CCNA Final Semester 2
Refer to the exhibit. What is the metric to forward a data packet with the IPv6 destination address 2001:db8:acad:e:240:bff:fed4:9dd2? 90 128 2170112 2681856 2682112 3293856
2682112
Which three Wi-Fi standards operate in the 2.4GHz range of frequencies? (Choose three.) 802.11 ac 802.11 a 802.11 n 802.11 b 802.11 g
802.11 n 802.11 b 802.11 g
What address and prefix length is used when configuring an IPv6 default static route? ::/0 FF02::1/8 0.0.0.0/0 ::1/128
::/0
A WLAN engineer deploys a WLC and five wireless APs using the CAPWAP protocol with the DTLS feature to secure the control plane of the network devices. While testing the wireless network, the WLAN engineer notices that data traffic is being exchanged between the WLC and the APs in plain-text and is not being encrypted. What is the most likely reason for this? DTLA only provides data security through authentication and does not provide encryption for data moving between a wireless LAN controller (WLC) and an access point (AP) Data encryption requires a DTLS license to be installed on each access point prior to being enabled on the WLC Although DTLS is enabled by default to secure the CAPWAP control channel, it is disabled by default for the data channel DTLS is a protocol that only provides security between the AP and the wireless client
Although DTLS is enabled by default to secure the CAPWAP control channel, it is disabled by default for the data channel
What defines a host route on a Cisco router? The link-local address is added automatically to the routing table as an IPv6 host route An IPv4 static host route configuration uses a destination uses a destination IP address of a specific device and a /32 subnet mask A host route is designated with a C in the routing table A static IPv6 host route must include the interface type and the interface number of the next hop router
An IPv4 static host route configuration uses a destination uses a destination IP address of a specific device and a /32 subnet mask
Refer to the exhibit. R1 was configured with the static route command ip route 209.165.200.224 255.255.255.224 S0/0/0 and consequently users on network 172.16.0.0/16 are unable to reach resources on the Internet. How should this static route be changed to allow user traffic from the LAN to reach the Internet? Add the next-hop neighbor address of 209.165.200.226 Change the destination network and mask 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Change the exit interface to S0/0/1 Add an administrative distance of 254
Change the destination network and mask 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
A junior technician was adding a route to a LAN router. A traceroute to a device on the new network revealed a wrong path and unreachable status. What should be done or checked? Verify that there is not a default route in any of the edge router routing tables Create a flowing static route to that network Check the configuration on the floating static route and adjust the AD Check the configuration of the exit interface on the new static route
Check the configuration of the exit interface on the new static route
An administrator notices that large numbers of packets are being dropped on one of the branch routers. What should be done or checked? Create extra static routes to the same location with an AD of 1 Check the routing table for a missing static route Create static routes to all internal networks and a default route to the internet Check the statistics on the default route for oversaturation
Check the routing table for a missing static route
Users are complaining of sporadic access to the internet every afternoon. What should be done or checked? Create static routes to all internal networks and a default route to the internet Verify that there is not a default route in any of the edge router routing tables Create a floating static route to that network Check the statistics on the default route for oversaturation
Check the statistics on the default route for oversaturation
What is a secure configuration option for remote access to a network device? Configure SSH Configure 802.1x Configure an ACL and apply it to the VTY lines Configure Telnet
Configure SSH
Compared with dynamic routes, What are two advantaged of using static routes on a router? (Choose two) They automatically switch the path to the destination network when the topology changes They improve the efficiency of discovering neighboring networks They use fewer router resources They improve network security They take less time to converge when the network topology changes
They use fewer router resources They improve network security
What are two characteristics of Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)? (Choose 2) When a packet arrives on a router interface, it is forwarded to the control plane where the CPU matches the destination address with a matching routing table entry This is the fastest forwarding mechanism on Cisco routers and multilayer switches With this switching method, flow information for a packet is stored in the fast-switching cache to forward future packets to the same destination without CPU intervention Packets are forwarded based on information in the FIB and an adjacency table When a packet arrives on a router interface, it is forwarded to the control plane where the CPU searches for a match in the fast-switching cache
This is the fastest forwarding mechanism on Cisco routers and multilayer switches Packets are forwarded based on information in the FIB and an adjacency table
Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator is configuring the port security feature on switch SWC. The administrator issued the command show port-security interface fa 0/2 to verify the configuration. What can be concluded from the output that is shown? (Choose three.) The port is configured as a trunk link This port is currently up The switch port mode for this interface is access mode Three security violations have been detected on this interface There is no device currently connected to this port Security violations will cause this port to shutdown immediately
This port is currently up There is no device currently connected to this port Security violations will cause this port to shutdown immediately
Refer to the exhibit. Which trunk link will not forward any traffic after the root bridge election process is complete? Trunk1 Trunk2 Trunk3 Trunk4
Trunk2
Branch users were able to access a site in the morning but have not connectivity with the site since lunch time. What should be done or checked? Verity that the static route to the server is present in the routing table Use the "show ip interface brief" command to see if an interface is down Check the configuration on the floating static route and adjust the AD Create a floating static route to that network
Use the "show ip interface brief" command to see if an interface is down
Employees are unable to connect to servers on one of the internal networks. What should be done or checked? Use the "show ip interface brief" command to see if an interface is down Verify that there is not a default route in any of the edge router routing tables Check the statistics on the default route for oversaturation Create static routes to all internal networks and a default route to the internet
Use the "show ip interface brief" command to see if an interface is down
What is a drawback of the local database method of securing device address that can be solved by using AAA with centralized servers? There is not ability to provide accountability It is very susceptible to brute-force attacks because there is no username The passwords can be only be stored in plain text in the running configuration User accounts must be configured locally on each device, which is an unscalable authentication solution
