the global economy b. Industrialization c. Research d. Taxation

a. Globalization and the global economy

What impact did World War II have on the career counseling movement? a. Life transitions were addressed, from military to civilian life. b. The first national conference on career counseling took place. c. Ability tests were introduced. d. The Smith-Hughes Act was passed.

a. Life transitions were addressed, from military to civilian life.

A major tenet of Super's theory is that the career pattern one follows through life: a. Results from expression of one's vocational self-concept b. Is an expression of career maturity c. Is primarily influenced by one's vocational orientation d. Represents verification of one's personal modal style

a. Results from expression of one's vocational self-concept

What act was passed in 1994 to help students receive more experiences and coursework relating directly to the work they may enter? a. The School to Work Opportunities Act b. The Federal Work Act c. The School Course Work Act d. The Student Work Experience Act

a. The School to Work Opportunities Act

The trait-and-factor approach of career counseling incorporates: a. an actuarial method of predicting success in an occupation from the client's measured trait characteristics b. a non-actuarial method of predicting success in an occupation from the client's trait characteristics c. the assumption that clients do not have unique traits that can be matched with requirements of occupations d. primarily subjective information

a. an actuarial method of predicting success in an occupation from the client's measured trait characteristics

Current practice places a strong emphasis between _________ and _________. a. career development; mental health b. mental health; client-counselor concerns c. personal development; mental health d. career development; performance

a. career development; mental health

A consensus of procedures in the career counseling models includes: a. information gathering, assessment, diagnosis, intervention strategies, and decision making b. assessment only c. diagnosis and decision making only d. information gathering only

a. information gathering, assessment, diagnosis, intervention strategies, and decision making

Lifelong learning refers to the basic assumption that: a. new knowledge will bridge changes in work and life in the 21st century b. counselors will not need to offer concrete examples of the interrelationships between education and work in an effort to correct faulty thinking c. changes in the workplace do not require ongoing learning d. the learning acquired long ago is sufficient

a. new knowledge will bridge changes in work and life in the 21st century

Donald Super's model highlights: a. success in one role facilitates success in another. b. it is superfluous to consider the interrelationships of all life roles. c. success in one role does not facilitate success in another. d. people are only involved in one life role.

a. success in one role facilitates success in another

The person-environment-correspondence (PEC) theory was initially referred to as: a. the theory of work adjustment (TWA) b. the theory of personality style (TPS) c. the theory of work environment (TWE) d. the theory of human interaction (THI)

a. the theory of work adjustment (TWA)

Parsons's outstanding contribution to the career counseling movement was his: a. Method of measuring aptitudes for immigrants b. Conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career c. Research on career development of children d. Speech at the first national conference on vocational guidance

b. Conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career

Holland's model of personality types incorporates 5 key concepts. Which of the following is the correct answer? a. Consistency, differentiation, identity, self-knowledge, and career choice. b. Consistency, differentiation, identity, congruence, and calculus. c. Differentiation, identity, congruence, calculus, and career choice. d. Consistency, differentiation, socialization, satisfaction, and critical theory.

b. Consistency, differentiation, identity, congruence, and calculus.

Which statement is correct with regard to constructivism? a. Constructivists believe in fixed truth. b. Constructivists support the belief that individuals define themselves as they participate in events and relationships in their environment. c. The psychological approach of constructivism to career development has not been influenced by the philosophical position of postmodern. d. The constructivist's viewpoint of career development relies on logical proofs supported by empirical datea.

b. Constructivists support the belief that individuals define themselves as they participate in events and relationships in their environment.

Integrating career and personal concerns is best described as: a. Personality integration in the 21st century b. Future major challenges for career counseling c. Developmental problems from ecological systems d. Life events in the future society

b. Future major challenges for career counseling

Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) involves which factors? a. Self efficacy, outcome expectations, and other people's views of the client's goals b. Genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills c. Individual needs and the reinforcer system that characterizes the work setting are important aspects of stability and tenure d. Environmental conditions and event experiences only

b. Genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills

On what principle was career counseling founded? a. The role of the group b. Individual differences and strengths c. Individual likenesses d. Group compatibility

b. Individual differences and strengths

Congruence occurs when an individual's personality type matches the environment is part of: a. Life Space, Life Span Approach to Careers b. John Holland's Typology, Social Learning and Cognitive Theories c. Career Development from a Social Cognitive Perspective, Developmental Theories d. Krumboltz's Learning Theory of Counseling

b. John Holland's Typology, Social Learning and Cognitive Theories

In the developmental model, what should clients focus on? a. The restriction of career alternatives b. The development of all life roles for a balanced lifestyle, with an emphasis on an individual's unique needs c. A balanced lifestyle is not a top priority in the developmental model. d. The development of other people's expectations.

