CEOE Biological Sciences

which of the following processes is most responsible for providing the phenotypic variation that makes evolution possible? a. genetic drift b. natural selection c. sexual reporduction d. geographic speciation

c. sexual reproduction

which of the following events occurs during translation process in eukaryotic cells? a, amino acids bind directly to mRNA transcripts b. only one ribosome at a time attaches to an mRNA transcript c. tRNS molecules bind to both amino acids and mRNA d. ribosomes synthesize the amino acids used in translation

c. tRNS molecules bind to both amino acids and mRNA

in the classroom, a physical model would be most helpful in illustrating which of the following biological concepts? (c) a. the dimensions of an ecological niche b. the construction of a Punnett square c. the construction of a DNA model d. the configuration of the genetic code

c. the construction of a DNA model

which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the increase in mass associated with the growth of a seed into a tree? a. carbon dioxide taken in by the leaves b. water absorbed by the roots c. nutrients transported from the soil d. nitrogen fixed by soil bacteria

a. carbon dioxide taken in by the leaves

the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere contributes most directly to which of the following environmental problems? a. acid precipitation b. freshwater depletion c, ozone layer depletion d. global climate change

a. acid precipitation

which of the following systemic features is characteristic shared by insects and crustaceans? a. an exoskeleton of chitin b. an embryonic neural crest c. a closed circulatory system d. a radial symmetric body plan

a. an exoskeleton of chitin

which of the following types of data do biologists currently use to distinguish between taxonomic groups at the domain and kingdom levels? a. comparison between genes at the molecular level b. the extent to which cell functions are organized into organelles c. ways in which organisms obtain their energy d. the degree to which DNA or RNA serves as the genetic material

a. comparison between genes at the molecular level

the first gene was sequences in 1972 and the first genome, that of a bacteriophage, was sequenced in 1976. sequencing of the human genome did not occur until 2001, however. the delay was most likely due to the lack of: a. computer technology that was rapid and powerful enough to handle the enormous amounts of data involved in whole-genome sequencing b. scanning- electron microscopes that were powerful enough to allow researchers to identify individual nucleotide bases c. arrays of enzymes that were able to break the DNA molecule into fragments that could be analyzed in isolation d. sophisticated models for understanding the structure and organization of the DNA molecule

a. computer technology that was rapid and powerful enough to handle the enormous amounts of data involved in whole-genome sequencing

a population of frogs undergoes a dramatic increase during an unseasonably hot summer. a scientists carefully designs and performs an experiment to test the hypothesis that the higher than average water temperatures that have been observed are causing female frogs to lay more eggs than usual. if the data does not support the hypothesis what is the most appropriate NEXT step for the scientists to take? a. considering the factors that might affect population size and formulating a new hypothesis b. using the different experimental design with better controls c. concluding that water temperature is not a factor in the increased population numbers d. asking a colleague in a different laboratory to replicate the experiment

a. considering the factors that might affect population size and formulating a new hypothesis

the narrow structure of the human cervical canal allows for the cervix to perform which of the following functions? a. directing spores into the uterus b. guiding the ovum to the support implantation c. resisting the length of menses d. confining hormones to reproductive organs

a. directing sperm into the uterus

a point mutation involving the insertion of a single nucleotide pair is usually more damaging to the production of proteins than is a substitution. that is because, unlike a substitution, an insertion always: a. disrupts the coding of a triplet by altering the triplet grouping and causing the improper grouping of all downstream triplets b. stops the production of the growing polypeptide chain before it is fully formed, creating an entirely nonfunctional protein c. interrupts the formation of protein by introducing out-of-sequence amino acids into the developing chain of polypeptides d. prevents the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that constitute the building blocks of protiens

a. disrupts the coding of a triplet by altering the triplet grouping and causing the improper grouping of all downstream triplets

