CFS 153: Chapter 5

Why does Dr. Toro study families in Fresno rather than in a bigger city like Los Angeles?

Dr. Toro studies families in Fresno rather than a bigger place like L.A. because places like Fresno might be densely populated, but it is understudied.

Why does HDFS use such a wide array of measurement strategies?

HDFS uses such a wide array of measurement strategies because we often study subjects with limited language.

How does probability sampling avoid selection bias?

It avoids selection bias by being picked at random sampling like pulling names out of a hat.

Why do panel studies have a big impact on HDFS even though they are small in number?

It has a big impact because the data they get can be analyzed by scientists who are not involved in the data collection.

Why is generalizability the goal of scientific research?

It is the goal of scientific research to some extent because the findings can be true of a large group.

What type of research question is very focused on the generalizability of the study subjects?

It is very focused on PREVALENCE study subjects.

What are two forms of selection bias common in HDFS?

One form is related to selection of sampling frames and we in HDFS only study "WEIRD" meaning "Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic" and the second is related to the choice of sampling frames like one that is common in psychological research like college students enrolled in introductory psychology classes.

What is more important, the representativeness of a sample or the size of the sample? Why?

Representativeness is more important than sample size because samples are more likely to give correct answers as representativeness than precise from the size.

How does research on children adhere to the requirement for informed consent?

Research on children require consent is if the child's legal guardian or parent offers the consent for the child or the children also have to agree to participate even if the parent signed the form for them too.

Why does a sampling frame necessarily include some selection bias?

Sampling frame necessarily includes selection bias because if it only included kindergarteners in Fresno, CA then the selection bias is in favor of the kids who live there.

Why do scientists not study the whole population they are interested in?

Scientist do not study the whole population because not only would it be impossible to have a list of everyone in the population, but the scientist is limited based off of their living place, speaks a certain language, and can only study those who live close by and speak the same language.

Why do study samples usually have response bias?

Study samples usually have response bias because those who participate are likely to be different from those who decline because those who don't are more likely to agree.

Why do scientists use inclusion and exclusion criteria?

The criteria is used to get a sample most appropriate for answering the question specifically.

What is the difference = deficit perspective? What is wrong with it?

The difference = deficit is because they are different in this way where they are equal to deficiency that they lack in something. The issue is that our knowledge is flawed if the tools used were already flawed and not culturally sensitive.

How do ethical guidelines constrain the research that is conducted in HDFS?

The ethical guidelines provide National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. *

How is generalizability achieved in research?

The generalizability is achieved in research by having a sample that is representative of the population of interest.

How can a reader tell how much response bias there is in a study sample?

The reader can spot the response bias by how fast one replies, usually.

Why are bigger samples usually better than smaller samples?

The reason bigger samples are better is the answer will get more precise and less uncertainty of the impact of randomness, usually.

Why do social scientists use so many different terms to describe their study subjects?

The reason for social scientist to use many terms to describe their study subjects is because they don't want to call a human a subject because it objectives and dehumanizes them.

What was the sampling frame in the study on the Mozart Effect? Whom was it fraudulently generalized to?

The sampling frame is adult college students and the fraudulently is generalized to performing better than those who did not listen to Mozart *

What are the three principles of ethical research with human subjects that were identified by the Belmont Report? What part of the Common Rule comes from each part? *

The three principles are principle of respect for persons, principle of beneficence, and justice.

Who serves on an IRB?

Those who serve on an IRB are a group of people who review and approve research to verify that the principles being practice are verified.

What are three common forms of non-probability sampling?

Three common forms of non-probability: Convenience, purposive, and voluntary response sampling

How do scientists determine if a measure is valid?

To determine if a measure is valid the scientist compare it to another that is similar and measures the same object.

In what ways was the Tuskegee Experiment unethical?

Tuskegee's experiment was unethical because they secretly studied the effects of syphilis and those who were infected were not told that they were not were treated for it. They weren't treated when penicillin was an effective cure.

What are two different forms of measurement reliability?

Two forms of measurement reliability are: test-retest and inter-rater.

Why do we need research on socially marginalized populations?

We need research on socially marginalized populations because our research wouldn't reflect the people who are already marginalized and it wouldn't just research those who are rich or based off of their skin color.