CD: Final Exam

Which of the following statements about gender differences in academic acheivement is TRUE?

Girls have slightly better writing and verbal skills than boys.

Which of the following is an example of crystallized intelligence?

Rachel knows a lot of random facts and so she's really good at trivia.

________ are involuntary patterned motor responses that are hardwired in the infant.

Reflexes

Melissa's parents have a permissive parenting style. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to be true of Melissa:

She lacks self-control.

Which type of research is helpful in clarifying the interaction of genes and environment?

Studies comparing identical and nonidentical twins.

Which of the senses is least developed at birth?

Vision

Which of the following questions requires divergent thinking to answer?

What are some different ways to use a paperclip?

When the circumstances of a child's life situation change, there is evidence that:

a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an insecure attachment to a secure one.

While you are sitting with your friends in the cafeteria at lunchtime, someone who is walking past your table splashes some juice on your shoulder. You get angry because you figure that he was trying to embarrass you in front of your friends. This is an example of:

a hostile attribution bias.

According to Noam Chomsky and other Nativist Theorists, babies are born with:

a knowledge of the general grammatical rules of all languages, called "universal grammar."

The reason that a child who has only heard English since birth loses the ability to distinguish sounds in the Arabic language, is because:

the synapses associated with the sounds in the Arabic language were not used and therefore pruned away.

Babies are able to handle going through the birth process because:

the uterine contractions and oxygen deprivation that the baby experiences release stress hormones that prepare the baby to survive.

If a child younger than the age of about 4 or 5 were to have a large portion of their brain removed in a necessary surgery:

their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

Recent research on the effect of maternal employment on infants' cognitive development has found that:

there were no differences, except that teachers rated the children of employed mothers as having higher achievement motivation and fewer internalizing problems.

Someone would be diagnosed with a learning disability if:

they have a normal level of intelligence, but poor academic performance.

In Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment, when children observed an adult treating a Bobo doll in an aggressive manner:

they were more likely to treat the doll aggressively themselves when they had the chance to play with it.

According to the theory of sociobiology, you are more likely to protect, help, and give to relatives rather than to other people because:

this helps to ensure that genes that you share in common will be passed on to future generations.

BONUS: Newborn's emotions are MOST frequently regulated ____________.

through caregivers' attempts to soothe and distract the baby

The Apgar Scale is used

to assess the overall condition of a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

Rebecca is 2.5 years old. She is learning new words at a rapid pace and is beginning to show more independence from her parents - she like to do things for herself. Which stage of childhood is Rebecca in?

toddlerhood

One of the ways that we provide an appropriate amount of stimulation to a premature infant is to:

use kangaroo care so the infant has skin-to-skin contact with the parent.

When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can:

venture away from the parent to explore the environment.

Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents to children raised by heterosexual parents has determined:

very few differences between them.

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well, so he gives her his favorite blanket - he knows that it always makes him feel better, so he believes it must make her feel better as well. This is an example of:

egocentrism.

Preschoolers are most likely to form friendships with children who:

enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do.

The idea that desirable traits can be bred into human beings and undesirable ones can be bred out is known as:

eugenics.

BONUS: Learning ____________ is an example of pragmatic development.

how to take turns in conversations with others

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences are similar in that both:

hypothesize several different types of intelligence.

Infantile amnesia refers to the fact the:

most people cannot recall memories of their life before the age of 2.

Infants develop a preference for the taste of their local food because:

mother's milk and amniotic fluid take of some of the flavor of foods the mother eats.

Among children who suffer early deprivation, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some deprived children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This demonstrates the principle of:

multifinality.

In studies of peer social status, children who are NOT named by peers as either someone they like or someone they dislike are classified as:

neglected.

As part of research study, a researcher decides that she will use the number of pieces of junk mail that a family receives each week as an indicator of how wealthy the family is. If we do not have a good reason to believe that these two things are related, her measure of family wealth is:

not valid.