Darwins study of the evolution of different finche species on the Galapagos islands demonstrated that the finches on the various islands had evolved as a result of: a. geographic isolation of populations that were subjected to different selective pressures b. dispersal of individuals due to interspecific competition on the South American mainland c. different individual mating behaviors that resulted in sympatric speciation d. low levels of environmental resistance on the islands that maximized the effects of genetic drift

a. geographic isolation of populations that were subjected to different selective pressures

in germinating seeds, increased production of ATP is positively correlated with which of the following factors? a. increased temperature b. decreased watercontent c. increased leveled of carbon dioxide d. decreased levels of light

a. increased temperature

compared to.a terrestrial are undergoing primary succession, a terrestrial area that is going through secondary succession following the abandonment of an agricultural field is uauyllly characterized by: a. the absence of primary producers b. the existence of nutrient rich soils c. the presence of invasive species d. the slower progression of subsequent stages

b. the existence of nutrient rich soil

the inside of a cell has high concentrations of sodium (Na+) ions and low concentrations of chloride (Cl-) and potassium (K+) ions. the solution in which the cell sits has high concentration of chloride and potassium ions and a low concentration of sodium ions. the outside of the cell has a positive charge relative to the inside of the cell. if the membrane is equally permeable to all of the ions, both the concentration gradient and the force of the electric charge will tent to move: a. potassium into the cell b. sodium out of the cell c. chloride into the cell d. chloride out of the cell

a. potassium into the cell

which of the following steps of transgenic crop engineering would require the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? a. producing multiple copies of the gene b. inserting a new DNA region into the gene c. inserting the new trans gene into the target cell d. separating the target cell from the rest of the plant

a. producing multiple copies of the gene

plants can access stored energy from which of the following molecules? a. starch b. fiber c. glycogen d. cellulose

a. starch

in green plants, the exchange of water and gases with the surrounding environment is directly facilitated by which of the following structures? a. stoma b. chloroplast c. xylem d. cuticle m

a. stoma

energy production in prokaryotic cells differs from that in eukaryotic cells, because in prokaryotes: a. the entire cell acts as its own mitochondrion b. the initial pathway of metabolism is glycolysis c. the majority of ATP is produced by organelles d. the presence of oxygen is needed for respiration

a. the entire cell acts as its own mitochondrion

which of the following structures in the chloroplast is most important with regards to increasing the surface area of the chloroplast for the absorption of light energy? a. thylakoid stacks b. inter membrance space c. stroma lamellae d. outer membrane

a. thylakoid stacks

a difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds is that the formation of ionic bonds involves the: a. transfer of an electorn from one atom to another b. sharing of an electron between two nonmetal elements c. interaction of atoms with a similar electronegativity d. attraction between delocalized electrons in a lattice

a. transfer of an electron from one atom to another

deletion and duplications of genetic materials in sister chromatids are most likely to be caused by which of the following types of alteratuions to chromosomal structure? a. translocations b. chiasmata c. nondisjunctions d inversions

a. translocations

the energy transferred between trophiesc levels of an ecosystem is 10%. plants capure about 1% of the visible light available to them as chemical energy. if 2000 joules of energy strike the plants in a particular ecosystem, what will be the approximate net production of the tertiary consumers in the same ecosystem? a. 2.00 J b. 0.020 J c. 0.002 J d. 0.00002 J

b. 0.020 J

which of the following situations is an example of how environmental conditions can directly influence the expression of traits in the phenotype of an individual organism? a. a lizard moved from a sunny rock to a shaded vegetation when its body temperature approaches a critical maximum b. a synthesis pathway for an amino acid in a bacterium is inhibited by the presence of that amino acid into the environment c. the grasses that predominate in the vicinity of abandoned mines are tolerant of high heavy metal concentrations in the soil d. the pale wing and body color of a species of moth darkens over generations as a response to increasing environmental pollution

b. a synthesis pathway for an amino acid in a bacterium is inhibited by the presence of that amino acid into the environment