User accounts must be configured locally on each device, which is an unscalable authentication solution
What protocol or technology requires switches to be in server mode or client mode? VTP EtherChannel HSRP DTP
VTP
A network administrator uses the spanning0ree portfast bpduguard default global configuration command to enable BPDU guard on a switch. However, BPDU guard is not activated on all access ports. What is the cause of the issue? PortFast is not configured on all access ports Access ports belong to different VLANs BPDU guard needs to be activated in the interface configuration command mode Access ports configured with root guard cannot be configured with BPDU guard
PortFast is not configured on all access ports
Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded about the configuration show on R1? R1 is configured as a DHCPv4 relay agent R1 will send a message to a local DHCPv4 client to contact a DHCPv4 server at 10.10.10.8 R1 will broadcast DHCPv4 requests on behalf of local DHCPv4 clients R1 is operating as a DHCPv4 server
R1 is configured as a DHCPv4 relay agent
Users on a LAN are unable to get to a company web server but are able to get elsewhere. What should be done or checked? Ensure that the old default route has been removed from the company edge routers Verify that the static route to the server is present in the routing table Create a floating static route to that network Check the configuration on the floating static route and adjust the AD
Verify that the static route to the server is present in the routing table
On a Cisco 3504 WLC Summary page (Advanced>Summary), which tab allows a network administrator to configure a particular WLAN with a WPA2 policy? MANAGEMENT WLANs SECURITY WIRELESS
WLANs
What method of wireless authentication is dependent on a RADIUS authentication server? WEP WPA2 Enterprise WPA Personal WPA2 Personal
WPA2 Enterprise
Which wireless encryption method is the most secure? WPA2 with TKIP WEP WPA WPA2 with AES
WPA2 with AES
A network administrator of a small advertising company is configuring WLAN security by using the WPA2 PSK method. Which credential do office users need in order to connect their laptops to the WLAN? a key that matches the key on the AP a username and password configured on the AP a user passphrase the company username and password through Active Directory service
a user passphrase
While attending a conference, participants are using laptops for network connectivity. When a guest speaker attempts to connect to the network, the laptop fails to display any avalible wireless networks. The access point must be operating in which mode? mixed passive active open
active
On what switch ports should BPDU guard be enabled to enhance STP stability? only ports that are elected as designated ports only ports that attach to a neighboring switch all PortFast-enabled ports all trunk ports that not root ports
all PortFast-enabled ports
Refer to the exhibit. What are the possible port roles for ports A, B, C, and D in this RSTP-enabled network? designated, alternate, root, root designated, root, alternate, root alternate, root, designated, root alternate, designated, root, root
alternate, designated, root, root
A new Layer 3 switch is connected to a router and is being configured for interVLAN routing. What are three of the five steps required for the configuration? (Choose 3) assigning ports to VLANs assigning the ports to the native VLAN enabling IP routing modifying the default VLAN installing a static route implementing a routing protocol creating SVI interfaces
assigning ports to VLANs enabling IP routing creating SVI interfaces
Which term describes the role of a Cisco switch in the 802.1X port--based access control? agent supplicant authenticator authentication server
authenticator
Refer to the exhibit. Based on the exhibited configuration and output, why is VLAN 99 missing? because there is cabling problem on VLAN 99 because VLAN 1 is up and there can only be one management VLAN on the switch because VLAN 99 has not yet been created because VLAN 99 is not a valid management VLAN
because VLAN 99 has not yet been created
Which DHCPv4 message will a client send to accept an IPv4 address that is offered by a DHCP server? broadcast DHCPACK broadcast DHCPREQUEST unicast DHCPACK unicast DHCPREQUEST
broadcast DHCPREQUEST
A company is deploying a wireless network in the distribution facility in a Boston suburb. The warehouse is quite large and it requires multiple access points to be used. Because some of the company devices still operate at 2.4GHz, the network administrator decides to deploy the 802.11g standard. Which channel assignments on the multiple access points will make sure that the wireless channels are not overlapping? channels 1, 6, and 11 channels 2, 6, and 10 channels 1, 5, and 9 channels 1, 7, and 13
channels 1, 6, and 11
A new Layer 3 switch is connected to a router and is being configured for interVLAN routing. What are threee of the five steps required for the configuration? (Choose 3) creating SVI interfaces creating VLANs installing a static route adjusting the route metric implementing a routing protocol modifying the default VLAN assigning ports to VLANs
creating VLANs implementing a routing protocol assigning ports to VLANs
Select the three PAgP channel establishment modes. (Choose three.) active passive desirable on auto blocking
desirable on auto
Which three pairs of trunking modes will establish a functional trunk link between two Cisco switches? (Choose 3) access - trunk dynamic auto - dynamic auto dynamic desirable - dynamic desirable dynamic desirable - dynamic auto dynamic desirable - trunk access - dynamic auto
dynamic desirable - dynamic desirable dynamic desirable - dynamic auto (maybe?) dynamic desirable - trunk
Which mitigation technique would prevent rogue servers from providing false IP configuration parameters to clients? implementing port security on edge ports enabling DHCPv6 Guard disabling CDP on edge ports enabling RA Guard
enabling DHCPv6 Guard
Which three components are combined to form a bridge ID? extended system IP cost IP address bridge priority MAC address port ID
extended system ID bridge priority MAC address
Refer to the exhibit. All the displayed switches are Cisco 2960 switches with the same default priority and operating at the same bandwidth. Which three ports will be STP designated ports? (Choose 3) fa0/21 fa0/10 fa0/13 fa0/9 fa0/20 fa0/11
fa0/21 fa0/10 fa0/13
Which type of static route is configured with a greater administrative distance to provide a backup route to a route learned from a dynamic routing protocol? standard static route default static route floating static route summary static route
floating static route
Refer to the exhibit. What will router R1 do with a packet that has a destination IPv6 address of 2001:db8:cafe:5::1? forward the packet out g0/0 forward the packet out s0/0/0 forward the packet out g0/1 drop the packet
forward the packet out s0/0/0
Which two functions are performed by a WLC when using split media access control (MAC)? (Choose 2) packet acknowledgements and retransmissions frame translation to other protocols association and re-association of roaming clients beacons and probe responses frame queuing and packet prioritization
frame translation to other protocols association and re-association of roaming clients
Refer to the exhibit. Which three hosts will receive ARP requests from host A, assuming that port fa0/4 on both switches is configured to carry traffic for multiple VLANs? host F host B host D host G host C host E
