CD 305 ch. 10

By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble?

4 years

Psychological traits and emotional terms are first incorporated into a young child's self-description around the age of ______ years.

4-5

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

4-5 years

At what age would you most likely hear a child first say, "I'm smart because I can say big words"?

4-5 years

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses

Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?

5 to 7 years of age

Approximately how many U.S. children are victims of child abuse?

700,000

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

Moral

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ social roles of women and men.

contrasting

With regard to quick-fix parenting strategies,

good parenting takes time and effort.

Young preschool children are ______ than older children to have friends who are of a different gender and ethnicity.

more likely

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs

unconsciously.

Besides aggressive television shows, violent have also been correlated with aggression in children.

video games

Which of the following is true of worldwide attitudes toward corporal punishment?

wrong

Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?

Emotional security theory

What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?

Empathy

How do firstborns and later-born children tend to differ?

Later-born children are the most rebellious and liberal.

Among ______, the authoritarian style does not appear to suppress child development, but encourages a sense of self and identity that are embedded in the family and require respect and obedience.

Latinos

Which of the following factors does not contribute to child maltreatment?

Length of parents' marriage

Evolutionary psychologists argue that natural selection for which gender favors many partners?

Males

What type of child maltreatment is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child?

Physical abuse

______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Autonomous

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using

psychological traits.

A ______ approach is likely to be the most effective way to support for positive, enriching parenting and to move toward minimizing harsh and abusive child rearing.

public health

Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing their relationships with peers.

regulation

Researchers consider the growth of emotion ______ in children a part of becoming socially competent.

regulation

An important component of self-regulation or of executive function is emotion

regulation.

Children who are ______ are more likely to internalize their parents' values and rules.

securely attached

According to social cognitive theory, one of the main keys to gender development is the interaction between the child and the

social environment.

True or false: Young children use many material characteristics (size, shape, and color) to distinguish themselves from others.

true

True or false: Young children's social understanding is characterized by individuals differences.

true

The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

understanding

______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Practice

Which of the following is not one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

Social biological theory

True or false: Few developments in society in the past 50 years have had a greater impact on children than television, digital gaming, and the Internet.

True

True or false: Gender-typing is fueled by gender schemas.

True

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

True

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

True

True or false: Research has found that some television shows have a positive impact on children's behavior.

True

True or false: Use of corporal punishment is legal in every state in America.

True

Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?

Verbal give-and-take

One important parenting strategy involves addressing misbehavior by children ______ it takes place.

before

The behavioral and social cognitive theory of child development focuses on moral

behavior

The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ______ and ______ aspects of play.

cognitive; social

Another important aspect of understanding others involves joint commitments, which can also be characterized as

collaboration.

True or false: By the time they reach the age of 3, children are able to understand and initiate collaboration of a joint activity with a partner.

false

True or false: There is one type of play—social play.

false

Diana Baumrind has described ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

four types

While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll

might be made fun of by other children.

In a national survey, a ______ of U.S. parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a ______ reported yelling at their children frequently.

minority; majority

_____development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

According to research findings, young children are (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

more

are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.

games

Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?

parents

Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?

- A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents - The use of the authoritative parenting style

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every

10 minutes.

Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of

18 months.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under years of age not watch TV.

2

Carla has recently experienced a considerable increase in her emotional vocabulary. She is most likely between the ages of

2 and 4 years.

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

2 years

What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?

20 percent

According to Piaget, which of the following parenting styles would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?

Authoritarian

What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment?

Child neglect

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between young girls in same-sex groups?

Collaborative

______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.

Constructive

play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

Constructive

Which of the following involves the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child?

Coparenting

What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?

Creative

Which of the following is a negative result of children's screen time?

Decreased physical activity

Which term refers to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions?

Emotion-coaching parents

Which term refers to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children?

Emotion-dismissing parents

What is the most common parental reaction to sibling conflict?

Encouraging resolution

True or false: By the time they reach the age of 3, children are able to understand and initiate collaboration of a joint activity with a partner.

False

True or false: Children of gay and lesbian parents who were conceived by reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization experience greater adjustment issues than their counterparts who were conceived by natural means.

False

True or false: It is rare for parents to actually favor one sibling over another.

False

True or false: Parents have very little psychological influence on their children's gender development.

False

True or false: The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce.

False

True or false: To be classified as child maltreatment, harm to the child from physical abuse must be intentional.

False

True or false: Weakness of parent-adolescent attachment will directly result in negative peer relations in all cases.

False

What term is defined as "the knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female"?

Gender identity

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?

Gender schema theory

In which parenting style are parents highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them?

Indulgent

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

Initiative versus guilt

Which statement most accurately reflects the effects of emotions on peer relationships?

Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to experience peer rejection.

Which of the following statements about interaction with peers during the preschool years is accurate?

It becomes more coordinated.

Which of the following is more common among ethnic minority groups than among non-Latino whites?

