Central Tendency & Variability, Frequency Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, and Chi Square

The best measure of central tendency for interval/ratio (skewed) variables is ____.

Median

The best measure of central tendency for ordinal variables is ___.

Median

The best measure of central tendency for nominal variables is ___.

Mode

In a Type I Error, the researcher concludes that a treatment has an effect when it actually has ____.

NONE

The Alpha level is typically set at ____.

0.05

A Goodness-of-Fit test deals with ___ variable(s).

1

Frequency Distribution tables include: ____, ____, and ____.

1) Class Width 2) Number of Classes 3) Real Limits

A Non-Normal Frequency Distribution includes 3 characteristics:

1) Skewness 2) Modality 3) Kurtosis

The 4 General Steps for Null Hypothesis Testing: 1) State the _____. 2) Set the criteria for a ____. 3) Collect data and compute ____ statistics. 4) Decide whether to reject or retain the _____.

1) hypotheses 2) decision 3) sample 4) null hypothesis

The 4 Steps of Setting Up a Frequency Table: 1) Pick a ___. 2) Set ___ limits. 3) Set upper ____. 4) Count ____; if too many--set ___ width; if too few--set smaller width.

1) width 2) lower 3) limits 4) bigger

The ____ level, or significant level, is the probability value that is used to define what is meant by "low" and "high" probability.

Alpha

A measure of ____ is a measure of what value the individual scores tend to center on.

Central Tendency

The ____ test is a statistical test used to examine differences with categorical variables.

Chi-Square

____ Frequency is the NUMBER of scores that fall at or below a given class.

Cumulative

___ is data entered in as a grid format.

Data Matrix

____ is used for organizing and summarizing the properties of a set of data.

Descriptive Statistics

_____ are EACH SCORE'S distance from the mean.

Deviations

In a Type II Error, the researcher has _____ a real treatment effect.

FAILED TO DETECT

In a Type II Error, the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually ____.

FALSE

_____ is the number of times an observation or score occurs in a dataset.

Frequency

A ____ is a chart or table showing how often each value (or range of values) of a variable occurs in a dataset.

Frequency Distribution

A ____ is a table that gives a visual picture of the observations on a particular variable.

Frequency Distribution

The ___ test is used for estimating how closely an observed distribution matches an expected distribution.

Goodness-of-Fit

The 2 types of Chi-Squares are: ___ and ___.

Goodness-of-Fit; Test of Independence

Type ___ Error is also known as the "False Positive".

I

A Type ___ Error is also known as a "Miss".

II

____ is how flat or peaked the distribution is; based on the size of the standard deviation.

Kurtosis

____ kurtosis is when the standard deviation is smaller.

Leptokurtic

The best measure of central tendency for interval/ratio (NOT skewed) variables is ____.

Mean

A Chi-Square deals with ____ and ____ data.

Nominal, Ordinal

When the X² is LESS THAN the critical value, then it is considered _____.

Not significant/Not insignificant

____ kurtosis is when the standard deviation is larger.

Platykurtic

Bar Graphs measure ____ data.

Qualitative

Histograms measure _____ data.

Quantitative

Polygons measure _____ data.

Quantitative

If the X² is GREATER THAN the critical value, then ___ the null hypothesis.

REJECT

If the X² is LESS THAN the critical value, then ____ the null hypothesis.

RETAIN/Fail to reject

The ___ is the difference between the maximum and minimum scores.

Range

____ Frequency is the PROPORTION of scores that falls within a given class.

Relative

____ is the tendency of scores to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end.

Skewness

The ____ is the AVERAGE distance from the mean.

Standard Deviation

A Normal Frequency Distribution is: 1) ____ as possible. 2) Mean, Median, and Mode _____ the same.

Symmetrical; Equal

In a Type I Error, the researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually ____.

TRUE

The Alpha level is the probability that a test will lead to a ___ Error.