host F host D host C
Which two statements are characteristics of routed ports on a multilayer switch? In a switched network, they are mostly configured between switches at the core and distribution layers They are used for point-to-multipoint links They are not associated with a particular VLAN They support subinterfaces, like interfaces on the Cisco IOS router The interface vlan <vlan number> command has to be entered to create a VLAN on routed ports
In a switched network, they are mostly configured between switches at the core and distribution layers They are not associated with a particular VLAN
What is the effect of entering the ip arp inspection validate src-mac configuration command on a switch? It checks the source L2 address in the Ethernet header against the sender L2 address in the ARP body It disables all trunk ports It displays the IP-to-MAC address associations for switch interfaces It enables portfast on a specific switch interface
It checks the source L2 address in the Ethernet header against the sender L2 address in the ARP body
What is the effect of entering the switchport mode access configuration command on a switch? It disables DTP on a non-trunking interface It disables an unused port It manually enables a trunk link It enables BPDU guard on a specific port
It disables DTP on a non-trunking interface
What is the effect of entering the shutdown configuration command on switch? It disables an unused port IT enables portfast on a specific switch interface It disables DTP on a non-trunking interface It enables BPDU guard on a specific port
It disables an unused port
What is the effect of entering the ip arp inspection vlan 10 configuration command on a switch? it enables DHCP snooping globally on a switch It specifies the maximum number of L2 addresses allowed on a port It enables DAI on specific switch interfaces previously configured with DHCP snooping It globally enables BPDU guard on all PortFast-enabled ports
It enables DAI on specific switch interfaces previously configured with DHCP snooping
What is the effect of entering the ip dhcp snooping configuration command on a switch? It enables DHCP snooping globally on a switch It enables PortFast globally on a switch It disables DTP negotiations on trunking ports IT manually enables a trunk link
It enables DHCP snooping globally on a switch
What is the effect of entering the switchport port-security configuration command on a switch? It enables port security globally on the switch It dynamically learns the L2 address and copies to the running configuration It restrict the number of discovery messages, per second, to be received on the interface It enables port security on an interface
It enables port security on an interface
What is the effect of entering the spanning-tree portfast configuration command on a switch? It disables an unused port It disables all trunk ports It enables portfast on a specific switch interface It checks the source L2 address in the Ethernet header against the sender L2 address in the ARP body
It enables portfast on a specific switch interface
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring inter-VLAN routing on a network. For now, only one VLAN is used, but more will be added soon. What is the missing parameter that is shows as the highlighted question mark in the graphic? It identifies the number of hosts that are allowed on the interface It identifies the type of encapsulation that is used It identifies the subinterface It identifies the native VLAN number It identifies the VLAN number
It identifies the VLAN number
During the AAA process, when will authorization be implemented? immediately after the determination of which resources a user can access immediately after an AAA client sends authentication information to a centralized server immediately after AAA accounting and auditing receives detailed report immediately after successful authentication against an AAA data source
immediately after successful authentication against an AAA data source
What else is requir3ed when configuring an IPv6 static route using a next-hop link-local address? network number and subnet mask on the interface of the neighbor router ip address of the neighbor router interface number and type administrative distance
interface number and type
Which command will start the process to bundle two physical interfaces to create an EtherChannel group via LACP? channel-group 2 mode auto channel-group 1 mode desirable interface port-channel 2 interface range g0/4-5
interface range g0/4-5
What is a method to launch a VLAN hopping attack? introducing a rogue switch and enabling trunking flooding the switch with MAC addresses sending spoofed IP addresses from the attacking host sending spoofed native VLAN information
introducing a rogue switch and enabling trunking
Which option shows a correctly configured IPv4 default static route? ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0 ip route 0.0.0.255 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0 ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0 ip route 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 S0/0/0
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has added a new subnet to network and needs hosts on that subnet to receive IPv4 addresses from the DHCPv4 server. What two commands will allow hosts on the new subnet to receive addresses from the DHCP4 server? R2(config-if)# ip helper-address 10.2.0.250 R1(config)# interface G0/1 R1(config-if)# ip helper-address 10.2.0.250 R1(config)# interface G0/0 R1(config-if)# ip helper-address 10.1.0.254 R2(config)# interface G0/0
R1(config-if)# ip helper-address 10.2.0.250 R1(config)# interface G0/0
Refer to the exhibit. Which route was configured as a static route to a specific network using the next-hop address? S 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.16.2.2 S 10.17.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial 0/0/0 S 10.17.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.16.2.2 C 10.16.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
S 10.17.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.16.2.2
Which method of IPv6 prefix assignment relies on the prefix contained in RA messages? EUI-64 stateful DHCPv6 static SLAAC
SLAAC
Which protocol adds security to remote connections? FTP HTTP NetBEUI POP SSH
SSH
What protocol or technology allows data to transmit over redundant switch links? STP VTP EtherChannel DTP
STP
What protocol or technology disables redundant paths to eliminate Layer 2 loops? EtherChannel DTP STP VTP
STP
Which two types of spanning tree protocols can cause suboptimal traffic flows because they assume only one spanning-tree instance for the entire bridged network? (Choose two.) STP Rapid PVST+ MSTP PVST+ RSTP
STP RSTP
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has connected two switches together using EtherChannel technology. If STP is running, what will be the end result? The switches will load balence and utilize both EtherChannels to forward packets Both port channels will shutdown The resulting loop will create a broadcast storm STP will block one of the redundant links
STP will block one of the redundant links