Large and extended families

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

______ parenting is a style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life.

Neglectful

Which of the following choices by a parent most influences a child's peer choices?

Neighborhood

Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?

Parents

Which of the following is characterized by the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

Perspective taking

Of the following, which is the most important context for the development of children's language and communication skills?

Play

Which of the following is a consistent outcome of secure attachment to parents?

Positive peer relations

Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?

Practice

time refers to how much time individuals spend watching TV, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media.

Screen, Media, or Media/screen

Which type of play involves interactions with peers?

Social play

Which of the following family-associated characteristics is linked with child maltreatment?

Socioeconomic difficulties

Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships, according to Dunn?

Stability

Which of the following is a major milestone of early childhood?

The increased ability to understand emotion

Which of the following is not a characteristic of games?

They are most popular in the preschool years.

Which statement best describes the influence of peers on children's gender behavior?

They reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play.

Which of the following alternatives to physical punishment involves removing a child from a setting that provides positive reinforcement?

Time out

In the most widely used parenting prevention and intervention program, ______, emphasis is placed on strengthening positive parenting by building parents' self-control and sense of competency and self-worth in the parenting role.

Triple P

True or false: A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.

True

True or false: Abnormal stress hormone levels are a consequence of maltreatment in childhood and adolescence.

True

True or false: Child sexual abuse often produces no outward physical signs that abuse has taken place.

True

By early childhood, children show ______ for same-sex peers.

a preference

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

Several longitudinal studies have found that corporal punishment has been linked to increased child

aggression.

According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades.

declined considerably

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child

develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes

diverse conditions.

Children of indulgent parents often

have difficulty controlling their own behavior.

As adults, maltreated children are at ______ risk for violent behavior toward other adults.

higher

Experts are increasingly concerned about children who play violent video games, especially games that are

highly realistic.

Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by

infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.

Recent research has shown that gender differences have a ______ pronounced and ______ consistent impact on a child's adjustment to divorce than previously believed.

less; less

According to the research, the ability of birth order to predict behavior is

limited.

The term that developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which they occur is child

maltreatment.

When it comes to parenting styles, parents

may use a combination of styles.

Young children are ______ than previously believed.

more socially sensitive and perceptive

Freud believed children began to develop gender identities around the age of 5 or 6; developmentalists believe gender-typing occurs

much earlier.

Peer rejection is more likely to be experienced by emotionally ______ children.

negative

The decline in play

negatively effects children's development.

Child _____ is characterized by failure to provide for a child's basic needs.

neglect

Children raised by parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

Good peer relations may be necessary for

normal social development.

A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as

play

According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.

play

According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?

play

Sensorimotor _____ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

play

According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact

self-esteem.

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their

self-understanding.

Freud believed preschool children developed a(n) ______ the opposite-sex parent.

sexual attraction to

Social role theory and social cognitive theory take the view that psychological gender differences are a reflection of

social experiences.

Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control

their own emotions.

According to a longitudinal study, viewing educational programs during preschool was associated with which of the following characteristics during adolescence?

- Acting less aggressively - Reading more books - Getting higher grades

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?

- Anxiety about comparing themselves with others - Weak communication skills - Failure to initiate activity - Unhappiness and fear

Baumrind argued that parents should not do which of the following?

- Be punitive or aloof - Leave children to make their own rules

In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?

- By how they manage their children's lives - Through interactions with their children - Through the opportunities that they provide their children

In which of the following ways does play encourage exploratory behavior?

- By offering complexity and uncertainty - By offering novelty and surprise - By offering incongruity

Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?

- Child's predivorce adjustment - Child's personality and temperament - Custody situation

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?

- Children who do not have an easy temperament - Children who are not responsible - Children who are not socially mature

Which of the following contribute to social understanding in young children?

- Children's opportunities to observe others talking about people's feelings and desires - Conversations with caregivers about other people's feelings and desires

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

- Cognitive inhibition - Cognitive flexibility

Which of the following are characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?

- Difficulty with self-control - Lack of respect for others - Noncompliance

Which of the following are among the negative influences that television viewing has on children?

- Distracting them from homework - Teaching stereotypes and unrealistic world views - Promoting passive learning

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

- Doing nothing - Intervening and helping resolve - Admonishing or threatening

Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?

- Dropping out of school - Delinquency

What are the four main types of child maltreatment?

- Emotional abuse - Physical abuse - Child neglect - Sexual abuse

Which of the following cultural trends are affecting families?

- Fewer extended-family households - Greater family mobility

Which of the following children are most likely to grow up in a single-parent family?

- Hispanic youth - African American youth

Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?

- Immaturity - Low self-esteem - Inability to handle independence - Social incompetence

Media use for children under 2 has been linked to which of the following?

- Increased inattention/hyperactivity - Poor language development - Reduction in vocalizations

Which of the following are among the positive influences that television viewing can have on children?

- Increasing information beyond one's immediate environment - Presenting motivating educational programs - Modeling prosocial behavior

What are the advantages of emotional development in young children?

