Case Studies for Option G: Urban Environments

5 management strategies for Chicago's urban heat island

- $7 billion project to reinvent Chicago, renovating infrastructure throughout city - 20,000 square feet green roof on top of city hall. Reduce temperature at city hall roof by 80-degree F. Reduces city hall's AC costs by $3000 as it cools surrounding air by absorbing heat - Created in 2004, Millennial Park is largest greenspace in the world (24 acres). Reduces storm rain off - Chicago mandated that all new buildings requiring public funds, must be LEED (a form of energy efficiency approval) certified - Lanes are coded with a micro thin concrete to reflect more light

3 reasons why Tokyo has a low ecological footprint

- 1.7 hectares of land is needed per capita for basic living - Tokyo's population of 35 million needs 45 million hectares of land - Tokyo must be compact and favors vertical development

3 facts regarding eviction in Rio de Janerio

- 100s of poor informal settlements are in Barra, evicted with eminent domain. Moved to public housing far away. Many fights - Vila Autódromo, community of 600 families in sight of Olympic park being built. No drugs, no crime, good community spirit. Evicted. Only 20 families allowed to stay by mayor, were built nicer homes - 77,200 people have been removed from Rio since Olympics

3 causes regarding urban heat island in Chicago

- 19000 miles of pathways that are mostly black - Most non-new buildings have black roofs e.g. old city hall roof which are 80-degree F warmer than city hall's green roof - Very few black curb roads have catch basins with plants.

5 impacts regard urban heat island in Chicago

- 19000 miles of pathways that are mostly black - Most non-new buildings have black roofs e.g. old city hall roof which are 80-degree F warmer than city hall's green roof - Very few black curb roads have catch basins with plants.

4 economic pros of Mumbai megacity growth

- 25% of India's industrial output - 6% of India's GDP - 40% foreign trade - TNCs like Tata Group are located here

3 push factors for rural-urban migration in India

- 25% of Indians live in big towns - ¾ of Indians earn less than $2 a day (live below poverty line) - 2/3 villages in India have no electricity

3 political cons of Dharavi megacity growth

- 25% workers sleep in factory in unsanitary conditions - Ragpickers don't wear gloves, is bare foot, sometimes underage - Illegal, squatter industries and settlements

4 negative social impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit

- 29% of the schools closed down in 2009 alone - Debt of $300 million; cut many public services, transport and street lighting - Dropout rate of 68% is the highest in the country - In 2011, the illiteracy rate was 47%

4 trends regarding traffic congestion in Mexico City

- 39% of households in Mexico City owned a car in 2000. 10 years, later 46.5% of households had cars - TomTom Traffic Index has increased by 7% over the last year - Mexico City No.1 for traffic congestion for the last 2 years - City's vehicle owernship grows at 4.2% annually

2 causes of greenspace depletion in Mumbai

- 40 minute drive to nearest park in Mumbai from city center; 10 min queue for swing - Mumbai's urban population growing at 5% annually, compared to national average of 3.68%

2 causes of air pollution in Mexico City

- According to TomTomTraffic Index 2017, Mexico City is rated as No.1 in the world for traffic congestion. Standing traffic increases air pollution through greater exhaust emissions - Few people own new cars in Mexico city. Old cars are less fuel-efficient. People normally use cheaper low quality petrol sources

4 facts regarding to change in water and sanitation infrastracture in Mumbai

- After the 2005 Mithi river flood, the Mithi River Project was set up to try and prevent and serious flooding - River channel was dredged to make it deeper and improve the capacity to hold more water - River channel widened and obstacles removed - More public toilets have been built to reduce the amount of raw sewage dumped in river

3 facts regarding commercial activity in Houston

- Agglomeration of oil TNCs in CBD e.g. Chevron. Chevron is located in CBD as it benefits from agglomeration. Accessible as it's near I10/59. I10 is biggest freeway in the world and has ten lanes. Prestige of being in downtown Houston. - Also present in Energy Corridor which is a secondary peak e.g. BP - BP located in West Houston as it's where wealthy residential population e.g. Memorial/LOEN

2 facts regarding informal activity in Houston, excluding human trafficking

- All over residential access points - Gardening and babysitting

3 physical causes of air pollution in Mexico City

- Altitude of 2400m. Situated on an old lake bed, surrounded on all sides by mountains which trap polluted air over the city. In winter, temperature inversion occurs - strong sunlight: at higher altitudes, UV light catalyses air chemicals to produce ozone - reducted oxygen at higher alittudes: incomplete combustion of hydrocatbons occurs. Forms soot particles.