which of the following ecological factors is primarily responsible for limiting the growth of deciduous hardwoods in the native grassland biome of the midwestern United States? a. stronger winter winds b. annual precipitation c. poor soil permeability d. average temperature

b. annual precipitation

which of the following lists includes only groups or organisms that are suspension feeders? a. snail, oysters, shrimp b. clams, sponges, baleen whales c. corals, octopuses, jellies d. sea urchins, krill, sea anemones

b. clams, m sponges, baleen whales

quadrant sampling would be most useful for obtaining an estimate of the size of which of the following populations? a. squirrels in a conservation area b. dandelions in a schoolyard c. frogs in a local freshwater lake d. pigeons inhabiting an urban city

b. dandelions in a schoolyard

which of the following is a general characteristic of taxonomic systems used to classify organisms? a. all taxonomic groups at the same level contain the same number of species b. each taxonomic level contains more species than the level below it c. all taxonomic groups at the same level exhibit the same degree of complexity d. each taxonomic level represents evolution occurring at the same point in time

b. each taxonomic level contains more species than the level below it

the green revolution was a worldwide confluence of research, development, and transfers of technology that saved hundreds of millions of people from starvation from the 1970s. the primary component of this spectacular agricultural revolution was the development of: a. inexpensive desalination technology b. high-yield varieties of cereal grains c. drought-resistant agricultural crops d. integrated pest management techniques

b. high-yield varieties of cereal grains

use the diagram below to answer the question that follows the diagram shows which of the following events in the life cycle of a diploid organism? a. non sister chromatids aligned on the spindle prophase of meiosis I b. homologous pairs of chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate during metaphase I of meiosis c. sister chromatids aligned on the spindle during prophase of mitosis d. individual chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate during metaphase of mitosis

b. homologous pairs of chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate during metaphase I of meiosis

Archipelagoes like the Hawaiian islands are particularly susceptible to which of the following environmental threats? a. biologica magnification of toxins in endemic ecosystems b. loss of biodiversity as a result of establishment of exotic species c. groundwater depletion and destruction of wetlands d. desertification as a consequence of inappropriate land use

b. loss of biodiversity as a result of establishment of exotic species

two bird species regularly visit feeders for sunflower seeds during the winter. for a month, several students take turns watching the feeding station from 6:30 to 7:30 every morning and recording their observations. they find that whenever individuals of one species arrive at the feeder, individuals of the other species leave. the students conclude that competition for food between the species is an important factor in their ecological relationship. the students' conclusion described in the passage would be most strengthened by adding which of the following elements to their study? a. including more than one type of food resource at the feeding station b. observing the feeding behaviors of both species under natural conditions c. recording feeding behaviors at different times during the day d. having the students work in pairs while making the observation

b. observing the feeding behaviors of both species under natural conditions

each number in a Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two previous numbers. which of the following natural phenomena has been described using a Fibonacci sequence? a. the rate of growth of a seedling, such that the ratio of the length of the stem to the length of the root remains constant b. the arrangement of lev es on a stem, such that the arrangement minimizes the degree to which they shade each other c. the increase in bone diameter of young mammals, such that the bones of the legs can support the weight of the body as it grows d. the foraging behavior of predators, such that every square meter in a territory is searched

b. the arrangement of lev es on a stem, such that the arrangement minimizes the degree to which they shade each other

which of the following situations is an example of a negative homeostatic feedback system operating in humans? a. the development of a thickened or toughened area of the skin in response to overuse or irritation b. the regulation of blood sugar levels by hormones secreted by the pancreas and the liver c. the induction of childbirth by the use of oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions and dilate the cervix d. the transformation of a benign to a malignant tumor or the spread of cancer cells to other locations in the body

b. the regulation of blood sugar levels by hormones secreted by the pancreas and the liver

