Case

List and briefly explain factors that impact disease emergence and reemergence

-animals in close quarters -farming near jungles/rain forests: animals have not been exposed to these areas before -more people=need more protein -urban areas increase disease and outbreaks -traveling of animals and people -environmental degradation -climate change

Explain some of the risk factors associated with a horse developing EHM

-horse can have vasculitis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and ischemic injury to nervous tissue -urinary incontinence, fecal retention, hind limb ataxia, and tail paresis -death due to age, environment, breed, host immunity, increased virulence, changes in husbandry, horse movement

List the portals of entry by which foreign animal diseases can enter the U.S., and describe ways to reduce the risk from each portal of entry

-import -pets -wild animals -fomites -vectors -people

List the requirements for becoming an accredited veterinarian

-initial accreditation training: federal animal health laws, animal disease diagnosis control and eradication etc. (80% or higher) -orientation: federal animal health laws, interstate movement, import and export requirements, USDA animal disease eradication, lab support, ethics, foreign animal disease awareness, animal health emergency etc

Explain why vector-borne diseases can be particularly difficult to control

-reservoir hosts can be asymptomatic for infection -harder to control if many different hosts -some can hang out in the environment no problem

Describe the general types of situations where the Incident Command System (ICS) might be used, and list the basic organizational structure of the ICS, indicate which section most veterinarians would work in and some of the tasks associated with responses by veterinarians

-routine or planned events, fires, search and rescue missions, biological pest eradication programs, biological outbreaks and disease, terrorism -structure: incident command, operations, planning, logistics, finance -vet: operations-appraisal, security and disease, surveillance, vaccination, vector control, disposal, diagnosis and inspection, disposal, regulatory enforcement, cleaning and disinfection

Explain why EHM is considered an emerging disease.

-the occurrence of a more virulent strain of EHV-1 than previously seen in the US -increased recognition of outbreaks of disease at equine events with associated high case fatality rates

Describe the difference between a category 1 and a category 2 accredited veterinarian

1) all animals except food, fiber ,horses, birds, farm aquatic animals, livestock, adn zoo 2) all animal species

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response cattle #

10.6 million in Uruguay 1.6 in UK

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response cost to control

5 billion for UK and a loss of 5 billion in trade 243.6 million lost in Uruguay

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response # of animals killed

6 million in UK 6,900 in Uruguay

phenology

A branch of science dealing with the relations between climate and periodic biologic phenomena [such] as bird migration or plant flowering.

reemerging disease

A disease that was once present and eradicated for a period of time and is present again.

emerging

A disease whose incidence has recently increased in an area, and that has the potential for significant health impacts in animals or humans.

exotic animal disease

A term that is synonymous with foreign animal disease. It describes a disease that is not currently found in the country but found in other places in the world.

Give an example of a disease that is communicable but not contagious, and describe how the control of such a disease would differ from the control of a highly contagious disease

African horse sickness biting midges -contagious: animals have to be quaruntined -this case prevent transmission from arthropod

List the benefits of being an accredited veterinarian

Enhanced professional knowledge base; Up-to-date information on animal health, food safety, and regulatory issues; Continued acceptance of official work performed by AVs in international markets; Ability to choose level of accreditation program participation and tailor accredited activity to practice type; Ability to receive supplemental education without traveling; and Increased marketability of services to clients through specialization.

zoonotic disease

Infectious disease that is transmitted between animals and people.

The difference between the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System (ICS) is that

NIMs is a nationwide template for responding to all incidents for emergencies. NIMs coordinates the response that is occuring locally, statewide and nationwide. ICS is management system within NIMS that is used to manage the day to day response

Compare and contrast NAHERC, VMAT, NVRT, SART and non-profit organizations

NVRT (National Disaster Medical System) intermittent federal employees too for a disaster, work in the ICS too VMAT (Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams)-non governemental, but does respond to emergencies and provides prepardness programs, no salary but housing is covered SART (State Animal Response Teams)-state based

Describe the veterinarian's responsibility to human health as stated in the veterinarian's oath and list ways in which a veterinarian can fulfill that responsibility

Protection of animal health and welfare, Relief of animal suffering, Conservation of livestock resources and the environment, Protection of public health, and Advancement of medical knowledge

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response length of outbreak

Uruguay 9 years? UK 5 years?

