CE Module 2: English Tense Forms

The *simple past* of *eat* is ___.

ate

*Be* *Have* and *Do* are primary _________ _____.

auxiliary verbs Review: An auxiliary verb is a helping verb that modifies the main verb. Example: "Gail *can* win."

The *past participle* form of the verb *be* is ____.

been

The *present participle* form of the verb *be* is _____.

being

The *simple past* of *drink* is _____.

drank

The *past participle* of *drink* is _____.

drunk

The *past participle* of *eat* is _____.

eaten

Present Perfect sentences use the auxiliary verb ____ or ___, which is followed by the past participle form of the main verb. We often use this tense to talk about things we did at an unspecified time in the past, our experience as of today and something that started in the past but hasn't been completed.

have or has

*To live* and *to go* are examples of the __________ form.

infinitive

The word *to* can be placed in front of any verb except ____ verbs.

modal Review: The 11 true *modal verbs* are Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Will, Would, Should, Shall, Ought, Used to

The *Active Voice* structure is: Subject (a.k.a. Agent) + Verb + *Ob____*

Subject + Verb + *Object* = Active Voice

Of the eleven modal verbs, six can be used to predict a possible future. They are: *may | might | could | can | would | should*

The other 5 of the 11 true modal verbs are: *can | will | shall | ought | used to*

*True of False?* As a rule, the *first conditional* structure is introduced to lower intermediate students

True

*True of False?* The *First Conditional* can be used for a variety of functions including: *warnings, threats, promises, advice, and directions.*

True

*True or False?* All of these apply to *modal verbs:* 1) In general, you can't put an *-ed* on the end (e.g.'shoulded') 2) You can't put an *-ing* at the end (e.g. 'mighting') 3) You can't put an *-s* or an *-es* at the end (e.g. 'musts') 4) They can't stand alone as main verbs (I *can* magic tricks) they need to be followed with a main verb (I can *perform* magic tricks) 5) An infinitive can't be created from a modal verb (e.g. 'to shall')

True

*True or False?* Modal verbs can express ability, advice, obligation and possibility.

True

*True or False?* The *Conditional* structure is sometimes called *If Conditional* because this structure frequently contains the word *if*

True

*True or False?* Unlike the primary auxiliary verbs (be, have and do), which have mainly a *grammatical* function, modal verbs carry *meaning,* that is, they carry the mood or the opinion of the speaker.

True

*True or False?* 'Live' and 'Go' are examples of *present simple*

True

*True or False?* 'Lived' and 'Went' are examples of *past simple*

True

*True or False?* As a rule, we introduce the *Second Conditional* structure to lower intermediate or intermediate students.

True

*True or False?* Used after 'have' in perfect tenses or 'be' in passive voice, *lived* and *gone* are past participle form.

True

*True or False?* Verbs are *doing* words or *action* words.

True

*True or False?* "I *have been living* here in Saint-Tropez since June" is Present Perfect Continuous and has 3 verbs: --*have* (present form of the auxiliary 'have') --*been* (past participle of the auxiliary 'be') --*living* (present participle of main verb 'live')

True

*True or False?* "It had been snowing all day and the streets were wet and slippery" is Past Perfect Continuous & has 3 verbs: --*had* (past form of the auxiliary 'have') -- *been* (past participle of auxiliary verb 'be') --*snowing* (present participle of main verb 'snow')

True

*True or False?* The verb *Have* uses present forms *have* ~ *has* and the past form *had*

True

*True or False?* 'Living' and 'Going' are examples of *present participle form*

True

*True or False?* Present Perfect is sometimes called the Present Perfect Simple.

True (Any tenses that are not continuous tenses can be called simple.)

*True or False?* *Past Perfect Continuous* is used to talk about something that was happening for a period of time in the past & was completed by or still going on at a specified time in the past.

True (also sometimes called the *Past Perfect Progressive*)

*True or False?* The auxiliary verb *be* is used particularly in continuous tense constructions and in passive constructions.

True Example of *continuous tense construction* = Andrew was playing tennis when Jane called him. Example of *passive* construction = Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.

*True or False?* We can use the *present continuous* structure to talk about the future.

True Example: "Martin *is driving* to Scotland tomorrow."

*True or False?* Conditional clauses can change places in a sentence.

True Example: "You *get* green, if you *mix* blue and yellow."

