CGDR- Child Growth and Development

Learning centers modification for children with Cognitive Impairments

-provide simple activities -organize materials in easy-to-follow steps -carefully demonstrate the use of materials before placing them on the shelves -reinforce a concept being taught by providing many follow-up activities

Learning centers modification for children with Behavior Challenges

-provide specific, structured steps for the activity -control the number of children at the center at a given time -provide activities that will bring about a soothing effect; for example, water activities -clearly explain the activity and use of materials, but avoid too much talking

Differences in growth

-some children are taller/shorter, smaller/larger -children do not grow at steady rates

Developmental domain: physical development

-typical growth patterns, changes in weight and height, general health and safety, visual perception and hearing - a child's ability to move around and control various body parts. (ex. grasping, rolling over, sitting up, writing

What is a theory?

set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain phenomena. a phenomena is a fact/behavior that can be observed

Vygotsky's Social Development Theory

social and cultural interactions are the primary sources of learning and behavior. children acquire knowledge through culture. includes 2 strategies: scaffolding and reciprocal teaching

Growth

specific body changes and increases in the child's size, such as a child's height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index. these size changes can usually be easily measured.

prevention

strategy that stops challenging behaviors before they begin, and it is the primary method child care professionals use to encourage children to discard these behaviors

zone of promixal development

the gap between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance from adult and/or their peer

Heredity

the passing down of genetic characteristics from parents to their children.

Personality

the totality of a person's attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and individual traits that endure over a long time.

Describe how developmental obstacles influence child development

the typical skills and behaviors for children of a certain age range may not be possible for some children who are developmentally delayed.

Erikson: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

toddlers need to explore their own bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves. lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or insecurity

Development

typically refers to an increase in complexity, a change relatively simple to more complicated. Usually involves a progression along a continuous pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge, behaviors, and skills.

synapse

wiring connection between nerve cells. there are approximately 100 billion brain cells at birth, but there is mining "wiring" between them.

Maria Montessori's theory

focuses on the child's independence in order to engage them in a developmentally appropriate learning environment so they can advance their developmental skills. emphasis is placed on the preparation of the learning environment. The learning environment should be beautiful and orderly which allows children to learn about order from the learning environment

Language play

includes reading and writing.

Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust

infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met. lack of trust can result in poor emotional stability

Positive Reinforcement

is a strategy in which desired behaviors are rewarded so that the child is encourage to repeat them

Redirection

is a strategy that is used to guide children's behavior by recognizing challenging behavior at its earliest stage and taking steps to stop it from escalating

Why is it important to use developmental domain in your lesson plan?

knowing the typical growth, behavior, and skill expectancies of children across their age range is paramount for caregivers when designing an appropriate learning environment, creating curriculum and learning strategies and assisting parents in evaluating children's progress

Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair

late adulthood. after the age of 65, adults seek meaning in their lives. adults are reflecting on their accomplishments and fulfillment in life. a lack of achievement may lead to despair in the final years

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

what are some ways child care programs can be inclusive and support children with developmental disabilities?

- Use DAP - establish a routine and schedule -foster friendships -nurture language development -facilitate imaginative play -assist families in meeting their children's needs

Why should child care professionals learn about principles of child development?

- care and the environment can hinder or support development - the knowledgeable caregiver can support a child in learning new skills -when a child is struggling with new skill, timely intervention can help him/her overcome a problem and "catch back up" - the knowledgeable caregiver can "detect" indicators of possible delays and can help get the child assistance needed.

How to encourage children to develop prosocial behavior

- create situations in which you model the behaviors and attitudes you expect of children -creating learning environment with an atmosphere that is conducive to encouraging prosocial behavior in children -discuss appropriate behaviors with children, model prosocial behavior, clearly define expectations, and use appropriate discipline techniques when necessary

strategies to reduce negative and challenging behaviors

- model appropriate behavior through books, role play and conversations. -reinforce positive behaviors through genuine praise -reduce the frustration by providing developmentally appropriate activities and materials -foster empathy among children by teaching them about feelings -teach children prosocial behavior -help children recognize instances of accidental aggression and identify alternatives -Make it clear that aggression is unacceptable through clear explanation -teach children alternatives to weapon play or aggressive play

How is play an important components of DAP?

- play supports learning in all 5 domains -play allows children to make their own decisions, initiate interactions, assume responsibilities, care about the needs of others, and be challenged by tasks that prom them to stretch. -the more involved a child is in learning experience, the faster the child will learn

What are the 3 elements needed to create a developmentally appropriate program?