The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your ability (that you are born with) to learn how to use language is an example of __________.

nurture; nature

When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have:

object permanence.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on:

observable behavior.

If you read that a correlational study has found that children who participate in more extracurricular activities have higher self esteem, you could conclude that:

participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher self esteem, but we're not sure how the 2 are associated.

Children learn that words are composed of separate sounds called phonemes and that phonemes can be combined into words when they are learning the read using the

phonics approach.

Because most human characteristics are complex, many genes act together to determine a trait. This is called:

polygenic inheritance.

BONUS: Children who are diagnosed with dyslexia show neurological differences from children without dyslexia. Specifically, compared with children without dyslexia, they have:

smaller connections between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

Waiting in line is a typical behavior in the United States. John and Andrew have been waiting in line for 24 hours to get tickets to a concert. They offered to let their friend Michael jump in line with them (even though he didn't wait at all). Michael said that he wouldn't feel right about doing that and went and stood at the end of the line (knowing that the tickets will probably sell out before he gets to the ticket counter). Michael is demonstrating the __________ domain of social knowledge as it relates to moral development.

social-conventional

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating

sympathy

When young Teddy says the phrase "Mama go car," it is an example of:

telegraphic speech.

Children who fail at false belief (theory of mind) tests do NOT understand:

that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth.

When a child points to an object and an adult names the object for the child:

that word enters the child's vocabulary sooner.

The family is a part of which level of the Bronfenbrenner's model of development?

the Microsystem

When we are interpreting the results of a study, it is important to remember that:

the conclusions we make are generalizations that apply to groups of people, not to every single individual.

There is a cohort effect in cross-sectional studies when:

the different groups in the study have had different life experiences.

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon:

the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.

Androgyny is:

the presence of both masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.

When the results of a study are statistically significant, it means that:

the results are not likely to have occurred by chance.

Infants have a preference at birth for:

the sounds of the language that their mother speaks.

______ twins are formed when a mother's ovary releases two eggs during a menstrual cycle, and each is fertilized by a different sperm.

Fraternal

Most theories can be proven beyond a shadow of a doubt, which is why they have lasted throughout the years and can be generalized to all behavior.

False

Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?

"I can lift this heavy rock! I am really strong."

An experimenter places a dot of lipstick on Deena's face. When she sees herself in a mirror, Deena sees the lipstick and wipes it off her face. Which of the following ages is Deena?

20 months old

According to research, the difference in how African-American and White parents use power assertion to discipline their children is:

African-American parents use it in the context of a warm, loving relationship while White parents combine it with love withdrawal.

Jack failed his math class this year. When his father found out, he grounded Jack for the whole summer. When Jack asked "Why THE WHOLE summer?," Jack's dad just said "Because I said so!" Jacks dad continued to act angry toward for most of the summer. Jack's dad is most likely:

An Authoritarian Parent

Ethan's mother is unpredictable. She is warm and caring sometimes, but other times ignores Ethan when he is crying and needs something. It is most likely that Ethan will develop a(n) ____________ attachment with his mother.

Anxious/Ambivalent

Which of the following statements about early language development is true?

Babies younger than 6 months of age can distinguish the sounds of all languages.

The remarriage of a parent usually results in a substantial improvement in their child's academic performance.

False

What effect does rough-and-tumble play have on brain development?

Children who engage in more rough-and-tumble play have a greater amount of neuronal growth.

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

Doing a science project to win an award

A study by Elbert & colleagues revealed that the area of the right side of the brain that controls the left hand has many more synaptic connections than the same area of the left side of the brain in violinists (because they constantly use the fingers of the left hand). What type of brain development explains why this occurs?

Experience-dependent brain development

BONUS: Research regarding infant hearing has demonstrated that newborns show a clear preference for listening to their father's voice over their mother's voice.

False

Which of the following statements about Autism is TRUE?

It involves difficulties with social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and compulsive behavior or interests.