4 contextual details of BedZED ecocity

- BedZED means Beddington Zero Energy Development - Sustainable community set up in Hackbridge, London - BedZED is an eco community, consisting of 82 homes built on reclaimed land in Wallington, Surrey and was completed in 2002. - BedZED claims to be UK's largest sustainable community

3 causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit

- Between 1900-1950, Detroit prospered with GM, Ford and Chrysler manufacturing cars for USA market. Manufacturing has either been automated or outsourced to LICs - Monoindustrial, only motor car in 1940s. - Some economies were not bailed out by the government

5 impacts regarding slum clearances in Rio de Janerio

- Bus routes from north to south zone destroyed to avoid tourists from seeing poverty, e.g. a line from Ramos, in the north zone (poor zone) to Come velho, a church located in the south rich zone. 11 bus routes cancelled - People in North Zone can't go to beaches of Ipanema or Copacabana - $10 billion of public dollars helped rich people's interests instead of helping poverty. - Political reputation reduced anyway as Vox has highlighted highway walls on youtube with 6 million views - Homogenisation has occurred, losing local community spirit of evicted communities (300 burger king restaurants have opened)

5 management strategies implemented by BedZED ecocity

- By using triple glazing and more thicker than average walls, hot water use is reduced by 81%. - By using low-energy lighting and appliances, electricity consumption reduced by 45% - BedZED buildings uses wind cowls on roofs to recover heat from coming out. - People separate their waste in their kitchens to make recycling. 60% of waste is recycled, 3 times the UK average. - Built on a brownfield site in lieu of a greenfield site

2 impacts of greenspace depletion in Houston

- Catalysed Hurricane Harvey due to lack of flood embankments - $5 billion property damage due to Tropical Storm Alison in 2001

3 regarding Chinese Mobike management strategy for air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- Chinese Mobike, A bike sharing company attracted by million of potential clients in Mexico City - 100s of complaints of bike shortages due to theft - Subscriptions have increased by 70% per week

5 management strategies regarding building materials for Masdar

- Concrete used in building is recycled metal waste, only metal that could function with saline sand - Has a Management of Recycling Centre (MRC) which recycles 95% of building materials - Uses wood waste to create mulch. Mulch also sold to outside golf clubs. - Uses 100% recycled steel whilst world average is 40%. - 96% of produced waste was recycled or sold

2 impacts of american donut effect in Detroit

- Deindustrialization occurs in center of the city - 10,000 people are leaving Inner Detroit every year

4 negative demographic consequences of deindustrialisation in Detroit

- Detroit was 4th largest city in the USA. Now 18th largest city. Population shrunk from 2 million to 800,000 - Many white people abandoned the city during the "white flight" between 1950s - 1970s. Now 81.6% of Detroit's population is now 81.6% Afro-American. - 20% loss of population in the white flight between 1950s-1970s - CBD skyscrapers have been abandoned for 30 years.

3 facts regarding patterns of informal activity.

- Dharavi has an 86% employment rate. However, much of the employment is within the informal sector. - Dharavi looks disorganised but is made up of several distinct zones e.g. there is the pottery district called Kumba Wada and the recyling district called Compound 13 - Ragpickers work in very dangerous conditions

3 trends regarding urban heat islands

- Difference between Phoenix and neighboring town is 11 degrees - Difference between CBD and rural in modern Chicago is 5 degrees compared to 2.5C in 1970 - Chicago's annual average temperature has warmed by >2F since 1945

Excluding Hoy No Circula, 4 management strategies for air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- EcoBici, a bike-sharing firm launched by Mexico City's government, has 6,500 bicycles and 260,000 users - Mexico government has implemented new emission standards for engines; applauded as the single most critical policy to reduce black carbon emissions - Soot-free buses started operating this year on Mexico City's historic Reforma Avenue. - Mexican VBike has 2,000 bicycles

3 management strategies regarding energy in Masdar

- Every roof tile of university is covered in solar panels, only provided a 1/3 of needed energy - For other 2/3s, built 88000 solar panel fields in a 20 hectare field on city outskirts. Produce 10MW of electricity - has the world's most sunny days, 7 hours of quality sunlight, twice as much as Europe. Good for solar panels.