b. The development of all life roles for a balanced lifestyle, with an emphasis on an individual's unique needs

The rise of _______ in the 1800s led to a dramatically changed work environment, resulting in the need to address working conditions of urban life. a. deindustrialization b. industrialism c. the reformation d. socialism

b. industrialism

What are the five stages of the developmental model for career counseling? a. establish counseling goals, counseling procedures, counseling process, data integration and narrative interpretation b. intake interview, career development assessment and counseling (CDAC), data integration and narrative interpretation, establish counseling goals, and counseling procedures and process c. intake interview, data integration and narrative interpretation, establish counseling goals, counseling procedures and process, and career advancement d. data integration, narrative development, career development assessment and counseling (CDAC), counseling procedures and process, and final interview

b. intake interview, career development assessment and counseling (CDAC), data integration and narrative interpretation, establish counseling goals, and counseling procedures and process

Super (1990s) suggested that counselors may need to use a variety of helping procedures in their career counseling process and may function as: a. coaches and trainers b. mentors, coaches, and teachers c. teachers and trainers d. therapists and teachers

b. mentors, coaches, and teachers

What factor is crucial in effectively using information to make career decisions? a. using a search engine b. the ability to analyze data c. readiness to collect information d. the ability to gather information

b. the ability to analyze data

Recommendations for the multicultural counseling process include all of the following EXCEPT: a. the counselor-client relationship should be a collaborative one, that is a negotiating and working consensus relationship b. the counselor does not need to fully understand their racial identity c. the counselor should be aware of a variety of worldviews d. the role of the family in the decision-making and counseling process should be emphasized

b. the counselor does not need to fully understand their racial identity

Clients must be prepared to project self into the work world is emphasized in which one of the career counseling models? a. Cognitive Information Processing b. Learning Theory c. Developmental d. Multicultural

c. Developmental

Trait Oriented Theories are embedded in whose vocational paradigm of matching individual traits with requirements of occupations? a. Holland b. Super c. Parsons d. Krumboltz

c. Parsons

Who was responsible for suggesting the six stages as a developmental period of career counseling reflecting vast changes in the work role of many Americans? a. Parsons b. Reardon c. Pope d. Sharf

c. Pope

The National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee had four basic functions. Identify one of them from the following: a. Establish regulations for certifying counselors b. Establish counselor training programs c. Provide labor market information d. Administer interstate trade agreements

c. Provide labor market information

Which of the following is indicative of Stage 1 of career counseling (1890-1919)? a. The growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary schools b. Time of significant growth of guidance needs in colleges and universities and in the training of counselors c. The growth of placement services in urban areas to meet needs of growing d. Organizational career development and the nature of work viewed as pervasive life roles

c. The growth of placement services in urban areas to meet needs of growing industrial organizations

In Gottfredson's Theory of Occupational Aspirations, the process by which an individual narrows their territory when making a decision about space or acceptable alternatives, is referred to as: a. compromise b. cognitive maps of occupations c. circumscription d. images of occupations

c. circumscription

An effective counselor maintains that: a. a client fits into a stereotypical role b. society is culturally homogeneous c. each client is a unique individual d. it is not necessary to consider the background of a client

c. each client is a unique individual

In 1976, the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) was established by an act of Congress to do which of the following:? a. Develop occupational information systems for each state and assist in the organization of state committees b. Assist all users of occupational information to share information and to provide labor information for the needs of youth c. Only to assist all users of occupational information to share information d. A and B

