CCJ Final Chapter Six Review

Shopkeepers' privilege

A common law legal principle that allows store owners to detain individuals suspected of shoplifting.

Reasonable suspicion

A lower standard of proof than probable cause. Requires a suspicion based on facts.

Protective sweep

A search by the police in order to ensure their safety.

Neil was arrested for growing marijuana on his farm property in a rural area. He claimed that he had been illegally arrested because law enforcement did not obtain a search warrant to search his property. Which of the following is true? Neil is correct, and the court will likely find the police did not have probable cause to make the arrest. The property only can be searched legally if it is deemed to be abandoned. Because there is no expectation of privacy in an open field, law enforcement officers legally conducted the search. An open field is always considered a consent search and as such does not need a warrant.

Because there is no expectation of privacy in an open field, law enforcement officers legally conducted the search. Correct. Neil is incorrect because there is no expectation of privacy in an open field.

Under the ______ rule, the police may search your body and anything that you could conceivably access when they arrest you. Carroll Chimel emergency consent

Chimel Correct. The Chimel rule allows the police to search your body and anything that you could conceivably access when they arrest you.

Reasonable expectation of privacy

Places where individuals have a right to be protected from police searches.

Why is discretion necessary for policing? Officers might want to police differently in different areas. Police cannot enforce every law all the time. It allows police officers to let some offenders get away with crime. Police officers are trained to arrest only a certain number of suspects each day.

Police cannot enforce every law all the time. Correct. Police cannot enforce every law all the time.

Special needs searches

Searches that can be conducted without probable cause or a warrant. Include border searches and airport security searches.

Civil forfeiture

The police practice of seizing goods that they believe are associated with criminal activity.

Fruit of the poisonous tree

The principle that if evidence is gathered unlawfully, then any evidence that is gathered as a result of this evidence is not admissible in court.

Miranda Warning

The rights that are read to individuals when they are arrested.

Use-of-force continuum

The rough guidelines that determine how much force an officer should use in dealing with a suspect

Probable cause

The standard of evidence needed to obtain a search warrant or search a car. Probable cause involves a reasonable belief based on evidence that a crime has occurred.

Handling domestic violence situations is particularly challenging for police officers. True False

True Correct. Handling domestic violence situations can be very difficult.

When someone is in public they do not have a constitutional protection from unreasonable searches because there is no reasonable expectation of privacy. True False

True Correct. When someone is in public there is no reasonable expectation of privacy.

Who works with prosecutors to determine who committed a crime and gather evidence? patrol officers federal agents coroners investigators

investigators Correct. This describes the work of investigators.

Highway patrols are considered to be what type of law enforcement? federal county state local

state Correct. Highway patrols are state agencies.

Terry stop

A brief detention where an officer stops and frisks a suspect. Requires a reasonable suspicion that an individual is involved in criminal activity.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates civil forfeiture? A K-9 officer is used to detect explosives in an airport. A car used to facilitate drug deals is seized by the police. An undercover officer attempts to purchase drugs from a known neighborhood dealer. Law enforcement officers receive an arrest warrant for a suspect.

A car used to facilitate drug deals is seized by the police. Correct. Seizing a car used to facilitate drug deals is an example of civil forfeiture.

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

A study that investigated the impact of police discretion on domestic violence.

Match the following law enforcement components with the appropriate federal department in charge of it. -Federal Bureau of Investigation -United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement -The Office of Inspector General -U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement and Investigations Organization -Diplomatic Security Service Choices: -State Department -Department of Agriculture -Department of the Treasury -Department of Homeland Security -Department of Justice

FBI -> Department of Justice United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement -> Department of Homeland Security The Office of Inspector General -> Department of the Treasury U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement and Investigations Organization -> Department of Agriculture Diplomatic Security Service -> State Department

Put the components of the use of force continuum in order from least to most force. empty hand control nonlethal force officer presence verbalization lethal force

1. officer presence 2. verbalization 3. empty hand control 4. nonlethal force 5. lethal force

Why is civil forfeiture controversial? It has proven not to be an effective tool for fighting crime, although it makes policing easier for officers. Many citizens believe it is not used often enough as a crime fighting tool. Agencies can keep property without having to prove its association with any actual crime. This tactic can be used as a method to target individuals by race or gender.

Agencies can keep property without having to prove its association with any actual crime. Correct. Agencies sell or keep property without having to prove in court that the goods were associated with any explicit crime.

Law enforcement agencies are structured uniformly with similar tasks and organizational structure. True False

False Correct. There is no uniform structure to American policing.

Which of the following scenarios would be considered excessive force? An officer shoots a suspect who is running at him with a knife. An officer shoots an unarmed suspect in the back as he is running away from a traffic stop. A SWAT member in sniper position shoots a hostage taker during a bank robbery/hostage situation. An officer shoots an active shooter as he is running away from the officer and toward an office building.

An officer shoots an unarmed suspect in the back as he is running away from a traffic stop. Correct. An example of excessive force would be an officer shooting an unarmed suspect in the back as he is running away from a traffic stop.

Open fields doctrine

The principle that officers do not need a warrant to search what is in an open field.

Plain view doctrine

The principle that officers do not need a warrant to search what is in plain view.

Automobile exception

The rule that officers do not need a warrant to search a car but only need probable cause.

Which of the following is the legal standard needed for a court to issue a warrant and for an officer to conduct certain searches or arrests? probable cause proof beyond a reasonable doubt totality of circumstances reasonable suspicion

probable cause Correct. Probable cause is the legal standard needed for a court to issue a warrant and for an officer to conduct certain searches or arrests.

How does an officer determine the appropriate amount of force to use? using the most force and then relaxing the force as the situation continues asking his partner and supervisors for input starting at the lowest level of the continuum and working their way up as necessary responding to the behavior of the suspect

responding to the behavior of the suspect An officer determines the appropriate amount of force to use by responding to the behavior of the suspect.