the multinucleate nature of skeletal muscle cells during a vertebrates development is a direct consequence of: a. the importance of actin-myosin interactions in movement b. their formation from the fusion of many different cells c. the need for the cytoplasmic connections with adjacent cells d. their ability to undergo frequent mitosis

b. their formation from the fusion of many different cells

the primary reason that generalist predators are more likely to survive an environmental disturbance than specialist predators dependent on a single prey species is that generalists predators have a: a. better ability to adapt to new diets b. wider range of potential food resources c. more effective foraging strategy d. greater ability to withstand physical stress

b. wider range of potential food resources

In sheep, the allele for white wool is dominant and the allele for black wools recessive. additionally the allele for brown eyes is dominant, and the allele for blue eyes is recessive. several purebred white sheep with brown eyes are crossed with several purebredd black sheep with blue eyes. the hybrid offspring are then mated and produce a second generation. out of every 16 animals in this second generation, how many will have black wool and blue eyes? a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0

c. 1

which of the following genetic engineering processes is an essential part of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? a. southern blot b. genome editing c. DNA hybridization d. gel electrophoresis

c. DNA hybridization

the development of which of the following components of genetic engineering was key in enabling scientists to successfully inset the human gene for insulin into bacteria? a. complementary DNA b. gene therapy c. DNA restriction analysis d. transduction

c. DNA restriction analysis

a species of moth, fuzzy leg (F) is dominant to smooth leg (f), and spotted abdomen (S) is dominant to unspotted abdomen (s). a cross between two moths produces offspring having a phenotypic ratio of 3 to 1 for each of the two traits. one of the two parent moths have a genotype of FfSs. what was the genotype of the other moth? a. ffss b. ffSs c. FfSs d. FFSS

c. FfSs

a geneticist would use a test cross in order to determine whether: a. a given organism could be the offspring from a certain mating b. a certain phenotype is dominant or recessive c. a given organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait d. a certain phenotype can produce fertile offspring

c. a given organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait

stored fat molecules can be used to produce more ATP per gram than glucose molecules because fat molecules: a. contain a large number of N atoms b. possess highly ordered tertiary structures c. are highly reduced with only C-C and C-H bonds d. exhibit a ratio of one water molecule for every C atom

c. are highly reduced with only C-C and C-H bonds

the human circulatory system include what is usually described as double circulation, which means that: a. blood cells leaving the heart maximize oxygen extraction by the tissues by passing through the entire circulatory system twice before returning to the heart and lungs b. blood returning from both the pulmonary and the systematic circulation mixes in the ventricles before leaving the heart c. blood pressure is maintained by blood pumped once through the lungs and again before it enters the systemic circulation d. blood flow from the lungs enters the right and left ratio alternately as the rest of the contractions in the aorta and the pulmonary vein

c. blood pressure is maintained by blood pumped once through the lungs and again before it enters the systemic circulation

immidaitly following the 1980 eruption of mount saint helens in Washington, ash deposited on the leaves of verbatim plans caused widespread breakage of the plants stems. the severity reduced that plants population in the area. this type of population fluctuation is typical of that associated with: a. K-selected populations b. type I survivorship curves c. density-independent factors d. boom-and-bust populations

c. density-independent factors

compared to other heterotrophs, the manner in which multicellular fungi obtain and utilize energy is unique because fungi: a. lack mitochondria b. store energy as starch c. digest matter externally before ingesting it d fix carbon dioxide obtained from the atmosphere

c. digest matter externally before ingesting it

the colony behaviors of social insects, the laws of classical mechanics and weather patterns are all examples of which of the following characteristics of complex natural systems? a. efficient energy conversion b. positive feedback loops c. emergent properties d. boundary maintenance

c. emergent properties

which of the following discoveries in the field of molecular systematics has been most responsible for the widespread acceptance of the three-domain classification scheme at the expense of the classical five-kingdom scheme? a. genetic diversity in plants that is much greater than previously thought b. a much closer genetic relationship between plans and fungi than previously thought c. genetic diversity in prokaryotes that is much greater than previously thought d. a much closer genetic relationship between viruses and prokaryotes than previously thought

