CD 256 Chapt. 5

children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences

between 2 and 3 years of age.

An increase in height and an increase in _________ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

body weight

Which of the following most strongly influences a child's eating behavior?

caregivers' behavior

Child- ________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

climbing jumping running

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children?

consistent sleep and wake times

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate

contextual factors in learning.

In 2017, ______ was the most common cause of accidental death in young children.

drowning

In early childhood, ________functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition

executive

When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often

fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts.

The brain grows more rapidly in childhood than in infancy.

false

True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.

false

The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in

height and weight.

During what preoperational thought substage do children seek answers to all sorts of questions?

intuitive thought

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

phonology.

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.

planfulness

Executive attention involves ______.

planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics.

The ability to mentally represent an object that is not present is associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage.

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion?

preschoolers

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?

primitive reasoning

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to

salient features rather than relevant features.

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________.

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ______ , another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood.

short

Which of the following refers to a limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information?

short-term memory

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying

short-term memory.

The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years.

significantly

Of the following, the reliability of a young child's eyewitness testimony is probably most highly dependent on the

skills and motivations of the interviewer.

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the _________ _________substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ______, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior.

Executive function

What do critics of Vygotsky's theory think of his view of collaboration and guidance?

It has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy.

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

Phonology

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined. Multiple choice question.

Phonology

The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age?

5

At around approximately ______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states.

5 to 7

Children younger than age 4 do not understand that it is possible to have false belief. True false question.

True

True or false: Children who perform better at executive function tasks seem to also have a better understanding of theory of mind.

True

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

True

Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is

at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called

attention.

A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following?

auxiliary-inversion rule

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?

- Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. - Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. - Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

- Children are able to use words to describe their world. - Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. - Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

- Piaget's theory - information processing theory - Vygotsky's theory

Why does memory span change as children age?

- The efficiency with which children process information improves. - The speed with which memory items can be identified increases. - Older children are more likely to rehearse information.

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

- Young children are able to present competent narratives. - Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. - Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations.

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?

- age differences in susceptibility to suggestion - individual differences in susceptibility - interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions

in early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances?

- cognitive flexibility - goal-setting - cognitive inhibition

The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following?

- compliance - secure attachment - emotional regulation

Which of the following are a part of executive functioning?

- goal-directed behavior - self-control

Which of the following are individual differences that affect theory of mind development in children?

- language development - executive function

Which of the following are criticisms of Vygotsky's theory?

- not specific about age-related changes - overemphasis on the role of language

Which of the following are criticisms of Vygotsky's theory?

- overemphasis on the role of language - not specific about age-related changes

Which three mental states do children begin to understand from 2 to 3 years of age?

- perceptions - desires - emotions

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

- preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups - modeling healthy eating habits - maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine

Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age?

- rehearsal of information - processing speed

According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children?

- secure attachment - fathers' autonomy support - parental education

What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood?

- sustained attention - executive attention

Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs?

- whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States - what the preschool curriculum should be

Rank the main causes of death among young children, from the highest incidence to the lowest incidence.

1. unintentional injuries 2. congenital malformations 3. malignant neoplasms 4. homicide

the recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours. Multiple choice question.

10-13

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand.

2 to 3 years of age

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved.

3 years old -> hopping and jumping 4 years old -> climbing a low jungle gym climbing a low jungle gym 5 years old -> running races with friends running races with friends

Which of the following is a government program to provide skills for success in school for preschool children from low-income families in the United States?

Head Start

Which of the following emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction?

Social constructivist approach

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy.

less rapidly

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time.

memory

The retention of information over time is defined as ______.

memory

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?

theory of mind

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind?

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others

Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be _________ in the United States.

universal

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills? Multiple choice question.

watching tv