A network engineer is troubleshooting a newly deployed wireless network that is using the latest 802.11 standards. When users access high bandwidth services such as streaming video, the wireless network performance is poor. To improve performance the network engineer decides to configure a 5 Ghz frequency band SSID and train users to use that SSID for streaming media services. Why might this solution improve the wireless network performance for that type of service? The 5 GHz band has more channels and is less crowded than the 2.4 GHz band, which makes it more suited to streaming multimedia The only users that can switch to the 5 GHz band will be those with the latest wireless NICs, which will reduce usage Requiring the users to switch to the 5 GHz band for streaming media is inconvenient and will result in fewer users accessing these service The 5 GHz band has a greater range and is therefore likely to be interference-free
The 5 GHz band has more channels and is less crowded than the 2.4 GHz band, which makes it more suited to streaming multimedia
Refer to the exhibit. If the IP address of the default gateway router and the DNS server are correct, what is the configuration problem? The default-router and dns-server commands need to be configured with subnet masks The DNS server and the default gateway router should be in the same subnet The IP address of the DNS server is not contained in the excluded address list The IP address of the default gateway router is not contained in the excluded address list
The IP address of the default gateway router is not contained in the excluded address list
What two devault wireless router settings can affect network security? (Choose 2) The SSID is broadcast MAC address filtering is enabled WEP encryption is enabled The wireless channel is automatically selected A well-known administrator password is set
The SSID is broadcast A well-known administrator password is set
What action does a DHCPv4 client take if it receives more than one DHCPOFFER from multiple DHCP server? It sends a DHCPREQUEST that identifies which lease offer the client is accepting It sends a DHCPNAK and beings the DHCP process over again It accepts both DHCPOFFER messages and sends a DHCPACK It discards both offers and sends a new DHCPDISCOVER
It sends a DHCPREQUEST that identifies which lease offer the client is accepting
Why is DHCP snooping required when using the Dynamic ARP Inspection feature? It uses the MAC address table to verity the default gateway IP address It redirects ARP requests to the DHCP server for verification It relies on the settings of trusted and untrusted ports set by DHCP snooping It uses the MAC-address-to-IP-address binding database to validate an ARP packet
It uses the MAC-address-to-IP-address binding database to validate an ARP packet
A network administrator is preparing the implementation of Rapid PVST+ on a production network. How are the Rapid PVST+ link types determined on the switch interfaces? Link types can only be determined if PortFast has been configured Link types can only be configured on access ports configured with a single VLAN Link types are determined automatically Link types much be configured with specific port configuration commands
Link types are determined automatically
Refer to the exhibit. Which destination MAC address is used when frames are sent from the workstation to the default gateway? MAC address of the virtual router MAC address of both the forwarding and standby routers MAC address of the standby router MAC address of the forwarding router
MAC address of the virtual router
A cybersecurity analyst is using the macof tool to evaluate configurations of switches deployed in the backbone network of an organization. Which type of LAN attack is the analyst targeting during this evaluation? VLAN double-tagging MAC address table overflow VLAN hopping DHCP spoofing
MAC address table overflow
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is reviewing the configuration of switch S1. Which protocol has been implemented to group multiple physical ports into one logical link? DTP LACP PAgP STP
PAgP
What is an advantage of PVST+? PVST+ optimizes performance on the network through autoselection of the root bridge PVST+ reduces bandwidth consumption compared to traditional implementations of STP that use CST PVST+ requires fewer CPU cycles for all the switches in the network PVST+ optimizes performance on the network through load sharing
PVST+ optimizes performance on the network through load sharing
Refer to the exhibit. In addition to static routes directing traffic to networks 10.10.0.0/16 and 10.20.0.0/16, Router HQ is also configured with the following command: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/1/1. What is the purpose of this command? Packets from the 10.10.0.0/16 network will be forwarded to network 10.20.0.0/16, and packets from the 10.20.0.0/16 network will be forwarded to the network 10.10.0.0/16 Packets that are received from the Internet will be forwarded to one of the LANs connected to R1 or R2 Packets with a destination network that is not 10.10.0.0/16 or is note 10.20.0.0/16 or is not a directly connected network will be forwarded to the Internet Packets that are destined for networks that are not in the routing table of HQ will be dropped
Packets with a destination network that is not 10.10.0.0/16 or is note 10.20.0.0/16 or is not a directly connected network will be forwarded to the Internet
Refer to the exhibit. PC-A and PC-B are both in VLAN 60. PC-A is unable to communicate with PC-B. What is the problem? The native VLAN should be VLAN 60 The native VLAN is being pruned from the link The trunk has been configured with the switchport nonegotiate command The VLAN that is used by PC-A is not in the list of allowed VLANs on the trunk
The VLAN that is used by PC-A is not in the list of allowed VLANs on the trunk
A network administrator has found a user sending a double-tagged 802.1Q frame to a switch. What is the best solution to prevent this type of attack? The native VLAN number used on any trunk should be one of the active data VLANs The VLANs for user access ports should be different VLANs than any native VLANs used on trunk ports Trunk ports should be configured with port security Trunk ports should use the default VLAN as the native VLAN number
The VLANs for user access ports should be different VLANs than any native VLANs used on trunk ports
Which statement describes a result after multiple Cisco LAN switches are interconnected? There is one broadcast domain and one collision domain per switch The broadcast domain expands to all switches One collision domain exists per switch Frame collision increase on the segments connecting the switches
The broadcast domain expands to all switches
A network administrator has configured a router for stateless DHCPv6 operation. However, users report that workstations are not receiving DNS server information. Which two router configuration lines should be verified to ensure that stateless DHCPv6 service is properly configured? (Choose two.) The domain-name link is included in the ipv6 dhcp pool section The dns-server link is included in the ipv6 dhcp pool section The ipv6 nd other-config-flag is entered for the interface that faces the LAN segment The address prefix like is included int he ipv6 dhcp pool section The ipv6 nd managed-config-flag is entered for the interface that faces the LAN segment
The dns-server link is included in the ipv6 dhcp pool section The ipv6 nd other-config-flag is entered for the interface that faces the LAN segment
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is verifying the configuration of inter-VLAN routing. Users complain that PC2 cannot communicate with PC1. Based on the output, what is the possible cause of the problem? Gi0/0 is not configured as a trunk port The command interface Gi0/0.5 was entered incorrectly There is no IP address configured on the interface Gi0/0 The no shutdown command is not entered on the subinterfaces The encapsulation dot1Q 5 command contains the wrong VLAN
