CARLA #17

liver

Glycogen from ________ is required for the maintenance of blood glucose. A. skeletal muscle B. pancreas C. liver D. skin E. both skeletal muscle and liver

triglycerides : adipose tissue

Most energy stores for the body are in the form of ________ and stored in ________. A. triglycerides : adipose tissue B. triglycerides : liver C. glycogen : adipose tissue D. glycogen : liver E. glycogen : skeletal muscle

osteocyte

A(n) ________ is surrounded by calcified bone and secretes matrix to support bone. A. osteoblast B. osteoclast C. chondrocytes D. osteoid E. osteocyte

increase in growth hormone in adults

Acromegaly is associated with a(n) ________. A. increase in growth hormone in adults B. decrease in growth hormone in children C. decrease in cortisol D. increase in epinephrine E. decrease in thyroid hormones

decrease in cortisol

Addison's disease is associated with a(n) ________. A. increase in growth hormone in adults B. decrease in growth hormone in children C. decrease in cortisol D. increase in epinephrine E. decrease in thyroid hormones

beta : anabolism

Insulin is secreted by the ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________. A. alpha : anabolism B. beta : anabolism C. delta : anabolism D. alpha : catabolism E. beta : catabolism

glucocorticoids

Cortisol belongs to a general class of hormones called ________. A. mineralocorticoids B. glucocorticoids C. growth factors D. androgens E. metabotropins

converting fatty acids to ketone bodies

Several hours into the postabsorptive period, the liver ensures an adequate supply of energy substrate to the brain by ________. A. releasing proteins B. releasing amino acids C. releasing fatty acids D. converting fatty acids to ketone bodies E. releasing lipoproteins

brain

The ________ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals. A. skeletal muscles B. brain C. heart D. liver E. kidneys

can only be used by that skeletal muscle cell

The glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle cells ________. A. is released into the blood to maintain blood glucose B. can only be used by that skeletal muscle cell C. is more hygroscopic that liver glycogen D. can be used by any skeletal muscle cell E. is rarely used for energy

glucagon

The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from absorptive to postabsorptive state are largely triggered by increases in ________ concentration. A. insulin B. glucagon C. thyroid hormone D. epinephrine E. cortisol

insulin

The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from postabsorptive to absorptive state are largely triggered by increases in ________ concentration. A. insulin B. glucagon C. thyroid hormone D. epinephrine E. cortisol

maintenance of blood glucose in a low-glucose meal

The release of glucagon during the absorptive state by certain amino acids in a high-protein meal would facilitate the ________. A. synthesis of triglycerides B. synthesis of proteins C. uptake of amino acids D. maintenance of blood glucose in a low-glucose meal E. all of these

osteoblasts

The remodeling of bone requires ________ in order to deposit bone. A. osteoblasts B. osteoclasts C. chondrocytes D. osteoids E. osteocytes

cortisol

What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response (or general adaptation syndrome)? A. growth hormone B. insulin C. glucagon D. thyroid hormone E. cortisol

liver

What organ secretes insulin-like growth factors into the bloodstream? A. pancreas B. liver C. heart D. adipose tissue E. skeletal muscle

ammonia : urea

When amino acids are used for energy, they must be deaminated. In the process, ________ is produced, and eventually eliminated from the body in the form of ________. A. nitrogen : nitrous oxide and water B. nitrogen : bilirubin C. carbonic acid : carbon dioxide and water D. ammonia : urea E. ammonia : nitrous oxide

skeletal muscle

Which cell type stores the majority of the body's glycogen? A. adipocyte B. nervous tissue C. skeletal muscle D. liver E. kidney

liver

Which tissue/organ packages triglycerides into very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)? A. adipose tissue B. liver C. skeletal muscle D. pancreas E. intestinal tract

both input exceeds output and is stored in macromolecules

While a person is in the absorptive state, energy ________. A. input exceeds output B. is released from its stores C. is stored in macromolecules D. both input exceeds output and is released from its stores E. both input exceeds output and is stored in macromolecules

be converted into fatty acids

Any excess glucose in the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen will ____________. A. be converted into fatty acids B. be converted into amino acids C. be immediately released back into the bloodstream D. accumulate within the cell until released E. be attached to very-low-density lipoprotein in its native form

decrease in insulin

Diabetes mellitus can be caused by a(n) ________. A. increase in insulin B. decrease in insulin C. increase in cortisol D. decrease in cortisol E. increase in growth hormone

glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream

During the absorptive state, the primary energy source for most of the body cells is ________. A. glucose supplied from glycogen B. glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream C. fatty acids from triglycerides D. fatty acids recently absorbed into the bloodstream E. amino acids from proteins

blood levels of insulin decrease, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase

During the postabsorptive state, ________. A. blood levels of insulin and glucagon both increase B. blood levels of insulin and glucagon both decrease C. blood levels of insulin increase, whereas blood levels of glucagon decrease D. blood levels of insulin decrease, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase E. blood levels of glucagon increase, whereas insulin levels do not change

alpha : catabolism

Glucagon is secreted from ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________. A. alpha : anabolism B. beta : anabolism C. delta : anabolism D. alpha : catabolism E. beta : catabolism

stimulation of cells to utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose

Glucose sparing refers to ________. A. stimulation of gluconeogenesis to conserve glycogen stores B. stimulation of glycogenesis to increase glycogen stores C. stimulation of glycogenolysis to mobilize glycogen stores D. stimulation of cells to utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose E. stimulation of cells to utilize glucose for energy instead of fatty acids

in a state of negative energy balance

In order to lose weight, a person must be ________. A. in a state of positive energy balance B. in a state of negative energy balance C. consume more calories than are expended D. produce more heat to increase energy consumption E. less active

consume more energy than it expends

In order to maintain a positive energy balance, the body must ________. A. limit caloric intake B. expend more energy than it consumes C. consume more energy than it expends D. reduce the amount of heat produced by the body E. increase activity

lipids

In the postabsorptive state, most cells use ________ for energy. A. cellulose B. glycogen C. glucose D. lipids E. amino acids

increase in secretion of thyroid hormones

Increases in cAMP in thyroid follicular cells causes a(n) ________. A. increase in secretion of thyroid hormones B. decrease in secretion of thyroid hormones C. increase in secretion of calcitonin D. decrease in secretion of calcitonin E. increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone

glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins

Which of the following best illustrates the form in which carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, respectively, are transported in the bloodstream? A. glycogen, amino acids, and triglycerides B. glycogen, tripeptides, and fatty acids C. glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins D. glucose, dipeptides, and fatty acids E. disaccharides, amino acids, and lipoproteins

increased plasma glucose

Which of the following does NOT enhance the release of growth hormone? A. stress B. exercise C. sleep D. increased plasma amino acids E. increased plasma glucose

all of these

Which of the following hormones increase blood glucose levels? A. glucagon B. epinephrine C. growth hormone D. both glucagon and epinephrine E. all of these

both increases in glucagon and increases in epinephrine

Which of the following increases blood glucose levels? A. increases in insulin B. increases in glucagon C. increases in epinephrine D. both increases in insulin and increases in epinephrine E. both increases in glucagon and increases in epinephrine

hypoglycemia

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome? A. deposition of fat in the abdomen B. bruise easily C. protein depletion (wasting) D. hypoglycemia E. deposition of fat in the face

synthesis of fatty acids in skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin? A. synthesis of fatty acids in liver B. synthesis of glycogen in skeletal muscle C. synthesis of glycogen in the liver D. synthesis of proteins in most cells E. synthesis of fatty acids in skeletal muscle

all of these

Which of the following is true of the absorptive state (compared to the postabsorptive state)? A. Insulin levels are high. B. Most body cells utilize glucose for energy. C. Glycogenesis is increased. D. both Insulin levels are high and Glycogenesis is increased. E. all of these

Ketones are produced during fatty acid metabolism.

Which of the following statements about the liver is true? A. Gluconeogenesis occurs during the absorptive state. B. Most of the glycogen stores of the body are found here. C. Ketones are produced during fatty acid metabolism. D. both Gluconeogenesis occurs during the absorptive state and Ketones are produced during fatty acid metabolism. E. all of these

Fat

_______ is the most dense form of energy storage (i.e., contains the most calories per gram). A. Fat B. Protein C. Glycogen D. Starch E. Cellulose

Proteins

________ provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue. A. Ketones B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D. Fats E. Nucleic acid