Which of the following statements about spanking is TRUE?

It is effective at immediately stopping a behavior, but it doesn't help children learn to control themselves in the long run.

Which of the following is the best example of an ACTIVE Gene x Environment Interaction?

Miguel's quiet nature causes him to seek out other quiet children to play with. His experiences with these children make him enjoy quiet play even more.

Harry Harlow's research demonstrated that when infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they preferred a cloth surrogate mother over a wire mother who had food. The baby monkeys' response in these studies indicated that:

Monkeys "attach" (form an emotional bond) to whoever provides comfort/security, not just who feeds them.

The English word walked contains "walk" and "ed," both of which are ____________.

Morphemes

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative change?

One month ago David believed that if he can't see someone (because he has his eyes closed), then they can't see him. He now knows this is incorrect.

Annabelle thinks that it's wrong to steal only because she might get caught by the police and punished for doing so. Her reasoning best demonstrates Kohlberg's ______________ stage of morality.

Preconventional

BONUS: Children growing up in resource-poor families show lower levels of cognitive development as early as 18 months of age.

True

Puberty is triggered by the action of certain genes, and the age at which puberty occurs for an individual is partially inherited.

True

All of the women in 1-year-old Mark's family have long hair. Because of this, up until today, he has never seen a woman with short hair, and assumed that all women have long hair. Now that he has seen a woman with short hair, he must change his schemas to include this new information that both men and women can have short hair. This is an example of:

accomodation

Piaget's theory of cognitive development portrays children as:

actively constructing their knowledge based on the child's own interactions with the environment, and the use of language to express thought.

Gender segregation in play starts by _________, is usually __________ for boys, and is ____________ likely to happen in the child's own neighborhood than in school.

age 3; stronger; less

Attrition is a problem for longitudinal studies because:

all participants are not at equal risk of being lost from the study over time.

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants:

are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world.

You can have confidence in information that you find in scientific journals because:

articles are reviewed by a panel of experts before they are published.

According to Piaget, when you encounter new information and it fits into an existing scheme, you can ____________ the new information.

assimilate

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that:

basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.

Which of the following family characteristics of a child IS NOT associated with engaging bullying behavior?

being from a single-parent family

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders have difficulty with:

both verbal and nonverbal communication.

The unique advantage of experimental research is that it:

can identify the causes of behavior.

Eleanor Gibson's research on infants and the visual cliff demonstrated that infants:

can perceive depth, but do not show fear of the "drop off" until they can crawl.

According to our textbook, research on play and academic achievement in schools has demonstrated that:

children become less attentive to their schoolwork the longer they go without a break.

For The Marshmallow Test, four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the:

children's effortful self-control of their behavior.

When Piaget was conducting his research, he might present a story and then ask children questions about it. There were some questions he asked every child, but there also were questions that were specifically tied to the child's initial response. Piaget was using a ____________ to conduct his research.

clinical interview

A meta-analysis involves:

combining results from different studies to identify patterns of findings that are consistent across studies.

According to our textbook, parents who are highly stressed following a divorce often tend to:

communicate less effectively and do less monitoring and controlling of the child's behavior.

The frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for:

complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control.

The difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder is:

conduct disorder is more serious and include violations of the rights of others and societal norms.

Kenzie and Ella are completing a puzzle together. They talk about what pieces they need to put in the puzzle next and are very proud of their work when they complete it. Kenzie and Ella are engaging in __________ play.

cooperative

A researcher is interested in the development of depression. She interviews children ages 5, 9, & 13 about their depressive symptoms all around the same time. What type of research design did she use?

cross-sectional

Canalization is the:

degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment.

Maternal stress during a pregnancy seems to have its greatest impact if it occurs

early in the prenatal period.

False memories of events that did not really happen are:

fairly easy to create in young children.

Abnormal facial features, small stature, a small head, cognitive deficits, and trouble controlling behavior and emotions are all characteristics associated with:

fetal alcohol syndrome.