The encapsulation dot1Q 5 command contains the wrong VLAN
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator configures R1 for inter-VLAN routing between VLAN 10 and VLAN 20. However, the divides in VLAN 10 and VLAN 20 cannot communicate. Based on the configuration in the exhibit. what is a possible cause for the problem? The port Gi0/0 should be configured as a trunk port The encapsulation is misconfigured on a subinterface A no shutdown command should be added in each subinterface configuration The command interface gi0/0.1 is wrong
The encapsulation is misconfigured on a subinterface
After a host has generated an IPv6 address by using the DHCPv6 or SLAAC process, how does the host verify that the address is unique and therefore usable? The host checks the local neighbor cache for the learned address and if the address is not cached, it is considered unique The host sends an ICMPv6 neighbor solicitation message to the DHCP for SLAAC-learned address and if no neighbor advertisement is returned, the address is considered unique The host sends an ICMPv6 echo request message to the DHCPv6 or SLAAC-learned address and if no reply is returned, the address is considered unique The host sends an ARP broadcast to the local link and if no hosts send a reply, the address is considered unique
The host sends an ICMPv6 neighbor solicitation message to the DHCP for SLAAC-learned address and if no neighbor advertisement is returned, the address is considered unique
Refer to the exhibit. An administrator is attempting to install an IPv6 static route on router R1 to reach the network attached to router R2. After the static route command is entered, connectivity to the network is still failing. What error has been made in the static route configuration? The network prefix is incorrect The destination network is incorrect The interface is incorrect The next hop address is incorrect
The interface is incorrect
Refer to the exhibit. R1 has been configured as shown. However, PC1 is not able receive an IPv4 address. What is the problem? R1 is not configured as a DHCPv4 server A DHCP server must be installed on the same LAN as the host that is receiving the IP address The ip helper-address command was applied on the wrong interface The ip address dhcp command was not issued on the interface Gi0/1
The ip helper-address command was applied on the wrong interface
Refer to the exhibit. Which two conclusions can be drawn from the output? (Choose 2) The port channel ID is 2 The bundle is fully operational The port channel is a Layer 2 channel The load-balancing method use is source port to destination port The EtherChannel is down
The port channel ID is 2 The EtherChannel is down
Successful inter-VLAN routing has been operating on a network with multiple VLANs across multiple switches for some time. When an inter-switch trunk link fails and Spanning Tree Protocol brings u[ a backup trunk link, it is reported that hosts on two VLANs can access some, but not all the network resources that could have been accessed previously. Hosts on all other VLANs do not have this problem. What is the most likely cause of this problem? The allowed VLANs on the backup link were not configured correctly The protected edge port function on the backup link interfaces has been disabled Dynamic Trunking Protocol on the link has failed Inter-VLAN routing also failed when the trunk link failed
The protected edge port function on the backup link interfaces has been disabled
To obtain an overview of the spanning tree status of a switched network, a network engineer issues the show spanning-tree command on a switch. Which two items of information will this command display? (Choose 2) The role of the ports in all VLANs The root bridge ID The number of broadcasts received on each root port The IP address of the management VLAN interface The status of native VLAN ports
The role of the ports in all VLANs The root bridge ID
What is a result of connecting two or more switches together? The number of broadcast domains is increased The size of the broadcast domain is increased The number of collision domains is reduced The size of the collision domain is increased
The size of the broadcast domain is increased
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring a router as a DHCPv6 server. The administrator issues a show ipv6 dhcp pool command to verify the configuration. Which statement explains the reason that the number of active clients is 0? No clients have communicated with the DHCPv6 server yet The default gateway address is not provided in the pool The IPv6 DHCP pool configuration has no IPv6 address range specified The state is not maintained by the DHCPv6 server under stateless DHCPv6 operation
The state is not maintained by the DHCPv6 server under stateless DHCPv6 operation
What action takes place when the source MAC address of a frame entering a switch is not in the MAC address table? The switch replaces the old entry and uses the more current port The switch adds a MAC address table entry for the destination MAC address and the egress port The switch up dates the refresh time for the entry The switch adds the MAC address and incoming port number to the table
The switch adds the MAC address and incoming port number to the table
What action takes place when the source MAC address of a frame entering a switch appears in the MAC address table associated with a different port? The switch purges the entire MAC address table The switch replaces the old entry and uses the more current port The switch updates the refresh timer for the entry The switch forwards the frame out of the specified port
The switch replaces the old entry and uses the more current port
What action takes place when a frame entering a switch has a unicast destination MAC address what is not the MAC address table? The switch resets the refresh timer on all MAC address table entries The switch updates the refresh timer for the entry The switch replaces the old entry and uses the more current port The switch will forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port
The switch will forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port
What actions takes pace when a frame entering a switch has a multicast destination MAC address? The switch will forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port The switch forwards the frame out of the specified port The switch adds a MAC address table entry mapping for the destinations MAC address and the ingress port The switch replaces the old entry and uses the more current port
The switch will forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port
Refer to the exhibit. Currently router R1 uses an EIGRP route learned from Branch2 to reach the 10.10.0.0/16 network in the event that the link between R1 and Branch2 goes down? ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 Serial 0/0/0 100 ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 209.165.200.226 100 ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 209.165.200.226 100 ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 209.165.200.225 100 ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 209.165.200.225 50
ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 209.165.200.225 100
Refer to the exhibit. Which static route would an IT technician enter to create a backup route to the 172.16.1.0 network that is only used if the primary RIP learned route fails? ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 91 ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 111 ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 121