- It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions. - It allows them to begin to control their own emotions.

Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. What sorts of barriers are they likely to encounter?

- Language issues - Changes in their socioeconomic status - Separation from social networks

Social interactions during play can increase which of the following in children?

- Literacy skills - Communication skills - Language skills

What characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?

- Physical activities - Material attributes - Physical attributes

Consequences for maltreatment in childhood include which of the following?

- Poor emotional regulation - Substance abuse - Delinquency

Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?

- Proactive strategies - Sensitive guidance - Relational quality

Which of the following are social theories of gender?

- Psychoanalytic - Social role - Social cognitive

What two important themes are not captured by parenting styles?

- Reciprocal socialization - Synchrony

Between the ages of 4 and 5, children show increased ability to do which of the following?

- Reflect on emotions - Manage their emotions to meet social standards - Understand that the same event can elicit different feeling in different people

Which of the following are true about parental favoritism of one sibling over the other?

- Sibling favoritism is linked to lower self-esteem in the less-favored sibling. - A majority of mothers and fathers show favoritism toward one sibling.

Which types of children's play styles have been widely studied?

- Social and constructive play - Pretense/symbolic play - Sensorimotor and practice play

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

- Social hierarchy - Division of labor

Which of the following are factors that make a difference in how well immigrant families adjust to the stress of adapting to a new country?

- Socioeconomic status - Immigrant status - National origin

Which of the following are true of the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?

- Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. - Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned.

Which of the following is true of the problems seen in children from divorced homes?

- Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.

Which of the following has resulted from the trend toward smaller families and fewer extended family living situations?

- There is more openness and communication between parents and children. - There are fewer resources available to children.

Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following?

- They rarely engage in social comparison at this point. - They have difficulty differentiating their desired and actual competence. - They tend to confuse ability and effort.

Spanking can cause a child to do which of the following?

- To fear the parent - To avoid the parent - To imitate the parent

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

- To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities - To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family

Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?

- Verbal abuse - Psychological abuse - Mental injury

Research has found middle-aged adults who had experienced child maltreatment were at increased risk for ______. (Select all that apply.)

- diabetes - vision problems - lung disease

Around what age do children begin to develop a preference for same-sex playmates?

3

At about ______ years of age, children can learn from electronic media with educational material if the media use effective educational strategies.

3

What percentage of parents who were abused as children end up abusing their own children?

33 percent

Make-believe play often reaches a peak at ______ years of age, then gradually declines.

4 to 5

According to social cognitive theories, which of the following is linked closely to the development of self-control?

Ability to delay gratification

How do researchers characterize "the only child," an individual who has no siblings?

Achievement-oriented

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents?

Acting more directive and less conversational with children

Which of the following refers to a restrictive, punitive style of parenting in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort?

Authoritarian

What parenting style has been associated with the best outcomes in children's social competence?

Authoritative

What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

Authoritative parenting

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?

Dialogue between parent and child

In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?

Emotional abuse

True or false: When it comes to parenting and child development, the most important factor is the quantity of time that parents spend with children.

False

True or false: Young children are unable to understand that facial expressions indicate specific emotions or that emotions affect behavior.

False

"Intelligent, achieving, and conscientious" best describes the child in what position of birth order?

Firstborn

Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.

Freud and Erikson's

Which of the following factors does not influence children's behavior?

Grandparent longevity

Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research?

Has a desirable personality

______ refers to the phenomenon that occurs when parents who were abused as children go on to abuse their own children.

Intergenerational transmission of abuse

Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children?

It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.

Which of the following is true of television watching and achievement?

Its impact on achievement depends on what is being watched.

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are

overstated.

Which of the following socialization strategies most accurately describes mothers' socialization strategies in many cultures worldwide?

Mothers place more restrictions on their daughters' autonomy.

A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?

Pretense/symbolic

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents?

Relying less on physical punishment

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotion?

Self-conscious

Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?

Sweden

______ is an emotional response to another person in which the observer feels sad or concerned about the other person's well-being

Sympathy

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritarian

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are _____ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

A major focus of interest regarding the development of conscience in young children involves their

caregiver relationships.

In ______, children first start to distinguish between friends and nonfriends.

early childhood

Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy

emotion regulation.

According to Dunn, the three important characteristics of sibling relationships are _____quality, familiarity, and variation.

emotional

Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.

encourage

_____psychology emphasizes the adaptation of humans and different pressures in primeval environments.

evolutionary

According to Daniel Berlyne, play satisfies our ______ drive.

exploratory

According to Baumrind, the parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are

more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

Young children are often overly ______ in their self-descriptions.

optimistic

therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.

play

Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of

practice play.

abuse includes the fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials.

sexual

Despite conflicting research, a large majority of leading experts on parenting have concluded that physical punishment

should not be used on children.

_____play involves interactions with peers.

social / associative

Ruth Chao suggests that the control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of

training.