3 social causes of traffic congestion in Mexico City

- Expensive city prices means most people can only afford to leave in suburbs. their places of work. • Quality of public transit: Mexico City has a poor and neglected public transit network, making car travel a preferred alternative. - Incidents of sexual assault are staggeringly high on subway lines

4 social pros of Dharavi megacity growth

- Girls can walk around safely alone. - No crime at all. - Religious festivals held communally - 3 generations socializing together

3 solutions for greenspace depletion in Houston

- Houston has installed Discovery Green in CBD. - Beth White, CEO Parks Board, will implement Bayou Greenway 2020, a project that will create a 150-mile network of parks and off-street trails. - 60% of the population will be within 1.5 miles of a park

2 causes of greenspace depletion in Houston

- Houston's council spends a paltry $40 per resident for greenspaces compared to New York's council who spends $160 - only 5% of Houston's population live within 1.5 miles from a park

4 negatives regarding large scale redevelopment plans in Dharavi

- However, Dharavi has 1 million people, difficult to move - Dharavi generates $650 million annually through the informal economy. Major center of informal economy in India - Informal economy accounts for 90% of employment in India - Plans would destroy Dharavi's community spirit, local markets, low crime

3 causes regarding suburbanisation

- In 1930, in National Driver Users conference, GM and AAA lobbied taxpayers for money to build National Highway System. 90% of funding came from federal government - Residential communities in city center destroyed to create highways - Not all socioeconomic and ethnic groups have the political power to protest successfully

List 4 facts regarding urban growth in india over time

- In 1960, less than 20% of India was urban - In 1990, 26% of India was urban - In 2010, 30% of India was urban - In 2050, 54% of India was urban

3 facts regarding Hoy No Circula mangement strategy for air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- In 1989, 'Hoy No Circula' aka 'No-Drive Days' were launched. Prohibited drivers from using vehicles one weekday per week, with schedule based on license-plate numbers. - In 2008, the system expanded to include 2 days a week - Scheme applies to 20% of the city's vehicles

2 solutions for greenspace depletion in Mumbai

- In Borivali West, Mumbai residents reclaimed an encroached playground, after a long, arduous civic battle. - EcoKids is a booming children's resource centre that takes children to city parks like the Maharashtra Nature Park in Dharavi.

4 positive impacts regarding a management scheme of urban social deprivation

- In Detroit, 232 Project Green Light partners installed with surveillance cameras linked to Detroit PD - 23% reduction in crimes - 44% reduction in carjacking - In 2017, Detroit had lowest levels of violent crime since 1966

4 facts regarding waste treatement in Mumbai

- In India, the handling of waste is considered a huge social taboo - Lowest ranks of Hindu caste system have been left to deal with waste disposal - Every day, a mountain of 10,000 metric tonnes of solid waste is formed - Waste collected by army of 120,000 rag pickers who transport this to Dharavi's famed 13th compound

2 causes for large scale urban redevelopment in Dharavi

- Indian property developer Mukesh Mehta wants to develop Dharavi into an international business destination - One square mile of Dharavi would generate $2 billion a year

4 facts regarding future megacities

- Karachi, Pakistan (15,500 people per square meter), will have 53 million in 2050 (larger than current south Korea). - Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong could join together to form a large megalopolis of 120 million. - Top 25 megacities account for 50% of world's wealth - By 2050, 7 in 10 people will live in megacities

3 positive effects of deindustrialisation in Detroit

- Low rents, and tax breaks have started to attract businesses back to the city - Cheap land prices mean University of Detroit has expanded its facilities - Urban farms are appearing. Young people, especially artists and musicians, migrate to Detroit to make use of the abandoned and affordable urban spaces

4 facts regarding access to telecommunications in Mumbai

- Maharashtra's telecommunications services have rapidly developed; boasts close to 4 million telephone lines: highest number in any state of India - Mumbai has 2Tb/s of international internet capacity - Mumbai has a growing diversity of submarine cables connecting it to the world - Hub of international connectivity for India. Has a quarter of India's retail colocation sites. Has a gross footprint of 1.5 million square feet of retail colocation space.