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 121
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement shown in the output allows router R1 to respond to stateless DHCPv6 requests? ipv6 nd other-config-flag ipv6 dhcp server LAN1 prefix-delegation 2001:db8:8::/48 00030001000E84244E70 ipv6 unicast-routing dns-server 2001:db8:8::8
ipv6 nd other-config-flag
Refer to the exhibit. Which static route command can be entered on R1 to forward traffic to the LAN connected to R2? ipv6 route 2001:db8:12:10::/64 S0/0/0 fe80::2 ipv6 route 2001:db8:12:10::/64 S0/0/1 fe80::2 ipv6 route 2001:db8:12:10::/64 S0/0/1 2001:db8:12:10::1 ipv6 route 2001:db8:12:10::/64 S0/0/0
ipv6 route 2001:db8:12:10::/64 S0/0/1 fe80::2
Refer to the exhibit. A network engineer is configuring IPv6 routing on the network. Which command issued on router HQ will configure a default route to the Internet to forward packet to an IPv6 destination network that is not listed in the routing table? ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/1/1 ipv6 route ::1/0 serial 0/1/1 ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/0/0 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/1/1
ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/1/1
A technician is configuring a wireless network for a small business using a SOHO wireless router. Which two authentication methods are use. if the router is configured with WPA2? (Choose 2) personal enterprise
personal enterprise
A PC has sent an RS message to an IPv6 router attached to the same network. Which two pieces of information will the router send to the client? (Choose two.) prefix domain name subnet mask in dotted decimal notation administrative distance DNS server IP address prefix length
prefix prefix length
A network administrator configures the port security feature on a switch. The security policy specifies that each access port should allow up to two MAC addresses. When the maximum number of MAC addresses is reached, a frame with the unknown source MAC address is dropped and a notification is sent to the syslog server. Which security violation mode should be configured for each access port? warning restrict shutdown protect
restrict
Which network attack is mitigated by enabling BPDU guard? rogue switches on a network rogue DHCP servers on a network MAC address spoofing CAM table overflow attacks
rogue switches on a network
What command will enable a router to begin sending messages that allow it to configure a link-local address without using an IPv6 DHCP server? a static route the ipv6 route ::/0 command the ipv6 unicast-routing command the ip routing command
the ipv6 unicast-routing command
Which information does a switch use to populate the MAC address table? the source MAC address and the incoming port the destination MAC address and int incoming port the source MAC address and the outgoing port the source and destination MAC addresses and the outgoing port source and destination MAC address and the incoming port the desination MAC address and the outgoing port
the source MAC address and the incoming port
What action takes place when a frame entering a switch has a unicast destination MAC address appearing in the MAC address table? the switch resets the refresh timer on all MAC address table entries the switch forwards the frame out of the specified port the switch updates the refresh timer for the entry the switch will forward the frame out of all ports except the incoming port
the switch forwards the frame out of the specified port
Refer to the exhibit. A Layer 3 switch routes for three VLANs and connects to a router for Internet connectivity. Which two configurations would be applied to the switch? (Choose two.) (config)# interface f0/4 (config-if)# switchport mode trunk (config)# interface vlan 1 (config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 (config-if)# no shutdown (config)# ip routing (config)# interface g1/1 (config-if)# no switchport (config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252 (config)# interface g1/1 (config-if)# switchport mode trunk
(config)# ip routing (config)# interface g1/1 (config-if)# no switchport (config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252
Which three statements accurately describe duplex and speed settings on Cisco 2960 switches? (Choose 3) By default, the speed is set to 100 Mb/s and the duplex mode is set to autonegotiation An autonegotiation failure can result in connectivity issues The duplex and speed settings of each switch port can be manually configured When the speed is set to 1000 Mb/s, the switch ports will operate in full-duplex mode By default, the autonegotiation feature is disabled Enabling autonegotiation on a hub will prevent mismatched port speeds when connecting the hub to the switch
An autonegotiation failure can result in connectivity issues The duplex and speed settings of each switch port can be manually configured When the speed is set to 1000 Mb/s, the switch ports will operate in full-duplex mode
An administrator is trying to remove configurations from a switch. After using the command erase startup-config and reloading the switch, the administrator finds that VLANs 10 and 100 still exist on the switch. Why were these VLANs not removed? These VLANs cannot be deleted unless the switch is in VTP client mode These VLANs can only be removed from the switch by using the no vlan 10 and no vlan 100 commands These VLANs are default VLANs that cannot be removed Because these VLANs are stored in a file that is called vlan.dat that is located in flash memory, this file must be manually deleted
Because these VLANs are stored in a file that is called vlan.dat that is located in flash memory, this file must be manually deleted
A network administrator is adding a new WLAN on a Cisco 3500 series WLC. Which tab should the administrator use to create a new VLAN interface to be used for the new WLAN? WLANs CONTROLLER WIRELESS MANAGEMENT
CONTROLLER
Refer to the exhibit. Router R1 has an OSPF neighbor relationship with the ISP router over the 192.168.0.32 network. The 192.168.0.36 network link should serve as a backup when the OSPF link goes down. The floating static route command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/1 100 was issued on R1 and now traffic is using the backup link even when the OSPF link is up and functioning. Which change should be made to the static route command so that traffic with only use the OSPF link when it is up? Change the administrative distance to 120 Add the next hop neighbor address of 192.168.0.36 Change the destination network to 192.168.0.34 Change the administrative distance to 1
Change the administrative distance to 120
Refer to the exhibit. The Branch Router has an OSPF neighbor relationship with the HQ router over the 198.51.0.4/30 network. The 198.51.0.8/30 network link should serve as a backup when the OSPF link goes down. The floating static route command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/1/1 100 and functioning. Which change should be made to the static route command so that traffic will only use the OSPF link when it is up? Add the next hop neighbor address of 198.51.0.8 Change the administrative distance to 1 Change the destination network to 198.51.0.5 Change the administrative distance to 120
Change the administrative distance to 120
Refer the the exhibit. The network administrator configures both switches as displayed. However, host C is unable to ping host D and host E is unable to ping host F. What action should the administrator take to enable this communication? Associate hosts A and B with VLAN 10 instead of VLAN 1 Configure either trunk port in the dynamic desirable mode Add the switchport nonegotiate command to the configuration of SW2 Include a router in the topology Remove the native VLAN from the trunk