Explain what National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps (NAHERC) is and what type of training is required to become a NAHERC member and to participate in a response

VMO-restricted vets perform p/e necropsies collect labs vaccinate animals euthanize etc -temporary federal employees 21-30 day tours -learn emergency response procedures

contagious disease

a disease that is transmissible from one human or animal to another via direct or airborn means

African Swine Fever is an example of

a foreign animal diseease that can be introduced in infected pork products

reservoir host

an animal or group of animals continuously contains the disease agent and can spread it to other groups

The National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps (NAHERC) is:

an organization consisting of private and state vets and techs who have voluneteered to become temporary federal employees during an animal emergency. NAHERC members are not obligated to serve during an emergency but if they do serve their travel expenses are paid and they receive a salary

veterinarians have an important societal role in balancing the need for

animal production and animal welfare conservation of the environment

The most effective means of preventing EHM in horses is:

biosecurity

Comparing the FMD outbreaks in the UK (2001) and Uruguay (2001), which one statement is true?

both countries were free of FMD before the outbreak

In the United States, animals infested with screwworm larvae:

can be treated to cure the infestation while under quarantine

The Incident Command System

can be used for routine or planned events as well as emergencies is an organizational framework that establishes job responsibilities and facilities a smoothly working response can be scaled to very large or very small responses has proven to be cost effective and efficient

mechanical vector

carries pathogen without alteration in vector

communicable disease

cause by an agent capable of transmission by direct or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, or plant, or from a contaminated inanimate reservoir such as soil

The United States response to the 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak did not include:

closing the borders to all agricultural imports from the European union

Explain the response to a screwworm infestation in the U.S.

contact USDA APHIS and foreign animal disease diagnostician to submit samples from the horses treat them quarantine

The primary route of transmission of EHV-1 is:

direct contact

infectious disease

disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in or on a host

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence and reemergence of diseases in people?

enhance biosecurity practices

Describe the goal of the One Health initiative

enhance cooperation and collaboration between physicians, vets, and other health professionals

Depopulation is always the best and fastest approach to become FMD free.

false

Only VMAT responders are paid for working at an outbreak/response; the others(NAHERC, SART, Non-profits) are unpaid volunteers

false

Subclinical foot and mouth infections in horses contributed to disease control problems in Uruguay.

false

The PETS (Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards) Act is an old and outdated Act that needs to be updated to provide better planning and care for pets and service animals during a disaster

false

based on population projections current food production will be able to provide food for the world population

false

Less than 50%Â of new emerging human infectious diseases have been vector-borne or zoonotic.

false- 75%

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response sheep and pig #

fewer than UK

Classical swine fever (hog cholera) can be spread between pigs on a contaminated bucket. This is an example of:

fomites

bioterrorism can occur by

fomites vectors infected animals

Explain the transmission of FMD virus and how it can be introduced in to countries that are free of FMD.

fomites and inapparently infected animals

A wild bird can be a portal of entry for:

foreign animal diseases of poultry and mammals

Describe the FMD vaccination program used in Uruguay

free of charge to farmers 11 million cattle vaccinated serologic tests at the end of program sheep and pigs unvaccinated

The 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom probably originated:

from improperly heat treated pig swill

horizontal transission

from infected animal to naive animal direct or indriect ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma FMD

West Nile virus causes a vector-borne zoonotic disease that emerged in the United States in 1999. Select the factor(s) that are most likely to have contributed to its emergence

globalization, travel and trade

A foreign animal disease could enter the United States on/in

ham sandwhich travelers clotehs infected human traveler

Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE) is an example of a foreign animal disease that:

has been introduced to some countries by impporting infected animals cannot become established in an area unless a suitable vector exists

List activities of an accredited veterinarian

health certificates for animal travel between states and countries diagnostic tests and vaccines

How would you interpret the diagnostic test results of positive for EHV-1 on nasal swab and negative for EHV-1 from blood sample?

horse is shedding the virus

The 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom did not have a significant impact on:

humans becoming infected

Describe Nipah virus infection, clinical signs, transmission, and species affected

humans, pigs, fruit bats, dogs, goats, sheep, cats, horses respiratory and neurologic syndrome in pigs direct contact spread (excretions, secretions)

fomite

inanimate objects that can carry infectious agents from one animal to another

The organization of the Incident Command System (ICS) system is based on five major management functions which are:

incident, command, planning, operations, logistics, and finance

Describe best practices for prevention of EHV-1/EHM

increased biosecurity, vaccination records and health papers of incoming horses, record temperatures twice daily