Type I

____ is how much the scores deviate; such as margin of error and "Plus or Minus".

Variability

Observed Frequencies describes the ____ frequency (ex. number of people); must be a ____ number.

actual; whole

The ___ hypothesis states that in the general population, there IS a change, a difference, or a relationship.

alternative

The 2 types of modes are: ___.

bimodal and multimodal

Some distributions have more than one mode; they are called: 1) ____, having two modes or scores; 2) ____, having more than two modes or scores.

bimodal, multimodal

The class width is approximately the range divided by the number of ____.

classes

All ___ data has a mean, median, and mode.

continuous

Real limits are boundaries of intervals for _____ scores.

continuous

Continuous values are any possible amount and includes _____/____.

decimals/fractions

X² measures how ____ the Observed Frequencies are from the Expected Frequencies.

different

Larger X² values when Observed and Expected are ____; also ____ the Null.

dissimilar; reject

A Chi-Square examines the distribution of ____.

frequencies

The Goodness-of-Fit test compares sample ____ to the ____.

frequencies; population

A ____ is an empirically-testable statement about a relationship involving two or more variables.

hypothesis

Type II Error probability is not easily _____.

identified

Hypothesis testing is ____ statistics, which is a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.

inferential

One important properties of the ____ is that it minimizes error in the prediction of any one value in your data set.

mean

The ___ is usually the best measure of central tendency to use when your data distribution is continuous and symmetrical, such as when your data is normally distributed.

mean

The ___, also called the average, is found by adding all the scores in the batch and then dividing by the number of scores.

mean

The ____ can be used with both discrete and continuous data.

mean

The ____ has one main disadvantage: it is particularly susceptible to the influence of outliers.

mean

3 values are commonly used to determine central tendency: ___,___, and ___.

mean, median, mode

If dealing with a normal distribution, and tests of normality show that the data is non-normal, it is customary to use the ___ instead of the mean.

median

The ___ is less affected by outliers and skewed data.

median

The ___ is the value at the middlemost score of a distribution of scores--the score that divides a frequency distribution into halves.

median

Strictly speaking, ordinal data has a ___ and ____ only, and nominal data has only a ____.

median; mode; mode

2 problems of the ____ is that it is not unique, and that it will not provide us with a very good measure of central tendency when the most common mark is far away from the rest of the data in the data set.

mode

Normally, the ___ is used for categorical data where we wish to know which is the most common category.

mode

On a histogram, the ___ represents the highest bar.

mode

The ___ is the value of the most common score--the score that was received by more members of the group than any other.

mode

The ___ is very rarely used with continuous data.

mode

The central tendency ____ is ideal for categorical data.

mode

The ___ skewed the distribution, the greater the different between the median and mean, and the greater emphasis should be placed on using the median as opposed to the mean.

more

X² can NEVER be ____ because the frequency difference are squared.

negative

The mode is the least used of the measures of central tendency and can only be used when dealing with ____ data.

nominal

The ____ hypothesis states that in the general population, there is NO change, NO difference, or NO relationship.

null

The primary purpose of hypothesis testing is to examine the likelihood of the ____ with data.

null hypothesis

X² distribution is ____ skewed and _____.

positively; platykurtic

When the X² is GREATER THAN the critical value, then it is considered ____.

significant

Smaller X² values when Observed and Expected are ____; also ____ the Null.

similar; retain

Another time when we usually prefer the median over the mean (or mode) is when out data is ____.

skewed

The median is usually preferred to other measures of central tendency when your data set is ____ or you are dealing with ___ data.

skewed; ordinal

A Cumulative graph should ALWAYS have a _____ shape.

sloping down

The ____ is a computation that captures how far, on average, each score in a data set is from the mean.

standard deviation

Expected Frequencies describes a _____ frequency; can be ____ or ____.

theoretical; fractions/decimals

Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance are all types of ____.

variability

The ____ is the computation that quantifies how spread out the scores of a sample are around their mean; it is the square of the standard deviation.

variance

The 2 most common descriptive techniques that capture the relative spread of scores are the ____ and the ____.

variance; standard deviation

Discrete values only occur in ___ numbers (integers).

whole