Configure either trunk port in the dynamic desirable mode
A technician is troubleshooting a slow WLAN and decides to use the split-the-traffic approach. Which two parameter would have to configured to do this? (Choose 2) Configure the 2.4 GHz band for basic internet traffic that is not time sensitive Configure the security mode to WPA Personal TKIP/AES for both networks Configure the security mode to WPA Personal TKIP/AES for one network and WPA2 Personal AES for the other network Configure a common SSID for both networks Configure the 5 GHz band for streaming multimedia and time sensitive traffic
Configure the 2.4 GHz band for basic internet traffic that is not time sensitive Configure the 5 GHz band for streaming multimedia and time sensitive traffic
A new switch is to be added to an existing network in a remote office. The network administrator does not want the technicians in the remote office to be able to add new VLANs to the switch, but the switch should receive VLAN updates from the VTP domain. Which two steps must be performed to configure VTP on the new switch to meet these conditions? (Choose 2) Configure the existing VTP domain name on the new switch Configure all ports on both switches to access mode Enable VTP pruning Configure an IP address on the new switch Configure the new switch as a VTP client
Configure the existing VTP domain name on the new switch Configure the new switch as a VTP client
A network administrator is using the router-on-a-stick model to configure a switch and router for inter-VLAN routing. What configuration should be made on the switch port that connects to the router? Configure the port as a trunk port and assign it to VLAN1 Configure it as a trunk port and allow only untagged traffic Configure the port as an 802.1q trunk port Configure the port as an access port and a member of VLAN1
Configure the port as an 802.1q trunk port
A technician is configuring a router for a small company with multiple WLANs and doesn't need the complexity of a dynamic routing protocol. What should be done or checked? Check the configuration on the floating static route and adjust the AD Create a floating static route to taht network Verify that there is not a default route in any of the edge router routing tables Create static routes to all internal networks and a default route to the internet
Create static routes to all internal networks and a default route to the internet
What network attack seeks to create a DoS for clients by preventing them from being able to obtain a DHCP lease? CAM table attack IP address spoofing DHCP spoofing DHCP starvation
DHCP starvation
What protocol or technology is a Cisco proprietary protocol that is automatically enabled on 2960 switches? DTP STP VTP EtherChannel
DTP
What protocol or technology manages trunk negotiations between switches? VTP EtherChannel DTP STP
DTP
What protocol should be disabled to help mitigate VLAN attacks? STP CDP DTP ARP
DTP
Which Cisco solution helps prevent ARP spoofing and ARP poisoning attacks? Dynamic ARP Inspection IP Source Guard DHCP Snooping Port Security
Dynamic ARP Inspection
What mitigation plan is best for thwarting a DoS attack that is creating a MAC address table overflow? Disable DTP Disable STP Enable port security Place unused ports in an unused VLAN
Enable port security
A company has just switched to a new ISP. The ISP has completed and checked the connection from its site to the company. However, employees at the company are not able to access the internet. What should be done or checked? Verify that the static route the server is present in the routing table Check the configuration on the floating static route and adjacent the AD Ensure that the old default route has been removed from the company edge router Create a floating static route to the network
Ensure that the old default route has been removed from the company edge router
What protocol or technology uses source IP to destination IP as a load-balancing mechanism? EtherChannel VTP STP DTP
EtherChannel
How will a router handle static routing differently if Cisco Express Forwarding is disabled? Serial point-to-point interfaces will require fully specified static routes to avoid routing inconsistencies It will not perform recursive lookups Static routes that use an exit interface will be unnecessary Ethernet multiaccess interfaces will require fully specified static routes to avoid routing inconsistencies
Ethernet multiaccess interfaces will require fully specified static routes to avoid routing inconsistencies
What is the IPv6 prefix that is used for link-local addresses? FE80::/10 FF01::/8 FC00::/7 2001::/3
FE80::/10
Which statement is correct about how a Layer 2 switch determines how to forward frames? Only frames with a broadcast destination address are forwarded out all active switch ports Frame forwarding decisions are based on MAC addresses and port mappings in the CAM table Cut-through frame forwarding ensures that invalid fames are always dropped Unicast frames are always forwarded regardless of the destination MAC address
Frame forwarding decisions are based on MAC addresses and port mappings in the CAM table
What protocol or technology defines a group of routers, one of them defined as active and another one as standby? Etherchannel VTP HSRP DTP
HSRP
What protocol or technology uses a standby router to assume packet-forwarding responsibility if the active router fails? HSRP EtherChannel VTP DTP
HSRP
A network administrator is configuring a new Cisco switch for remote management access. Which three items must be configured on the switch for the task? (Choose 3) IP address default gateway default VLAN vty lines VTP domain lookback address
IP address default gateway vty lines
The exhibit shows two PCs called PC A and PC B, two routes called R1 and R2, and two switches. PC A has the address 172.16.1.1/24 and is connected to a switch and into an interface on R1 that has the IP address 172.16.1.254. PC B has the address 172.16.2.1/24 and is connected to another interface on R1 with the IP address 172.16.2.254. The serial interface on R1 has the address 172.16.3.1 and is connected to the serial interface on R2 that has the address 172.16.3.2/24. R2 is connected to the internet cloud. Which command will create a static route on R2 in order to read PC B? R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.254 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.254
R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1
Which command will create a static route on R2 in oder to reach PC B? R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.254 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 R2(config)# ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.254
R2(config)# ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1
Refer to the exhibit. After attempting to enter the configuration hat is shown in router RTA, an administrator receives an error and users on VLAN 20 report that they are unable to reach users on VLAN30. What is causing the problem? The no shutdown command should have been issued on Fa0/0.20 and Fa0/0.30 There is no address on Fa0/0 to use as a default gateway Dot1q does not support subinterfaces RTA is using the same subnet for VLAN 20 and VLAN 30
RTA is using the same subnet for VLAN 20 and VLAN 30
A static route has been configured on a router. However, the destination network no longer exists. What should an administrator do to remove the static route from the routing table? Remove the route using the no ip route command Change the administrative distance for the route Nothing. The static route will go away on its own Change the routing metric for that route