-Active learning: children learn during the activity by doing -Meaningful experiences: the experience relates to their developmental level, cultural background and individual interest. ex. pets vs. endangered species Nurturing relationship: the child builds a positive relationship with his/her peers and his classmates during the activity. it's also ok to work by themselves

Routines helps children feel a sense of:

-Security and self esteem (my needs will be met) -time and space (toys go here, this is when we have snack) -independence and competence (i can do this by myself)

Learning centers modification for children with Motor Impairments

-locate centers in areas easily accessible to children in wheelchairs or with braces -provide sufficient space for children who have difficulty moving around -provide nonskid pads on the shelves to prevent materials from falling off -use containers that can be easily grasped, such as a cup with two handles

Learning centers modification for children with Visual Impairments

-locate learning centers in areas with good lighting -provide tactile cues for the activity -set up activities in a systematic way with tactile dividers separating activities on the shelves

Describe how health and wellness factors influence child development?

-physical play helps children remain focused during quiet learning activities - physical activities not only contributes to physical well-being, but also to emotional health and stability -proper nutrition is essential for development

similarities in growth

-proceeds from the head downward and from the center of the body outward -children gain control of the head and neck first, then the arms, and finally, the legs -at birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are fully functioning to support the infant -as children grow, the arm and leg muscles develop, followed by the finger and toe muscles

What are the five basic principles of child growth and development?

1. Developmental sequence is similar for all 2. Development proceeds from general to specific 3. Development is continuous 4. Development proceeds at different rates 5. All areas of development are interrelated

what are the 3 types of positive behavior support?

1. prevention 2. redirection 3. positive reinforcement

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor( 0-2years) 2. preoperational (2-7 years) 3. concrete operational (7-11 years) 4. formal operational(11+ years)

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

11+ years. Thinking become abstract. Children think beyond the present and think about ideal situation

Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion

12-18 yrs adolescent beings to create their own identity. when they are given the opportunity to develop their own ideas, and opinions, they can form their own identity. lack of identity will lead to confusion about who they are

Piaget's Preoperational Stage

2-7 years. children are bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think. begin to use symbols (ex. using sand to make cake) egocentric (their thinking centers on themselves. they can't see things from another point of view

Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

4-5 Curiosity & exploration, if not allowed guilt may occur

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

7-11 years. children become more rational in their thinking (Ex. realizing that Santa Claus probably doesn't exist.

Development is continuous

Behaviors and skills already acquired become the basis for new behaviors and skills. children continue to add new behaviors and skills as they perfect their abilities to walk, write/draw, speak.

What are some theories in regards to child development?

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs Erik Erikson 8 conflicts in Emotional Development Jean Piaget: four stages of cognitive development Lev Vygotsky sociocultural theory of cognitive development Maria Montessory and child-centered learning environments attachment theories

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs- self esteem

Adequacy, confidence, importance EXAMPLE: sense of competency as parent, worker, significant other. sense of capability, efficacy. sense of resilience/hopefulness. ability to cope and problem solve. opportunities for enjoyment, sense of well-being. success and pride

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs- physical

Air to breathe, shelter to protect, water to drink, food to eat, clothes to wear. EXAMPLE: rest, sleep, foot, water, formula, shelter, heat, beds, health care, employment or income, clothes

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

An individual must have their lower-level needs met before higher-level needs ban be accomplished. bottom to top Physical- basic needs comfort and safety- basic needs social -psychological needs esteem needs -psychological needs self actualization -self fulfillment needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs- Social

Belonging, love and attention, acceptance EXAMPLE: sense of belonging, of being connected, companionship, parent-child relationship, positive relationship with extended family, and formal/informal social support network

Developmental sequence is similar for all

Children develop relatively the same ways, but varies in rate.

DAP and children with special needs

Developmentally appropriate practice can, and should be used to meed the needs of all children

Brain Gym

Dr. Hannaford created simple exercises for the brain Brain buttons- "switch on the brain" cross crawl- flow from right side to left side Hook-up calm nerves

T/F the finger and toe muscles develop before the arm and leg muscles

False, arm and leg muscle develop follow by finger and tow muscle

T/F children grow at perfectly steady rates

False, children do not grow at perfectly steady rates throughout childhood

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- Self Actualization

Fulfill one's life with purpose and meaning. Being all that one is able to be EXAMPLE: spiritually, personal emotional response, refinement of interpersonal skills( empathy, communication, relating). enhancement of understanding of relationship with children, family, community, self

How does heredity influence child development?