*True or False?* The auxiliary verb *have* is used particularly with *perfect tenses.*

True Example: They *have* had a nice time. (had = present perfect)

*True or False?* *Secondary Modal Verbs* operate as auxiliary or supporting verbs within the sentence.

True Examples: I *dared* to question my teacher openly in class. (The main verb is "question".) I *need* to do my homework. (The main verb is "do".) I *have* to explain this to my friend. (The main verb is "explain".)

*True or False?* Passive forms are often used in quiz shows.

True Examples: *The famous cathedral La Sagrada Familia* is found where? *JFK* was assassinated when? *The first man to travel to outer space* was born in which country?

*True or False?* *Will* is often used when we make decisions on the spur of the moment or to make an offer. At other times, we can use *will* to make predictions or general statements about the future.

True Examples: Spur of the moment: "Okay, I'*ll go* to the cinema with you" Future Prediction: "It *will rain* tomorrow."

*True or False?* When we use the past continuous, *-ing* is put at the end of the main verb, and the main verb is preceded by the appropriate past form of the auxiliary verb be: *was or were.*

True Examples: *1)* I *was* speak*ing* with my friends (at 7 o'clock last night) *2)* They *were* walk*ing* in the mountains (when they discovered the missing plane) *3)* She *was* study*ing* music at Leeds University (when I first met her)

"We spent $1,000" is past ______.

simple

"He saved $1,000" is past ______ & "He *has* saved $1,000" is past __________.

simple participle

The past simple *and* past participle of sleep is _____.

slept

There are two main types of infinitive verb: __ and ____.

to, bare *to* example: Mark prefers to buy a house, rather than *to rent* one. *bare* example: Mark prefers to buy a house, rather than *rent* one.

There are ___ clauses in conditional structures.

two; they are usually called the *conditional clause* (or if-clause) and the *main clause* (the effect)

In the *active voice* the 'doer' of the action is the subject of the sentence. (Examples on reverse)

Active Present Simple -- "*Leeds University* employs people." Active Past Simple -- "*The dog* bit the man"

The *Present Perfect Con_______* is used to talk about something that started in the past and continues down to the present.

*Continuous* (also called the Present Perfect *Progressive*)

The *Past Per____ Continuous* is used to talk about something that was happening for a period of time in the past and was completed by (or still going on) at a specified time in the past.

*Perfect* (also called the Past Perfect *Progressive*)

If +present tense clause +present tense clause =Zero Conditional

*Zero Conditional* is sometimes also called the *present conditional* because the first and the second clauses use *the present simple tense* most of the time.

In the *Second Conditional* sometimes other modal verbs can be used instead of *would*, such as *could* or *might*. (See reverse for examples)

-- If I *went* to see that film again, I *could take* my friend Catherine. -- If she ever *talked* to me again, I *would do* a little dance in the street. --If I *saw* him again, I *ought to break* his neck.

As in the *Second Conditional*, sometimes in the *Third Conditional* other modal verbs can be used instead of *would* -- such as *could* or *might* (see reverse for examples)

--If Martin *had*n't *met* Julie, he *might have been* single all his life. --If Mark *had*n't *been* nasty to his girlfriend, he *could've* still *been* with her. --If you *had told* me you were coming, I *might've asked* you to get some milk.

Occasionally, the if-clause from the second conditional is combined with the main clause from the third conditional. (See reverse for examples)

--If he really *wanted* to do it, he *would have done* it before now. --If James *thought* about it, he *would have come* to the same conclusion. --If Martin *were* rich, he *would have shared* his money with me.

Most *past simple* and *past participle* verbs are regular, meaning they end in -__.

-ed Examples: talk becomes talk*ed* listen becomes listen*ed* watch becomes watch*ed*

If + not in the *First Conditional* is sometimes replaced by *unless* Example: "I won't pay you *if* you do*n't* do your job properly" vs. "I won't pay you *unless* you do your job properly."

...

The Present Con_______ describes what we are doing at the present moment.

Continuous Example: "Martin *is driving* to Scotland."

Modal verb *"will"* + Auxiliary verb *"have"* + *Past Participle* of auxiliary verb *"be"* + *Present participle* of main verb = *Future Perfect Continuous*

Example of *Future Perfect Continuous*: "Mark *will have been teaching* for almost twenty years next year."