What feature(s) qualify it as an emerging disease?

increasing incidence and severity

Define the various routes of infectious disease transmission and explain, with examples, how an agent's route of transmission affects its introduction into a new area

insect, fomite, infected host animal vertical transmission- form parent to offspring (Toxoplasma, swine fever) transplacental

Current screwworm control in the United States is mainly:

inspection of imported animals and detection by practicioners

infestation

invasion but not multiplication of an organism in or on a host

Training for the National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps (NAHERC) member.

is based on previous experience, self study of emergency responses, and just in time training upon arrival for a response

if a parasite of cattle requires an intermediate host

is not transmitted directly from bovine to bovine

which of the following is false about the OIE

it maintains a list of the most important human diseases and distributes information about the presence of absence of these diseases in each country

Screwworm is caused by:

larvae of cochliomyia hominivorax

Describe how EHV-1 is transmitted and the clinical manifestations EHV-1 infections

nasal secretions, aerosols, direct contact, respiratory secretions on fomites -respiratory , reproductive, and or neurologic dysfunction in horses -EHM=paralysis

Generally describe the National Incident Management System and the Incident Command System

national-manage incidents, respond to emergencies incident command- meet needs of incidents of any kind,

Most veterinarians work in the following aspect of the Incident Command System (ICS)

operations section

Describe the characteristics of the disease caused by foot and mouth disease including clinical signs and species affected.

oral and foot vesicles and erosions, fever, lameness

Explain what a screwworm is, what species it infests and the types of wounds susceptible to screwworm infestation.

parasitic flies whose larvae feed on the flesh of living animals open wounds of warm blooded animals including humans MM tick/ vampire bat/ castration/ dehorning/ branding/ shearing/ sore mouth wounds and newborn navels

Explain the challenges of an FMD response and the consequences of the stamping out method of response.

people can harbor the virus in their nasal passages had to prevent animals from moving around too much- people got upset because of a welfare issue culling animals- UK was able to regain its FMD free status without vaccination

Explain why Uruguay decided to use a vaccination response plan instead of a stamping out plan

people were getting upset about the stamping out of animals

If given nasal swab and blood sample results from a horse being tested for EHV-1, provide a basic interpretation of the results.

positive blood test suggests horse is viremic, actively infected, and at risk of developing neurologic disease -positive nasal swab test indicates the horse is shedding the virus but does not necessarily indicate EHM

Screwworm infestations not detected during animal importation are usually found by:

private practitioners who recognize unusual larvae in a wound

Upon activation, a National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps (NAHERC) member

reports to the command center for incident specific instruction and safety training

Define the PETS Act and explain how it impacted disaster or animal health emergency response

requires disaster preparedness planning to address pets and service animals

The 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak:

resulted in the killing of healthy animals on some uninfected farms for welfare reasons

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response country size

same

Which of the following statements is/are true?

screwworms can infest most wounds even small ones

The defining characteristic of reservoir hosts is that they

serve as a habitat in which the pathogen can survive

Describe how screwworms are controlled in the U.S

sterile males

biological vector

support replication of pathogen

In the 2001 outbreak of FMD in Uruguay:

the vaccination campaign greatly reduced the number of animals required to be slaughtered to control the outbreak

what is the goal of the one health initiative

this initiative enhances cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals

List the main functions of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

tracks disease in animals worldwide inform governments of the occurrence and course of epizootics that could endanger animal or human health publishes codes for exporting and importing animals guaranties sanitary transfer evaluations of veterinary gov systems welfare of animals during transport

During a response, volunteers that are not part of a response team are strongly discouraged from showing up to help as they tend to become part of the problem not the solution.

true

increasing human population is a cause of disease emergence and reemergence

true

Compare and contrast the FMD Uruguay outbreak/response to the UK outbreak/response response method

vaccination instead of stamping out

Lambs born to sheep with contagious agalactia can be infected through the colostrum. This is an example of:

vertical

The characteristic sign of foot and mouth disease is:

vesicles and erosions

which is true of the vet oath

veterinarians have responsibility for promoting public health

Respiratory disease is the most common clinical sign of EHV-1 infection. However, the most serious clinical manifestations of EHV-1 are abortions and neurologic signs (equine herpes myeloencephalopathy). What is the main prerequisite leading to these clinical manifestations of the disease?

viremia

mechanisms for the introduction of foreign animal diseases include

wildlife movemet humans importation of animals and animal products