Recent longitudinal research that has followed children who attended Head Start programs has found that:

former Head Start students had higher academic achievement, fewer grade retentions and were more likely to graduate from high school.

If Logan understands that a boy is still a boy even if he is wearing make-up and girl's clothing, he is demonstrating Kohlberg's concept of ____________ .

gender constancy

Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which:

genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences.

___________ refers to all of a person's genes; ____________ refers to how these genes are actually expressed in the person's appearance or characteristics.

genotype; phenotype

One way that parents can help children remember more details of their life and to even understand their lives in more complex ways is to:

guide children in a complex discussion of the events in their lives.

Large-scale studies concerning the effect of birth order on personality characteristics:

have failed to find a consistent and reliable correlation between birth order and personality characteristics.

Thomas & Chess described babies who did not adjust well to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and were irregular in their sleeping and eating habits as:

having a difficult temperament.

We know that both nature and nurture play a role in development, but currently psychologists are most interested in understanding

how genes are expressed through constant interaction with the environment.

Danny is a child who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He seeks immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences of his actions. According to Freud, Danny is ruled by his ____________.

id

There is a large increase in synapses (connections between neurons) _______

in the first year of life and again at the beginning of puberty.

For studies (discussed in our book) in which infants were shown impossible events (such as an object appearing to pass through a toy) and possible events (such as the object stopping when it hit the toy), ____________.

infants stared longer at the impossible events than the possible events.

According to Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, a salesperson or a politician would likely have a higher than average ____________ intelligence.

interpersonal

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, analytical intelligence:

is closest to the type of intelligence that is valued highly in most schools.

A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is "Mine!!" is an indication that the child:

is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them.

Sigmund Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails:

is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy.

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure:

is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father.

According to Erikson, successful resolution of the trust vs. mistrust crisis involves:

learning to feel safe and secure in their parents and, by extension, the world.

According to a study described in our book, when parents watched videos of infants who they were told were either premature or full-term (even though all of the videotapes were of full-term infants), those parents rated the behavior of the infants who had been labeled "premature" as:

less physically mature in appearance, less cognitively competent, and less behaviorally mature than infants labeled "full-term".

It is a good precaution for a pregnant woman to:

limit her consumption of caffeine.

When Ethan is putting together a puzzle, his father can hear him talking through the process to himself. This is an example of:

private speech.

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) are:

put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born.

Stage theories are also considered to be:

qualitative theories.

Young children who learn two languages simultaneously will:

reach language milestones at about the same time as their peers.

When new mothers receive conflicting advice about how to care for their newborn, they frequently say they:

rely upon their own instincts or experience, or use the baby's cues to guide them.

Kara's mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four-years-old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In this example, Kara's mother is using scaffolding.

scaffolding

Toddlers who have ____________ tend to receive more positive responses from their peers.

secure attachments to their parents.

Steve is studying for an upcoming quiz in the noisy cafeteria at school. His ability to focus on the quiz material and ignore the noise around him is the result of:

selective attention.

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not helped students to perform better in school is:

self-esteem and positive outcomes are correlated, but this doesn't mean that high self-esteem causes positive outcomes.

Mr. Krantz is a high-school algebra teacher. In her class are 2 students - Andrew and Claire. Mr. Krantz expects that Andrew will do better in his class because he believes boys are better at math. So, he helps Andrew with his work more than he helps Claire, because he doesn't believe helping Claire with her work will make her perform any better. At the end of the semester, Andrew gets a better grade than Claire in the class, probably because of all of the extra help he received. This demonstrates:

self-fulfilling prophecy

Inductive discipline involves:

setting clear limits for children's behavior, giving consequences for negative behavior, and explaining to the child why a behavior is wrong and what the child can do to fix it.

It is normal for a newborn to:

sleep 16 to 18 hours out of each day and to wake to eat every 3 to 4 hours.