3 locational contextual facts regarding slum clearances in Rio de Janerio

- Maré, one of the hundreds of shanty towns in Rio, goes on for several miles, is now covered by large glass walls, to prevent tourist from seeing poor in the 2016 Olympics. - Big new school installed, wall becomes transparent - North Zone has a predominantly poor population; South Zone has a predominantly tourist population

2 background facts of Mexico City

- Megacity of 20 million people - Mexico is a MIC

5 facts regarding CBD retail in Birmingham

- Most important retail area of Birmingham has always been the Bullring - Built in 1964, a mixture of traditional open-air market stalls and a new indoor shopping centre - In the 1960s the retail giant Woolworths took the prime spot in the centre of the development. - higher rentals within the shopping centre meant that traders turned away from it. - contributed to the popular conception that Birmingham was a concrete jungle of shopping centres and motorways.

5 facts regarding improvements in transport infrastructure in Mumbai

- Mumbai Urban Transport Project: $100 billion, received funding from World Bank, modernizing train system - By 2021, the pla ned metro should have 9 lines and 24% of it will be underground - Taxis have been banned from using diesel as fuel. 58000 taxis now use compressed natural gas, reducing greenhouse emissions. - The roads in and out of the city have been upgraded with 55 new flyovers - In order to clear land for tracks to ensure safety, 100,000 people needs to be relocated to 20,000 newly built buildings. Life expectancy has been increased

5 facts regarding the need for improved infrastructure in Mumbai

- Mumbai is financial capital of India, regarded as commercial and industrial hub i.e. World City - Mumbai Metropolitan Region of 25 million people is the 2nd largest urban conglomeration in the world after Tokyo - Counter urbanization has occurred: Island City of Mumbai has lost 140,000 residents to Navi Mumbai - A resident spends an average four hours a day commuting - 10-12 people die daily in train accidents

2 facts regarding new business hubs in Navi Mumbai

- Navi Mumbai has a population of 1,111,000 - It has various businesses in the tertiary industry such as: IT and software firms.

6 objectives of BedZED ecocity

- No fossil fuels used - 50% reduction of energy used for transport - 60% reduction of domestic energy used compared to average British households - 90% reduction of the heating needs - 30% reduction of water consumption - Use construction materials from local provides within a 60km radius

1 political pro of Dharavi megacity growth

- Normally cost billions of pounds to set up such area

4 causes of slum clearances in Rio de Janerio

- Olympic Park is in Barra, a new part of city - Don't want to reduce Rio's political reputation due to its poverty. - Slums don't have housing rights, even if they did, mayor often evicted communities with eminent domain orders. - Carlos Carvahalo, owns 64 million square feet in Barra, built housing here for the 'rich not the poor'

4 environmental pros of Dharavi megacity growth

- One of world's largest recycling scheme. Can recycle 'unrecyclables' like electrical piping - In UK, 23% of plastic waste is recycled. In Mumbai it's 83% - Million rubbish bags collected across Mumbai everyday - 35,000 'ragpickers'' who collect excess plastic, rags and paper in bins before bin cleaners come across city in trucks

5 facts regarding location of retail in Houston

- Out of town shopping centres. Not in CBD. E.g. Memorial, Galleria. - a location within the suburbs was therefore appropriate as land is cheaper than in the CBD - Located off I-10 to increase sphere of influence - Located in west city where wealthy residential population have ample disposable income - Land available for expansion

3 geographic patterns of crime in Detroit

- Participating businesses pay $4000 up front, plus a monthly fee; not all business can afford - Can reduce business as customers feel civil liberties is jeopardized - City council spent $130000 to sponsor project green light; project could be used to improve schooling or recreational areas which would reduce cause of crime: poverty - In Rosedale park, a prominent neighborhood, robbery rates have increases. Green Light project is only aimed at businesses crime is instead redirected towards residential areas

4 negative impacts regarding Project Green Light in Detroit

- Participating businesses pay $4000 up front, plus a monthly fee; not all business can afford - Can reduce business as customers feel civil liberties is jeopardized - City council spent $130000 to sponsor project green light; project could be used to improve schooling or recreational areas which would reduce cause of crime: poverty - In Rosedale park, a prominent neighborhood, robbery rates have increases. Green Light project is only aimed at businesses crime is instead redirected towards residential areas