c. genetic diversity in prokaryotes that is much greater than previously thought

spider crabs conform to the minor changes in salinity in their environment by gaining or losing water, this contrasts with the strategy used by pacific salmon, which actively regulate the solutes in there blood. compared with the spider crabs strategy, the pacific salmons strategy is most likely associated with which of the following parameters? a. more stable environments b. faster average brother rates c. greater expenditures of energy d. higher population densities

c. greater expenditures of energy

wildlife biologists have proposed and developed wildlife corridors between different populations of wolves primarily to help prevent which of the following problems? a. excessive hunting of wolves outside national parks b. insufficient food resources for migrating wolves c. inbreeding within isolated populations of wolves d. confrontations between wolves and humans

c. inbreeding within isolated populations of wolves

the functioning of a compound light microscope is based ion which of the following physical phenomena? a. very short wavelengths of light are lengthened by the lenses b. different wavelengths of light are reflected by different substances c. light is refracted when it passes from one medium to another d. light is amplified in intensity by the lenses and mirrors

c. light is refracted when it passes from one medium to another

which of the following structures is present in animal cells but not in plant cells? a. perioxsomes b. central vacuole c. lysosomes d. Golgi apparatus

c. lysosomes

a countercurrent circulation in the legs of wading birds is particularly effective in: a. maintaining blood pressure b. maintaining isotonicity c. minimizing heat loss d. maximizing sensory reception

c. minimizing heat loss

which of the following conditions distinguished a tropical rain forest from a temperate hardwoodd forest? a. precipitation is the primary factor limiting growth b. biological production is relatively low c. most nutrients are held in vegetation and forest litter d. soils are typically rich with phosphorus

c. most nutrients are held in vegetation and forest litter

the transformation of radiant energy to a chemical form of energy that allows plants to grow and reproduce occurs as the result of which of the following processes? a. respiration b. capillary action c. photosynthesis d. protein synthesis

c. photosynthesis

models of optimal foraging behavior predict the individual members of a species will increase the distance traveled and the amount of time spent foraging when the: a. diversity of the food resources utilized is high b. abundance of the primary food resource is high c. population density of the foraging species is high d. chance of falling victim to a predator while foraging is high

c. population density of the foraging species is high

to remove pigments from the leaves of a plant, wilted leaves from the plant are places in a flask of alcohol. the alcohol must be heated just to its boiling point to remove the pigments from th leaves. which of the following is the most appropriate procedure for heating the alcohol and the leaves? a. setting the slack on a ceramic tile and then placing a heating coil in the alcohol until it begins to boil b. placing the flask in a microwave oven set on low and removing it as soon as the first bubbles begin to form c. putting the flask in a water bath and then slowly heating the alcohol to the boiling point using a hot plate d. attaching the flask to a ring stand two inches above a Bunsen burner ands then heating the alcohol to the boiling point

c. putting the flask in a water bath and then slowly heating the alcohol to the boiling point using a hot plate

which of the following cell organelles are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a. Golgi apparatus b. mitochondria c. ribosomes d. nucleus

c. ribosomes

in seeded vascular plants, the sporophyte phase of the reproductive cycle is dominant and the gametophyte is greatly reduced in size. which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary advantage of this arrangement compared to that of seedless vascular plants and bryophytes? a. many more gametophytes can be widely dispersed but the wind or by insects and other animals b. many more gametophytes can be produces with the same expenditure of energy c. the gametophyte can be protected from the environment and nourished within the sporophyte d. the gametophyte can survive for long periods in the soil while in the dormant state

c. the gametophyte can be protected from the environment and nourished within the sporophyte