Heredity factors may place certain limitation on a child, and/or provide great capabilities. this affects their personality and may have a positive or negative influences on a child

Attachment theory

John Bowlby's research indicates that infants and children need attentive, responsive adults in order to develop into well-adjusted individuals through the following stages of their lives, including adulthood. failure to provide these experiences for children may lead to mental health problems later in life.

Erikson: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood. seeking a sense of accomplishment in life through family and career. a lack of accomplishment often leads to feelings of resentment and regret

What are the 5 developmental domains?

Physical development Cognitive development/ general knowledge language and communication social and emotional development approaches to learning

Developmental domain: social and emotional development

focuses on self-esteem, how children feel about themselves, and their relationship with others. it refers to children's individual behaviors and responses regarding play and work activities, attachments to parents and caregivers, relationships with siblings and friends, and prosocial behaviors.

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs - comfort and safety

Safety, security, stability EXAMPLE: transportation, neighborhood, safe relationships (no abuse, no domestic violence) , child care

Scaffolding

The adult or provides children with the opportunities to extend their current skills and knowledge.

All areas of development are interrelated

The body has to grow and develop before new behaviors and skills can occur. Each area of development influences development in other areas. There are 5 domain of development

Development proceeds at different rates

The rates at which individual children develop are different. sequence is the same, but rate is different.

T/F at birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are fully functioning

True

T/F growth proceeds from the center of the body outward

True

T/F children differ in their growth

True, these differences can sometimes cause self-consciousness for some children

Erik Erikson's and the 8 psychosocial stages of conflicts

Trust Vs. Mistrust,Infant (birth to 1 year) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt, Toddler (1-3 years) Initiative Vs. Guilt, Preschool (4-5 years) Industry Vs. Inferiority, Grade School (6-12 years) Identity Vs. Role of confusion, High school (12-18years) Intimacy Vs. Isolation, Early adult (18-35years) Generativity Vs. Stagnation, Middle adult (35-64 years) Integrity Vs. Despair, Late adult (65+)

Routine

a predictable sequence of steps or activities that are performed to complete a task .

constructive play

activities such as building with interlocking blocks or toy logs, and using tools

musical play

activities such as dancing, singing and playing simple instruments

Exploratory play

activities such as playing with sand/water, planting plants, and caring for pets

Artistic play

activities such as sculpting, painting, cutting, sewing, and drawing

cognitive play

activities such as solving puzzles, counting, classifying and sorting

Dramatic play

activities where children pretend. ex. "I'm the mommy, you be the baby"

what are the 3 elements that define DAP?

age appropriate individually appropriate socially and culturally appropriate

Why is it important to establish routines?

because it helps children to feel secure and comfortable by letting them know what to expect.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

birth to 2 years, children learn through sensory perception and motor activity

what is "window of opportunity" as it relates to brain development?

certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people. these periods of time are tied to brain development and readiness for learning that will directly affect the achievement of developmental milestone.

Developmental domain: language and communication

child's ability to communicate with others. it involves a child's ability to see, hear, speak, read, write and construct an understanding of things around them.

Developmental domain: Approaches to learning

child's eagerness to learn. includes curiosity, persistent, creative problem solving and the ability to create and complete long-term projects.

Developmental domain: cognitive and general knowledge

child's intellectual or mental abilities. it involves exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving and creative expression. includes knowledge of mathematics, scientific thinking, awareness of social studies and the arts.

Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority

children begin to show ability to develop competencies. when children experience success, they attain a sense of adequacy and pride. lack of industry can result in feeling a low self-worth

DAP-Individually appropriate

children develop in different rate. child's background and past experiences, talents and interests all affect which activities match a certain child.

Temperament

describes the emotional response of a child. it is a prevailing/dominant quality that characterizes a person, such as emotional/fussy

Development Proceeds from general to specific

development progresses from a beginning point moving in a forward direction. as children mature, their bodily changes occur in a sequential order and give children new abilities.

DAP- socially and culturally appropriate

diverse classroom mindful of different cultural norm

Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation

early adulthood, young adults are exploring the development of relationships. needs the opportunity to develop close relationships with family, friends, and partners. a lack of intimate relationships can lead to individuals feeling isolated and alone.

Reciprocal teaching

encourages a conversation between children and the adult

DAP-age appropriate

ensuring that activities, routines, and strategies meets the needs of children in the age-ranges you serve