1 economic cause of traffic congestion in Mexico City

- Petrol has been subsidies by $20bn in 2008

3 political impacts of air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- Pollution emergency declarations: In 2016, ozone and particulates climbed so high that the environment commission has declared eight pollution emergencies within a 4 month time period. - Mexico City has been rated as the most congested city in the world for the past 2 cities. Causes embarrassment for the city - In the last 2 years, ozone concentrations were so high at times that city officials ordered people to stay indoors

3 global impacts of air pollution

- Poor air quality affects half the world's urban population - Each year, several hundred thousand people die because of poor air quality - Up to 700 million people in LICs and NICs are thought to be at risk of high levels of indoor air pollution, especially those living in slums.

2 examples of reurbanisation projects

- Prestige project regenerated Strafford area in London 2012 Olympics - Montrose, EADO, Third Ward have been rapidly gentrified near Houston's CBD

4 negative economic impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit

- Property value in 1958 was $45.2 billion. Now, $9.6 billion - Half of its children below the poverty line - Unemployment rate peaked in 2009 at 28%. For black youth, it is over 30% - In 2013, a three-bedroomed house on Albany Street was sold for $1

5 economic pros of Dharavi megacity growth

- Provides goods need within 100 yards of each house - Local business of 10,000 potters from Gujarat e.g. Khumba Wada is the pottery district. - 85% of people have a job in the slum (UK's all time high is 75% in June 2017) - Turn over $1 billion per year - Over 15,000 factories

2 economic con of Mumbai megacity growth

- Ragpickers only earn 150 rupees every day (1 pound) - Massive inequality: Has more millionaires and billionaires than any other Indian city but is also home to millions of impoverished people.

1 environmental con of Dharavi megacity growth

- Rubbish, dead rats, human faeces are everywhere

4 facts regarding small scale redevelopment plans in Dharavi and Rio de Janerio

- SPARC, an NGO, supports local people to get better housing infrastructure e.g. adding an extra floor to buildings, an extra window to improve ventilation, build toilets, - Architecture students have created a multi-story building with wide outer corridors connected by ramps "space ways in the sky," to replicate the street. Gives extra space. Allows communal activities such as women pursuing embroidering - Architecture students have implemented an extra room in potter's house to improve sleep quality - In Rochina, Rio de Janerio, government provides breeze blocks and other materials to allow locals to adapt their homes to meet their own needs

5 facts evaluating Hoy No Circula mangement strategy for air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- Scientific study has concluded no reduced pollution levels or increased use of public transport - Drivers bought a second car with different license plate numbers - Increased use of taxis. 100,000 taxis in Mexico City, one taxi for every 100 residents. New York City has one taxi for every 600 residents. Taxis were capable to deal with extra demand - Mexico City taxis are the highest-emitting vehicles in circulation; most were Volkswagen Beetles, a vehicle that has not been sold in the United States since 1977. - Restrictions costs $300 million per year for the population

3 cities that have suffered from deindustrialisation

- Sheffield, UK (steel) - Glasglow, UK (ship building) - Detroit, USA (car manufacturing)

2 facts regarding large scale redevelopment plans in Dharavi

- Slum Rehabilitation Authority with re-house some of Dharavi's residents in 14-storey apartment blocks - Only people who have lived in the slum since 2000 will be relocated.

3 facts regarding industrial activity in Houston

- South East has port, oil refinery, gas processing industry. - Has access to Gulf - Away from residential populations

3 trends regarding suburbanisation

- Suburbanisation was the most important population movement trend in London between 1870-1960. - Suburbanisation has been occurring in Mumbai (MIC) since 1950 - Urban sprawls occurs a lot in Houston

4 facts regarding Mumbai's grwoth

- The British colonial administration in India developed the sheltered inlet into a major port. - Mumbai is a sprawling megalopolis, spread over 600 sq km. - Its population has grown at twice the rate of Maharashtra's and 2.5 times that of the country of India in the past 100 years. - Slum dwellers make more than 50% of the city's population

1 fact regarding threat of out of town shopping

- The Merryhill shopping centre was constructed on a site of a former steel works, 10 miles from Birmingham. For a while this threatened Birmingham's reign as the most important regional shopping centre.

2 facts explaining the location of Mumbai's media industry.