early naturalists noted that in animal communities it is common to find three closely related species that differ in body size and food requirements. the pattern reflects which of the following phenomena? a. the occurrence of three ice ages that resulted in geographically isolated populations b. the evolution over time of larger, more complex species from smaller, simpler ones c. the tendencies of natural selection to minimize interspecific competition for resources d. the effectiveness of differences in body size in maintaining reproduction isolation

c. the tendencies of natural selection to minimize interspecific competition for resources

the fact that 4-legged vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles and mammals all have 5 digit limbs rather than 6, 7, or 8 digit limbs is most likely because: a. 6,7 and 8 digit vertebrates never exosted b. the 5 digit design is the best one for the variety of tasks vertebrate limb perform c. they all share a common ancestor with 5 digit limbs d. 5 digit limbs are an energetically less costly alternative yo 6, 7 or 8 digit limbs

c. they all share a common ancestor with 5 digit limbs

when sitting or standing for a long period of time, a person may experience swelling in the feet. which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. arteries rely on skeletal muscle contraction to move blood to the capillaries b. capillaries rely on skeletal muscle contraction to facilitate exchange of ions across cell membranes c. veins rely on skeletal muscle contraction to return blood to the heart d. the brain relies on signals initiated by skeletal muscle contraction to increase the heart rate

c. veins rely on skeletal muscle contraction to return blood to the heart

during the time that Charles Darwin was developing his ideas on "descent with modification" which later became better known as Darwins theory of evolution, his views were most strongly supported by: a. George cuviers theory of catratophism b. jean-baptiste lamarcks theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics c. gregor menders work on patterns of inheritance d. Alfred Russel Wallace's work on the geographic distribution of species

d. Alfred Russel Wallace's work on the geographic distribution of species

scientists studying the cell cycle expose cells from a certain plant to a dye that stains DNA. out of four samples examined, m sample X is found to contain twice as much DNA as the other samples. from this finding, the researcher could infer that the cells from sample X are in which phase of the cell cycle? a. G1 b. M c. G2 d. S

d. S

karyotype análisis is best utilized for detecting the presence of a human genetic disease caused by which of the following changes? a. a point mutation b. a chromosomal inversion c. a silent mutation d. a chromosomal trisomy

d. a chromosomal trisomy

many species of algae exhibit a reproductive pattern called alternation of generations. which of the following statements most accurately describes the individual algae that are produced in each generation? a. all individuals are female in one generation and the male in the next generation b. all individuals are unicellular in one generation and multicellular in the next generation c. all individuals are sessile in one generation and free floating in the next generation d. all individuals are haploid in one generation and diploid in the next generation

d. all individuals are haploid in one generation and diploid in the next generation

which of the following changes in a marine ecosystem is major factor involved in the development of the low-oxygen dead zone found in some costal regions? a. an increase in the concentration of freshwater redirected to coastal areas as a result of urbanization b. a decree in the pH of ocean water from increasing carbon dioxide levels c. a decrease in aquatic plant growth resulting from warming ocean waters d. an increase in algal blooms caused by nutrients in agricultural runoff

d. an increase in algal blooms caused by nutrients in agricultural runoff

in mammals, the thymus, steel ,white blood cells, bone marrow, lymph vessels and lymph nodes collectively represent: a. a tissue b. an organ c. a cellular type d. an organ system

d. an organ system

the process by which water is moved from a plant's roots to its leaves depends on the: a. bonding that occurs between the hydrogen atom of different water molecules b. ionic bonds that water molecules are Mable to form with other water molecules c. covalent bonding between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water molecules d. attraction between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another

d. attraction between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another

many invertebrates have stages of their life cycle that are very distinct in appearance and function. for example, hydrozoans have sedentary polyps and mobile medusa forms. for most animals with such distance stages of their life cycles: a. the sedentary form is haploid and the mobile form is diploid b. both sedentary and mobile forms are haploid c. the sedentary form is diploid and the mobile form is haploid d. both sedentary and mobile forms are diploid