Modal verb *"will"* + Auxiliary verb *"have"* + *Past Participle* of main verb = *Future Perfect*

Example of *Future Perfect*: "At this rate *you'll have eaten* all the sandwiches by the time the guests arrive."

If + present tense clause + future simple tense clause = *The First Conditional*

Example: If you come near me again (pres. tense clause) I will call the police (future simple clause) =*First Conditional Structure*

*The Zero Conditional (The Logical Conditional)* We use this conditional to talk about a fact or convey a logical conclusion.

Example: "If you *heat* water to 100 degrees Celsius, it *boils.*"

*Present tense* form of auxiliary verb *"be"* + present participle of main verb = *Present Continuous with a Future Meaning*

Example: "Sorry, I can't come round now - I*'m seeing* Amy tonight."

The *Mixed Conditional* structure combines the *if-clause* from the third conditional with the *main clause* from the second conditional.

Example: If I *had listened* to my mother, I *would*n't *be* here now.

Modal verb *"will"* + Auxiliary verb *"be"* + *Present Participle* of main verb = *Future Continuous*

Examples of *Future Continuous*: "Every breath you take. Every move you make. I*'ll be watching* you." "She*'ll be coming* round the mountain when she comes."

*Shall* can substitute for *will* when talking about the future but lately is falling out of use. When it appears though it seems to indicate determination on the part of the user.

Examples: "Cinderella *shall* go to the ball." "I *shall* do some studying tonight."

*Future Simple* is when we refer to the future and precede the main verb with the modal verb *will*

Examples: I *will* accept your proposal. (main verb = accept) Cinderella *will* go to the Ball. (main verb = go) I *wo*n't *see* that film again! (won't = the negative form of *will*) In these sentences the modal verb *will* is the future indicator followed by the bare infinitive form of the main verbs (*accept / go / see*)

There are occasions in the *first conditional* when we can use the *continuous tense* in the 1st clause and other future structures (such as modal verbs) in the second clause

Examples: If it *rains*, we *might go* to the cinema. Sometimes, if I*'m working* hard in my office, I *wo*n't *answer* the door.

You can substitute the word *when* for the word *if* in many *zero conditional* sentences and it will mean the same thing.

Examples: When you *mix* black and white, you *get* grey. When you *heat* oil, it *starts* to smoke. When you *read* books, you *learn* things.

*True or False?* The verb *Do* uses the past forms 'do ~ does' and the present form 'did'

False do ~ does = present form did = past form

*True or False?* The verb *Be* uses the *past tense forms* is ~ am ~ are.

False is ~ am ~ are = *present tense*

*True or False?* The verb *Be* uses present tense forms was ~ were.

False was ~ were = *past tense*

The *Second Conditional* is sometimes called the *Hypo________ Conditional*

Hypothetical

If + past tense clause + modal verb 'would' + infinitive clause =*Second Conditional* (see reverse for example)

If Elvis *were* alive, he *would* have something *to say* about today's music. *Second Conditional*

If + past perfect tense clause + modal verb "would" + auxiliary verb "have" + past participle =*Third Conditional*

If I *had been* kinder to my girlfriend she *would*n't *have* *left me*

The *Second Conditional* is used when we express unreal or hypothetical present or future situations. (See reverse for examples)

If I *won* the lottery, I*'d buy* a big house on the south coast of Spain. If I *were* you, I*'d write* her a letter and *explain* my feelings.

The *Third Conditional* is used when we want to express regret or things that might have been. (See reverse for examples)

If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.

In the *First Conditional* the *if-clause* generally uses the *present simple* while the *main clause* uses *future simple* See reverse for examples

If you *study* this book, you*'ll have* a much better understanding of grammar. If you *come* near me again, I*'ll call* the police. If you *put* your hand in the lion's cage, it *will bite* your arm off.

Occasionally in the *zero conditional* we use the *past simple* in both the if-clause and the main clause. For example: "If Peter *was* at home, he didn't *answer* the phone."

Note: We don't generally teach zero conditionals though as it is not a structure frequently used.

The *Passive Voice* structure is: *The subject* (which in Active Voice would be the object) + a form of auxiliary verb *be* + *past participle* of main verb

Passive Present Simple -- "*People* are employed by Leeds University." Passive Past Simple -- "*The tall man* was asked to dance with the girl in the purple dress."

The *Third Conditional* is sometimes called the *P__t Conditional*

Past

As a rule, we introduce the third conditional structure to intermediate or upper-intermediate students.