- The location near the National Park is appropriate for the attractive natural landscapes that often serve as a the backdrop in Bollywood films. - It is an outer city location so there is plenty of space for expansion.

5 facts to evaluate the success of BedZED ecocity

- The project cost around £15 million, which equates to approximately £150,000 per home, which is very expensive. - property prices have increased by 15%: displaced the poor - most people still uses car and don't eat local food - borrows electricity from national grid - Took advantage of already existent public transport network in London. Couldn't be implemented in Katy where there is a death of public transport.

5 management strategies regarding building design for Masdar

- To mitigate with 135F and 50mph sandstorm, use traditional architecture: placed north of the sandstorm to reduce wind and urban heat island effect. Placed on a 23ft high platform. Buildings are placed together with 20 feet wide narrow streets to create shade. - Uses local sand embedded with RVC concrete to act as a heat insulator. Walls had layers and reflective chips which stops heat conduction. - Built 100 feet recycled steel wind tower to cool; tallest wind tower in the world - No façade more than 30% glass. Positioned so that light is absorbed but not heat - Siemen's headquarters is believed to be the most energy-efficient building in Abu Dhabi

3 social impacts of air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- TomTom Traffic Index 2017 found drivers spend 66% extra travel time in traffic periods, drivers spend 101% more time in congested traffic - Vehicle fumes cause severe respiratory health related problems e.g. bronchitis - More safety challenges: 954 traffic deaths in 2012

4 social cons of Dharavi megacity growth

- Water is rationed in pipes. Turned on 2 hours for every morning. - - Doctors deal with 4,000 daily cases caused by lack of sanitation - Washing clothes in sewage contaminated water - 1 million people in a square mile

4 facts regarding how Houston's characteristics increases its population

- Wet point site, has bayou - Trading point, I-10 was built here before Houston developed - Not a defensive site, was developed after WW2 so not needed. Flat landed good for building construction - Many resources: oil and gas prevalent

3 facts regarding benefits of train infrastructure improvements in Mumbai

- Women's cooperative has given women jobs in train food shops. Now, they don't carry water for large distances - New modern trains have been built. Waiting times have halved. Automatically closed doors have saved lives. - The size of 23 mosques were increased after being moved to make room for Mumbai Highway Project

4 environmental impacts of air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- birds have dropped dead from the sky - In 2017, Mexico Cit's System of Atmospheric Monitoring evinced that there were more than 240 days where the pollution index was more than 50 points over recommended levels. - Only 26 days this year with acceptable air quality - Motorized vehicles caused 49% of anthropogenic emissions in 2012

4 economic impacts of air pollution and traffic congestion in Mexico City

- car congestion reduces economic growth. Office buildings in Santa Fe, Mexico, allocate 42% of their land to parking spaces - Someone who works in Santa Fe, a major commercial hub, spends 26 days annually commuting to work - Average car user spends $1700 a year on car maintenance - For low income works, transports costs 20% of annual income

3 facts regarding media industry in Mumbai

- formal sector - Film City has several recording rooms, gardens, lakes, theaters and grounds that serve as the venue of many Bollywood film shootings. - Bollywood is the largest film industry in India and one of the largest movie-making industries in the world.

3 facts regarding ports in Mumbai

- formal sector - Mumbai Port: Still handles some commercial cargo, but has also become the main cruise terminal. - Jawaharlal Nehru (built 2000): The port handles 55-60% of India's containerized cargo.

4 facts regarding the financial district in Mumbai

- formal sector - The financial district includes the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange - The financial district is also the location of many of India's multinational companies e.g. the Tata Group. - Nariman Point is the central business district (CBD) at the southern tip of Salsette Island.

3 facts regarding manufacturing in Dharavi slum

- informal sector - Dharavi (Mumbai's largest slum) is said to have 15,000 one room factories - For example an area called Compound 13 contains many one room factories. This area repurposes recycled goods into finished products.

