Cell Bio Ch.13 Mitosis and Meiosis

Two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere prior to meiosis. Which statement is correct? A. Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical. B. The cell that contains these sister chromatids must be haploid. C. These chromatids make up a diploid chromosome.

A. Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical.

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? A. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes. B. The species is diploid and has 32 chromosomes per cell. C. The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. D. A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

A. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.

Identify all possible products of meiosis in plant and animal life cycles. Select all that apply. A. Gametes (sperm and eggs) B. Spores C. Multicellular adult organisms

A. Gametes (sperm and eggs) B. Spores

Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct? A. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. B. In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. C. Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi. D. Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

A. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? A. Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness. B. Sexual reproduction allows more offspring to be produced increasing odds of survival. C. Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction. D. Sexual reproduction results in more new mutations, some of which will be better adapted.

A. Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness.

Two different species of protists living in a tide pool. Species A reproduces both sexually and asexually, and Species B reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses. Which species are more likely to survive in the changing environment? A. Species A only B. Species B only C. Both species are equally likely to survive. D. Neither species will be able to survive.

A. Species A only

The somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46? A. The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome. B. This plant is more like animals than like another plant that has 10 total chromosomes. C. This plant's sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. D. This plant's sex cells would have 92 chromosomes when entering meiosis.

A. The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome.

This chromosome has two chromatids, joined at the centromere. What process led to the formation of the two chromatids? A. The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome. B. The two chromatids were formed by fertilization, bringing together maternal and paternal chromatids. C. The two chromatids were formed by synapsis and the formation of a synaptonemal complex.

A. The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome.

Which of the following events characterizes metaphase of mitosis? A. alignment of the chromosomes at the equator B. movement of the chromosomes toward the equator C. condensing of the DNA into discrete chromosomes D. separation of sister chromatids

A. alignment of the chromosomes at the equator

Which of the following pairs of processes make the greatest contribution to genetic diversity between generations of a diploid insect? A. independent assortment and random fertilization B. random fertilization and cytokinesis C. gametophyte fusion and mitotic division D. alternation of generations and crossing over

A. independent assortment and random fertilization

Genetic variation occurs when chromosomes are shuffled in fertilization and what other process? A. meiosis B. mutation C. genetic drift D. mitosis E. natural selection

A. meiosis

Asexual reproduction __________. A. produces offspring genetically identical to the parent B. is limited to plants C. requires both meiosis and mitosis D. is limited to single-cell organisms E. leads to a loss of genetic material

A. produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? A. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I B. the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II C. the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization D. the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome

A. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? A. two B. four C. eight D. a diploid number

A. two

Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis? A. Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells. B. Diploid cells form haploid cells. C. Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. D. A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell.

B. Diploid cells form haploid cells.

Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? A. Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex. B. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. C. Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA. D. Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.

B. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? A. It reveals the appearance of an organism. B. It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes. C. It is a display of all of the cell types in an organism. D. It is a display of a cell's mitotic stages.

B. It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal? A. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II. B. Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells. C. Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II but not in mitosis. D. Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II but not in mitosis.

B. Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.

What is the best evidence telling you whether this cell is diploid or haploid? A. The cell is diploid because each chromosome consists of two chromatids. B. The cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes. C. The cell is haploid because the chromosomes are not found in pairs.

B. The cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes.

Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I? A. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. B. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. C. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. D. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

B. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

What must happen to a chromosome before a cell starts mitosis? A. Both molecules of DNA in the chromosome must be replicated. B. The single DNA molecule in the chromosome must be replicated. C. The two chromatids of the chromosome must become attached to each other. D. The chromatin of the chromosome must be completely condensed.

B. The single DNA molecule in the chromosome must be replicated.

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis? A. about 1,000 B. about 8 million C. 46 D. 23

B. about 8 million

Which of the following processes will most likely produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes? A. failure of an egg to complete meiosis II B. an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced C. failure of the egg nucleus to fuse with the sperm nucleus D. incomplete cytokinesis after meiosis I in sperm production

B. an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced

During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell? A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. telophase I D. telophase II

B. anaphase II

Heritable variation is required for which of the following? A. the production of a clone B. evolution C. meiosis D. asexual reproduction E. mitosis

B. evolution

In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If one of the autosomal pairs is examined, which of the following characteristics will the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? A. alleles and centromere position B. loci and staining pattern C. X-like shape and alignment on the metaphase plate D. length and DNA sequence

B. loci and staining pattern

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? A. meiosis B. mitosis C. fertilization D. the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

B. mitosis

Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate B. synapsis of chromosomes C. condensation of chromosomes D. chromosome replication

B. synapsis of chromosomes

Which of the following phrases defines the term genome? A. The complete set of a species expressed traits B. the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences C. the complete set of an organism's polypeptides D. the complete set of a species' polypeptides

B. the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

In a typical animal, mitosis produces _________, while meiosis produces____________. A. four haploid daughter cells, two diploid daughter cells B. two diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells C. four diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells D. two diploid daughter cells, two haploid daughter cells E. two diploid daughter cells, two diploid daughter cells

B. two diploid daughter cells, four haploid daughter cells

A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing length and wing color.A female of this species with short blue-colored wings has a chromosome pair with two short-wing alleles and a second chromosome pair with one blue-wing allele and one orange-wing allele. The eggs from this individual will have which of the following combinations of alleles? A. all of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings B. all of the eggs will have alleles for short orange-colored wings C. 1/2 of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/2 will have alleles for short orange-colored wings D. 3/4 of the eggs have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/4 of the eggs have alleles for short orange-colored wings.