d. both sedentary and mobile forms are diploid

most cased of Down syndrome are caused by: a. gene deletion during DNS repication b. chromosomal translocations during RNS synthesis c. gene insertion during protein synthesis d. chromosomal nondisjunction during meiosis

d. chromosomal nondisjunction during meiosis

which of the following statements describes the most significant difference between the growth and the development of plants and that of animals? a. differentiation and specialization of cells begins immediately after fertilization in animals but begin much later in plants b. cell division occurs at specific sites in animals, while growth can occur throughout the body of a plant c. animal tissues are able to repair damage and heal themselves, while plant tissues cannot d. growth in size and formation of new organs typically ends at maturity in animals but continues throughout the life cycle in plants

d. growth in size and formation of new organs typically ends at maturity in animals but continues throughout the life cycle in plants

a researcher studying lead growing. in a fish tank increased the light intensity available to the algae for a period of five days. which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur? a. decreased cellular groth b. increased absorption of carbon dioxide c. decreased use of water molecules d. increased production of carbohydrates

d. increased production of carbohydrates

researchers studying enzyme-catalyzed systems in the laboratory use buffered solutions in order to: a. prevent the occurrence of competition inhibition by other enzymes b. induce allosteric regulation of the enzymes activity by noncompetitive inhibition c. lower the activation energy of the enzymes being studied in the system d. limit changes in enzyme activity that might otherwise occur as a result of changes in pH

d. limit changes in enzyme activity that might otherwise occur as a result of changes in pH

which of the following statements best describes speciation as viewed in the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution compared with the gradualism model? a. factors other than selection are assumed to be much more important in speciation in the punctuated equilibrium model b. speciation is assumed to occur much less frequently in the punctuated equilibrium model c. genetic isolation is assumed to be much less necessary for speciation in the punctuated equilibrium model d. speciation is assumed to occur much more rapidly in the punctuated equilibrium model

d. speciation is assumed to occur much more rapidly in the punctuated equilibrium model

nucleotides are components of the compounds that are directly responsible for which of the following functions in biological systems? a. facilitating chemical bonds b. transferring energy c. capturing sunlight d. storing genetic information

d. storing genetic information

which of the following processes is one way that atmospheric nitrogen gas can be captured and the nitrogen converted into a form ultimately usable by plants? a. the breakdown of the protein produced by consumers and excreted as the nitrogen in urea and uric acid b. the breakdown of organic compounds into ammonia by decomposers in the soil c. the metabolic activity of mycorrhizal fungi that live in a mutualistic association with green plants d. the metabolic activity of bacteria that live in a mutualistic association with legumes

d. the metabolic activity of bacteria that live in a mutualistic association with legumes

a science teacher builds a compost pile out of fried sheep manure, shredded leaves, grass clippings, kitchen waste, and water. each component is weighed before it is placed in the pile and the piles volume is recorded. students regularly turn and mix the pile and add water. after six weeks, the pile has become compost and is reweighed and its volume calculated. the pile is shown to have decreased significantly in both weight and volume. the class activity described best demonstrated which of the following natural phenomena ? a. the importance of both carbon and nitrogen to the metabolism of bacteria b. the action of denitrifying bacteria in returning nitrogen to the atmosphere c. the formation of complex carbon and nitrogen compounds by bacterial action d. the release of carbon as carbon dioxide during the process of bacterial respiration

d. the release of carbon as carbon dioxide during the process of bacterial respiration

As a group, chemoautotrophic bacteria share the ability to: a. secrete acids that dissolve the substrate and allow the absorption of nutrients b. detoxify the substrate by extracting and storing heavy metals c. generate water by combing hydrogen and oxygen available in inorganic compound d. use inorganic compounds as a source of relatively high-energy electrons

d. use inorganic compounds as a source of relatively high-energy electrons

exponential growth curves

have a J shape

current systems of taxonomic classification rely heavily on the analysis of clades

what are clades