d. A and B

Select the reasons why information processing skills are emphasized in the Trait-and-Factor and Person-Environment-Fit model as well as in the Cognitive Information Processing Model. a. Client problems could include affective concerns, self-knowledge deficits, emotional instability, dysfunctional thinking, depression, and other psychological disorders b. Unrealistic and faulty beliefs could make it difficult for clients to develop accurate perceptions of work environments and realistic appraisals of self and occupational requirements. c. Client and counselor are to uncover career and personal problems that could limit one's ability to process information. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The Happenstance Approach emphasizes making the most out of unplanned events and creating chance. Describe how you might encourage this. a. Encourage clients to pay attention to chance events, relationships, etc. b. Help clients learn to respond to unplanned events in an open and positive manner c. Encourage clients to become active and involved as a way to increase the possibility of chance events d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

What was the name of the major work written by Parsons (published posthumously in 1909)? a. Three Conceptual Formulations b. The Conceptual Framework for Helping a Person Choose a Career c. Choosing a Career d. Choosing a Vocation

d. Choosing a Vocation

What are the characteristics of someone that is indecisive about a career? a. One may have the ability to pursue multiple careers and is unable to decide. b. May need assistance in confirming a career decision and has made the decision with little decision and has avoided any anxiety experienced with indecision in the career choice process. c. A career decision has not been made, may or may not see situation as a problem, may be immature, uninformed, lack self knowledge and occupational information. d. Constantly changing career choice, or not making a choice, irrational beliefs, lack self confidence, have low self esteem.

d. Constantly changing career choice, or not making a choice, irrational beliefs, lack self confidence, have low self esteem.

Data integration is emphasized as a method of using assessment results in which model? a. Multicultural Career Counseling b. Cognitive Information Processing c. A Learning Theory of Career Counseling d. Developmental

d. Developmental

Occupational aspirations is the main theme of which theorist? a. Krumboltz b. Holland c. Super d. Gottfredson

d. Gottfredson

PEC Theory emphasizes that: a. Job satisfaction is completely related to family compatibility. b. Job satisfaction is primarily the responsibility of the manager. c. Job satisfaction is completed determined by wages. d. Job satisfaction is related to work reinforcers.

d. Job satisfaction is related to work reinforcers.

The career development social learning theory that includes genetic endowments, special abilities, environmental conditions, and events is by the following author: a. Pope b. Holland c. Super d. Krumboltz

d. Krumboltz

From a social cognitive perspective, which key three theoretical constructs are considered to be building blocks determining the course of career development and its outcome? a. Personal goals, self-efficacy, and interest development b. Outcome expectations, personal goals, and fixed traits c. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and other people's views of the client's goals d. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals

d. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals

What is the most popular theory in practical application? a. Developmental model b. Cognitive information-processing model c. Learning theory model d. Trait-and-factor model

d. Trait-and-factor model

How is indecision viewed according to the learning theory of career counseling? a. viewed as a negative diagnosis b. indecision is normal c. indecision is not expected d. an existing condition of a client who is open to learning and exploration

d. an existing condition of a client who is open to learning and exploration

In the Decision Skills Domain, the five stages referred to as the CASVE cycle include: a. communication, aptitude, synthesis, values, and executive b. cognitive, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution c. cognitive, application, synthesis, values, and experience d. communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution

d. communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution

In order to understand how clients arrive at decisions, counselors view _______ as driving forces underlying an individual's motivation toward certain activities and as a function of a fundamental sense of self. a. thought processes b. core systems c. primary influences d. core goals

d. core goals

The global economy, or globalization, is the driving force of: a. restructuring wealth b. economic freedom c. economic stability d. economic restructuring

d. economic restructuring

Which of the following is less relevant to career choice at the present time? a. global economy b. job loss due to recession c. outsourcing d. job stability and the knowledge that one will stay with the same job "forever"

d. job stability and the knowledge that one will stay with the same job "forever"

What did John Holland (1992) stress as being important in the search for vocational satisfaction and stability? a. diverse careers b. skilled trades c. Satisfaction Theory d. the importance of self knowledge

d. the importance of self knowledge

What does Zunker (2008) present as the next challenge in the role of career counseling? a. career and travel b. the global economy c. the combination of values and lifestyle preferences d. the need to integrate career and personal concerns in the practice of career development

d. the need to integrate career and personal concerns in the practice of career development