Remove the route using the no ip route command
Refer to the exhibit. How is a frame sent from PCA forwarded to PCC if the MAC address table on switch SW1 is empty? SW1 forwards the frame directly to SW2. SW2 floods the frame to all ports connected to SW2, excluding the port though which the frame entered the switch SW1 floods the frame on all ports on the switch, excluding the interconnected port to switch SW2 and the port through which the frame entered the switch SW1 drops the frame because it does not know the destination MAC address SW1 floods the frame on all ports on SW1, excluding the port through which the frame entered the switch
SW1 floods the frame on all ports on SW1, excluding the port through which the frame entered the switch
A small publishing company has a network design such that when a broadcast is sent on the LAN, 200 devices receive the transmitted broadcast. How can the network administrator reduce the number of devices that receive broadcast traffic? Add more switches so that fewer devices are on a particular switch Replace the switches with switches that have more ports per switch. This will allow more devices on a particular switch Segment the LAN into smaller LANs and route between them Replace at least half for the switches with hubs to reduce the size of the broadcast domain
Segment the LAN into smaller LANs and route between them
Whcih three steps should be taken before moving a Cisco switch to a new VTP management domain? (Choose 3) Resent the VTP counters to allow the switch to synchronize with the other switches in the domain Download the VTP database from the VTP server in the new domain Select the correct VTP mode and version Reboot the switch Configure the VTP server in the domain to recognize the BID of the new switch Configure the switch with the name of the new management domain
Select the correct VTP mode and version Reboot the switch Configure the switch with the name of the new management domain
Whcih two protocols are used to provide server-based AAA authentication? (Choose 2) TACACS+ RADIUS SNMP 802.1x SSH
TACACS+ RADIUS
What are three techniques for mitigating VLAN attacks? (Choose three.) Enable BPDU guard Set the native VLAN to an unused VLAN Use private VLANs Disable DTP Enable Source Guard Enable trunking manually
Set the native VLAN to an unused VLAN Disable DTP Enable trunking manually
Refer to the exhibit. Host A has send a packet to host B. What will be source MAC and IP addresses on the packet when it arrives at host B? Source MAC: 00E0.FE91.7799 Source IP: 10.1.1.10 Source MAC: 00E0.FE91.7799 Source IP: 10.1.1.1 Source MAC: 00E0.FE10.17A3 Source IP: 10.1.1.10 Source MAC: 00E0.FE10.17A3 Source IP: 192.168.1.1 Source MAC: 00E0.FE91.7799 Source IP: 192.168.1.1
Source MAC: 00E0.FE91.7799 Source IP: 10.1.1.10
Which two VTP modes allow for the creation, modification, and deletion of VLANs on the local switch? (Choose two.) distribution master server client transparent slave
server transparent
What would be the primary reason an attacker would launch a MAC address overflow attack? so that the attacker can execute arbitrary code on the switch so that the switch stops forwarding traffic so that the attacker can see frames that are destined for other hosts so that legitimate hosts cannot obtain a MAC address
so that the attacker can see frames that are destined for other hosts
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring the router R1 for IPv6 address assignment. Based on the partial configuration, which IPv6 global unicast address assignment scheme does the administrator intend to implement? manual configuration stateful stateless SLACC
stateful
A company security policy requires that all MAC addressing be dynamically learned and added to both the MAC address table and the running configuration on each switch. Which port security configuration will accomplish this? auto secure MAC addresses dynamic secure MAC addresses static secure MAC addresses sticky secure MAC addresses
sticky secure MAC addresses
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator configured routers R1 and R2 as part of HSRP group 1. After the routers have been reloaded, a user on Host1 complained of lack of connectivity to the Internet. The network administrator issued the show standby brief command on both routers to verify the HSRP operations. In addition, the administrator observed the ARP table on Host1. Which entry should be seen in the ARP table on Host1 in order to gain connectivity to the Internet? the IP address and MAC address of R1 the virtual IP address of the HSRP group 1 and the MAC address of R1 the virtual IP address of the HSRP group 1 and the MAC address of R2 the virtual IP address and the virtual MAC address for the HSRP group 1
the virtual IP address and the virtual MAC address for the HSRP group 1
A network administrator is configuring a WLAN. Why would the administrator disable the broadcast feature for the SSID? to reduce the risk of interference by external devices such as microwave ovens to reduce the risk of unauthorized APs being added to the network to provide privacy and integrity to wireless traffic by using encryption to eliminate outsiders scanning for available SSIDs in the area
to eliminate outsiders scanning for available SSIDs in the area
What are two reasons a network administrator would segment a network with a Layer 2 switch? (Choose two) to isolate ARP request messages from the rest of the network to create more broadcast domains to enhance user bandwidth to eliminate virtual circuits to fewer collision domains to isolate traffic between segment
to enhance user bandwidth to isolate traffic between segment`
Refer to the exhibit. Consider that the main power has just been restored. PC3 issues a broadcast IPv4 DHCP request. To which port will SW1 forward this request? to fa0/1 only to fa0/1, fa0/2, and fa0/4 only to fa0/1, fa0/2, fa0/3, and fa0/4 to fa0/1, fa0/2, and fa0/3 only to fa0/1 and fa0/2 only
to fa0/1, fa0/2, and fa0/3 only
A network administrator is configuring a WLAN. Why would the administrator use RADIUS servers on the network? to centralize management of multiple WLANs to restrict access to the WLAN by authorized, authenticated users only to facilitate group configuration and management of multiple WLANs through a WLC to monitor the operation of the wireless network
to restrict access to the WLAN by authorized, authenticated users only
What is the common term given to SNMP log messages that are generated by network devices and sent to the SNMP server? traps auditing acknowledgements warnings
traps
In which situation would a technician use the show interfaces switch command? to determine if remote access is enabled when an end device can reach local devices, but not remote devices to determine the MAC address of a directly attached network device on a particular interface when packets are being dropped from a particular directly attached host
when packets are being dropped from a particular directly attached host
After attaching four PCs to the switch ports, configuring the SSID and setting authentication properties for a small office network, a technician successfully tests the connectivity of all PCs that are connected to the switch WLAN. A firewall is then configured on the device prior to connecting it to the Internet. What type of network device includes all of the described features? standalone wireless access point firewall appliance switch wireless router
wireless router