C. 1/2 of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings and 1/2 will have alleles for short orange-colored wings

Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms (pg) per nucleus. During the entirety of which stage of the cell cycle did the nucleus contain 6 pg of DNA? A. M B. G1 C. G2 D. S.

C. G2

Which of the following statements correctly describes how sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes differ from each other? A. They are not different.; homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical copies of each other. B. Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis. C. Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication. D. Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis. E. Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother.

C. Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.

Which of the following explanations correctly describes a reproductive approach? A. Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population. B. Single-celled organisms can fuse their cells, to form new cells that are not identical to the parent cell. C. In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. D. During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice to insure each daughter cell contains a full set of chromosomes.

C. In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents? A. It has twice the DNA of the cell that began meiosis. B. It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the cell that began meiosis. C. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. D. It is genetically identical to the other cells produced by this cytokinesis.

C. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

Which of the following phases make up the stages of mitosis? A. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis B. Interphase C. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase D. G1, S, and G2

C. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. Which of the following describes the chromosomes in a triploid cell where n = 6? A. The cell has 12 total chromosomes at the end of mitosis. B. The cell has 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis. C. The cell has 18 total chromosomes in 6 sets. D. The cell has 24 sister chromatids when in prophase I.

C. The cell has 18 total chromosomes in 6 sets.

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? A. The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. B. The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. C. The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. D. The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

C. The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

Which of the following statements best describes homologous chromosomes? A. They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. B. They carry the same alleles. C. They carry information for the same traits. D. They were inherited from the same parent.

C. They carry information for the same traits.

Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true? A. This cell is haploid. B. It is impossible to tell whether the cell is haploid or diploid. C. This cell is diploid.

C. This cell is diploid.

During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? A. mitosis B. prophase I C. anaphase I D. anaphase II

C. anaphase I

If a plant biologist succeeds in generating a single plant with a particularly desirable flower, which of the following approaches would be the most efficient way to generate more plants with this trait? A. force the plant to self-pollinate B. breed this plant with a plant that does not flower C. clone the plant D. backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits and cross the two

C. clone the plant

Which of the following processes has just occurred when chiasmata can first be viewed under a microscope? A. meiosis II B. anaphase II C. prophase I D. the separation of homologs

C. prophase I

Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for animal species to adapt to a changing environment? A. mutation B. mitosis C. sexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction

C. sexual reproduction

Which of the following occurs during meiosis, but not during mitosis? A. chromosomes align at the metaphase plate B. a spindle apparatus forms C. synapsis occurs D. chromosomes migrate to opposite poles E. chromosomes condense

C. synapsis occurs

What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? A. n chromosomes B. 45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome C. 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome D. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes E. 21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

D. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

Which of the following results when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis? A. Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA. B. DNA repair machinery alters maternal alleles so they match paternal ones C. Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. D. Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.

D. Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.

A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing color and wing length. A female of this species has a paternal chromosome set containing one orange-wing allele and one long-wing allele and a maternal set containing one blue-wing allele and one short-wing allele. Which of the following types of eggs would she be expected to produce after meiosis? A. All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. B. Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. C. All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations D. Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

D. Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? A. Four daughter cells are formed. B. The chromosome number per cell remains the same. C. Sister chromatids are separated. D. Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

D. Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

Which of the following statements about the human X chromosomes is correct? A. It is the smaller than other chromosomes B. It is referred to as an autosome. C. It is present in every gametic cell of males and females. D. It carries genes that influence an individual's biological sex.

D. It carries genes that influence an individual's biological sex.

A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism? A. It reproduces asexually. B. It must be an animal. C. It must be human. D. It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

D. It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? A. Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity and evolutionary pressures select against them. B. Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, they have no mechanism to add genetic diversity for evolutionary pressures to act upon C. In order for evolutionary pressures to affect sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization. D. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

D. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? A. DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I. B. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II. C. Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information. D. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

D. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? A. during meiosis I only B. during meiosis II only C. during both mitosis and meiosis I D. during both mitosis and meiosis II

D. during both mitosis and meiosis II

Many diploid organisms produce haploid gametes for reproduction. Which of the following best describes how the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring of these organisms? A. synapsis during prophase of meiosis I creates random combinations of alleles B. independent assortment in meiosis allows random combinations of chromosomes C. DNA replication creates homologous chromosomes D. fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote

D. fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote

During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? A. in mitosis and meiosis II B. in mitosis and meiosis I C. in meiosis II only D. in meiosis I only

D. in meiosis I only

Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? A. mitosis and meiosis II B. meiosis II C. mitosis D. meiosis I

D. meiosis I

During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell? A. metaphase of mitosis B. telophase II of meiosis C. metaphase II of meiosis D. metaphase I of meiosis

D. metaphase I of meiosis

Which of the following answers describes the phenomenon of crossing over in meiosis? A. the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome B. a direct consequence of the separation of sister chromatids C. making an RNA copy of a DNA strand D. the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids E. also referred to as the independent assortment of chromosomes

D. the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids

For what purpose(s) might a karyotype be prepared? A. for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes B. to determine whether a fetus is male or female C. to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations D. The first and second answers are correct. E. The first three answers are correct.

E. The first three answers are correct.

Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?

I

Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in telophase I?

I

Which sample is consistent with a cell that is entering mitosis?

II

Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in metaphase I?

II

Which diagram represents prophase of mitosis?

III

Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed meiosis?

III

Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed mitosis?

III

Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis?

V

Which diagram represents metaphase of mitosis?

VI

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. Cohesins at centromeres of sister chromatids breakdown.

anaphase II

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the spindle.

metaphase I

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below. Haploid cells form containing joined sister chromatids.

telophase I

The figure represents the nucleus of an animal cell about to enter mitosis. How many different pairs of chromosomes are present in the diagram?

4