Review: We use the *Third Conditional* to express regret and talk about things that might have been. The structure is If + past perfect tense clause + modal verb 'would' + auxiliary verb 'have' + past participle

*True or False?* The auxiliary verb *do* is required for the interrogative and negative forms of Present Simple & Past Simple.

True Examples: *Do* you work as a tour guide? | *Does* Jill work as a tour guide? | *Did* Joe work as a tour guide? | I *don't work* as a tour guide. | Jill *doesn't work* as a tour guide. | Joe *didn't work* as a tour guide.

*True or False?* The only two tenses which do not use any auxiliaries in affirmative sentences are the Present Simple and the Past Simple.

True Examples: Present Simple - I *work* as a tour guide. Jill *works* as a tour guide. | Past Simple - Joe *worked* as a tour guide.

*True or False?* As an *auxiliary verb,* 'DO' does not take its present participle form 'doing' or its past participle form 'done' rather it is used to form questions, negatives and to emphasise what we say.

True Examples: *Do* you play squash? | No, I *do*n't want to play squash. | I *do* like to play squash.

*True or False?* Sometimes the primary auxiliary verbs *be* *have* *do* are used as main verbs.

True Examples: I'*m* Heather. Amy *has* the ball. I *do* crosswords.

*True or False?* When we use the present continuous tense form, *-ing* is put at the end of the main verb, and the *main verb is preceded* by the appropriate present form of the auxiliary verb *be: am, are, is*

True Examples: I*'m* speak*ing* with my friends | They*'re* walk*ing* in the mountains | She*'s* study*ing* music at university.

*True or False?* Most of the English tenses are formed by combining one or more primary auxiliaries with one main verb.

True Review: Primary Auxiliary = derived from the verbs *BE, HAVE, DO* Main Verb = most important verb in a sentence. Unlike helping verbs, main verbs have their own meaning

*True or False?* Modal verb *"will"* + *bare infinitive* of main verb = *will structure*

True Review: bare infinitive = the infinitive without to, as used with modal auxiliary verbs Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Will, Would, Should, Shall, Ought, Used to

*True or False?* The *past simple* and *past participle* forms of a verb can be either different or the same.

True They are the same with all regular verbs and many irregular verbs (e.g. slept, bought, put, made, sat, felt, stood, won) With such verbs the only way to tell whether a sentence uses the past simple or past participle is by checking *whether the main verb is preceded by a form of 'have' or 'be'.* If it is preceded by either 'have' or 'be', the main verb is in its past participle form. If it is not preceded by either of these verbs, the main verb is in its past simple form.

*True or False?* Generally speaking, there are eleven modal auxiliary verbs in the English language.

True They are: *can | could | will | would | shall | should | may | might | must | ought to | used to*

*True or False?* auxiliary verb *"be"* + *"going to"* + *infinitive* of main verb = *going to structure*

True When we want to describe our plans, intentions or things we have decided to do, we precede the main verb with the structure *going to.* This is sometimes referred to as a verb idiom

*True or False?" The text in bold is past perfect. "By the time John arrived at the party, everyone *had left.*"

True When we want to emphasize that something in the past happened before another action in the past, we can use the past perfect for the earlier action; (*had left* is the earlier action)

*True or False?* The text in bold is past perfect. After he *had served* his time, the criminal was released.

True When we want to emphasize that something in the past happened before another action in the past, we can use the past perfect for the earlier action; *had served* is the earlier action.)

When we make active sentences passive, the focus of the sentence *shifts from the agent* (the original subject) *to the ob____.* In fact, the agent often becomes unimportant and is sometimes unknown.

object

"$1,000 was saved by him" is past __________.

participle

"$1,000 was spent by us" is past __________.

participle

"We have spent $1,000" is past __________.

participle

When we want to talk about something that was ongoing at a definite moment in the past, we use the ____ __________.

past continuous (It is also called the past progressive tense)

"He has learned to speak Japanese" is present _______ tense

perfect

"I have travelled to Japan" is present _______ tense

perfect

When we want to emphasize that something in the past happened before another action in the past, we can use the *past per____* for the earlier action.

perfect Example: When I got to Roundhay Park, the concert *had started.*

"We have eaten sushi" is _______ perfect tense

present

When we want to talk about something which is continuing (or progressing) *as we speak,* we use the _______ __________ tense.

present continuous (also called the present progressive)