2 statistics on the people involved in Houston's trafficking

- labour trafficking has 720,000 workers - sex trafficking of 300,000 people (79,000 youths)

4 contextual details of the ecocity Masdar City, UAE

- oil production has already peaked, needed a future energy source - 10 miles away from Abu Dhabi, built on sandy desert as costal land already taken - Abu Dhabi has several homogenized cities skyscrapers which only use AC - Masdar City is also supported by WWF and Greenpeace

5 objectives of the ecocity Masdar City, UAE

- oil production has already peaked, needed a future energy source - 10 miles away from Abu Dhabi, built on sandy desert as costal land already taken - Abu Dhabi has several homogenized cities skyscrapers which only use AC - Masdar City is also supported by WWF and Greenpeace

2 facts regarding manufacturing in Mumbai's formal sector

- secondary manufacturing has been lost as other countries can manufacture goods more cheaply e.g. the textile industry has moved to Bangladesh - there has a been a post-industrial shift

3 causes of Houston's sex trafficking

1. Houston is close to the Mexican border, where most sex trafficking victims enter the U.S. 2. Houston is home to energy and medical industries and hosts many conventions and sports events. Bottom line, anything that attracts men with money attracts sex trafficking. 3. Houston has many upscale strip clubs.

State the first millionaire city

London

Other than Houston and Mumbai's schemes, 3 solutions for greenspace depletion

Seoul Metropolitan Government has seen billion-dollar returns from its Cheonggyecheon stream restoration project - Construction of parks in Hangzhou, China, has opened up spaces for recreation and relaxation to millions of residents. - New York has installed 40 parks since 2000. Now, has most green space for an American city (27%)

4 facts regarding large scale redevelopment in Dharavi

• A $2billion development project threatens the recycling district (Compound 13) and part of Dharavi. • The land upon which Dharavi is in central Mumbai. This makes the land valuable and so a prime target for redevelopment. • Dharavi residents who can prove they have resided in the slum since 2000 will be relocated. They will be re-housed in newly built 14 storey apartment blocks. Those who cannot prove tenancy since 2000 will be displaced. • The areas of Dharavi that are planned to be removed have strong, safe neighbourhoods with low crime and communal areas.

3 facts regarding redevelopment of the decaying CBD shopping district in Birmingham

• Demolition of the 1960s Bull Ring Shopping Centre commenced in 2000 • replaced by a new design, mixing both traditional market activity with modern retail units. • Selfridges store (an exclusive department store - one of only 4 in the country) is now located at the PLVI.

2 facts regarding pattern of suburbanisation in Mumbai

• Mumbai initially grew in a Northwards direction along major transport routes such as roads and rail links, and has now also expanded in an easterly direction. • In the last decade, Thane, Vashi and Belapur have become extended suburbs despite being planned as individual towns

4 impacts of greenspace depletion in India

• Mumbai now has the second highest rate of childhood obesity in India and 68% of the children are said to have sedentary lifestyles. • City's tree cover was 35% in 1970s, now 13%. IIT scientists state a region should have at least 33% green cover to ensure well being of citizens • Mumbai 2m2 of greenspace per resident compared to London 50m2 • In 1960s Bangalore there were 280 lakes and now there are fewer than 70 and many are biologically dead.

3 facts regarding small scale redevelopment in Dharavi

• The Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres, better known as SPARC, is an NGO that supports the efforts of local people to get better housing for their many members. - Architecture students have also been hard at work. One student has created a multi-story building with wide outer corridors connected by ramps "space ways in the sky," to replicate the street. These space ways allow various activities to be linked - Dharavi could also follow the Brazilian model, as evidenced in Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro. Within the Favelas the government has assisted people in improving their homes. Breeze blocks and other materials (pipes for plumbing etc) were given as long as people updated their homes. This is an approach known as a SELF-HELP SCHEME

3 facts regarding impacts of suburbanisation

• The centre of density of population has shifted from the island city well into suburban Salsette. • Less than a third of the population of Mumbai lives in the `island' city. • People are economically segregated into those that can afford better housing and those that cannot, rather than historical caste, religious or linguistic segregations

4 facts regarding patterns of counter-urbanisation in Mumbai

• The largest growth is in those districts directly to the East of Salsette Island, and even districts 50 or more kilometres from Mumbai are growing. • Navi Mumbai is a planned township directly to the East of Mumbai and was designated in 1972. It is the largest new town in the world. • The new town now has a population of 1.1 million people is linked to Mumbai by road and rail bridges and an international airport. • It also has an extensive bus network, an international airport and many IT and software firms in areas such as the International Infotech Park at Vashi and the New Millennium City near Mahape.