CGS Exam 3 Study Guide

What is ChatGPT's estimated verbal IQ score?

155.

What changes are evident in the faces/skulls of Homo sapiens from more/less than 80,000 years ago?

40% decrease in brow ridge projection

Who does Hinton think is most responsible for the threat AI poses?

A combination. Defense departments don't want to build in 'be nice to people,' people don't have good intentions.

What is VALL-E? How is it different from previous speech synthesis tools?

A speech synthesis tool that can imitate any voice based on 3 seconds of recorded audio

What is the evolutionarily 'new' (about 80K years ago) category of an intragroup stranger? In humans, give an example of the types of people who might be considered intragroup strangers?

Ability to recognize strangers who belong to our groups based on appearance, language, or beliefs

What does the Similarities subset of an IQ test measure?

Abstract reasoning and concept-formation skills.

What data did Miceli use to fine-tune a large language model (LLM) to converse like Werner Herzog and Slavoj Žižek?

Abundant transcripts of them talking

Define machine learning.

An AI technique that uses large quantities of data to train an algorithm to improve as it repetitively performs a particular task

What is one aspect of intelligence that IQ tests may not measure?

Aspects that require real humanlike reasoning or understanding of the physical and social world.

On which two memory tests did people with HSAM score better than controls?

Associating names with faces and checking recall of visual objects.

In which two physiological ways does the teen brain mature?

Becoming more interconnected and more specialized.

What percentile does ChatGPT's verbal IQ score fall into?

Better than 99.9%.

What is one way AI can potentially harm without human intent?

By manipulating people into giving it more power.

Which speech synthesis program did Miceli use to clone the voices of Werner Herzog and Slavoj Žižek?

Coqui TTS

What are intermediate/hidden layers in a neural network?

Create arithmetic combinations of the input

Define what an 'epoch' is in machine learning. How do researchers evaluate the performance of their trained (or fine-tuned) models?

Cycles through which the neural network is trained, then the algorithm can sample the results at the end of each epoch

Specialization results in an (increase/decrease) of gray matter volume.

Decrease.

What was one of the main lessons learned from Milner's studies of H.M.?

Different brain systems are responsible for distinctive types of memory.

The teen brain is characterized by a mismatch in the timing of the development of which two systems?

Emotional and cognitive systems.

Why are messages that evoke fear not useful in changing people's minds?

Fear increases conformity

How does a generative adversarial network (GAN) generate images of faces that do not exist?

Generates random noise and pushes it towards the category to create a representation of what is being modeled

What is one thing that AI's subgoals might manipulate people into doing?

Giving it more power.

What is the goal of explainable AI? Why is explainable AI important?

Goal is to decode AI decisions, important for understanding the reasoning behind AI decisions

What type of mathematics can scientists use to measure interconnectivity of neurons?

Graph Theory.

How does ChatGPT's verbal IQ score compare to the average college-educated American?

Higher. Average college-educated American: 113.

What are the defining characteristics of HSAM?

Highly organized autobiographical memory.

What data did Miceli use to fine-tune Coqui TTS to clone the voices of Werner Herzog and Slavoj Žižek?

His interviews, voice-overs, and audiobooks work

What is the goal of meta-learning in machine learning?

How the AI learns how to learn

What are the behavioral effects of drugs that increase the availability of serotonin?

Increased cooperation and oxytocin

What behavioral effects are associated with oxytocin?

Increased social bonding, empathy, and trust

According to these authors, social tolerance led to cognitive changes, especially those related to cooperative communication. Give an example of how this helped in the development of new technology.

Increased willingness to share knowledge and communicate with others through technology

Why do the results from ChatGPT's IQ test raise concerns about the definition of intelligence proposed by Boring and Spearman?

Indicates that there are aspects of intelligence that can't be measured by IQ tests alone.

Describe the three main layer types of a neural network.

Initial layer (accepts input), hidden layers (process information), output layer (produces results)

What does the Information subset of an IQ test examine?

Intellectual curiosity, level of education, ability to learn and remember facts.

What did Edwin G. Boring and Charles Spearman propose about intelligence?

Intelligence is general because performance on various tasks typically correlate.

What is self-domestication and what (evolutionary) changes occur as a result of it?

Intense selection for primeness, changes in face shape

How is model-agnostic meta-learning different from traditional neural network training?

Interleaves categories to teach the model how to expect certain types of data and how to act accordingly

Why does AI have the potential to make 'way better doctors' according to Hinton?

It has seen millions of patients.

Why is it important to determine how an AI formulates a decision?

It will pick up new variants faster

According to Musser, the two main problems with modern AI are:

Lack of general skills and task specificity

What are the potential benefits of implementing disentanglement into modern neural networks?

Makes the network more transparent/understandable

What does the Arithmetic section of an IQ test evaluate?

Mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills.

What does Hinton recommend for dealing with the threat of AI to humans?

More resources, creative scientists, and global collaboration

People with HSAM score significantly higher on a test of which personality traits?

Obsessive.

Gray matter volume peaks out latest in which cortex?

Prefrontal.

What do speech synthesis tools do?

Produce utterances that humans can understand

What is the final layer in a neural network?

Produces the output, the network decisions or representation of an input

What is the main risk of AI according to Geoffrey Hinton?

Production of fake news, encouraging polarization, putting people out of work, helping the rich.

What is the limitation of model-agnostic meta-learning?

Requires a lot of data

How does S's memory (Luria's subject) contrast with HSAM people?

S's memory was characterized by his ability to learn and retain vast amounts of meaningless material.

Define disentanglement.

Sensitizes neural networks to the underlying structure of data, making their inner workings more understandable in human terms

Give an example of how short cuts can serve us well, and an example of how they can lead us to bad decisions.

Shortcuts can help parents study medical literature to help their child, but can also lead to bad decisions if not properly researched

Name and describe the three key obstacles the authors cite as standing in the way of human ability to think scientifically.

Shortcuts, confirmation bias, and social goals

What is the difference between speech synthesis and speech cloning?

Speech cloning is trying to imitate a human's voice

Learning in neural terms involves the strengthening of connections between neurons.

Strengthening.

What tasks do humans perform better than ChatGPT?

Tasks that require real humanlike reasoning or understanding of the physical and social world.

The uncinate fascicle transits information between which two cortices?

Temporal and frontal.

How many hidden layers can there be in a neural network?

Tens or hundreds

What does the Comprehension section of an IQ test assess?

The ability to understand and interpret written information.

What part of the brain becomes active in a person whose opinion differs from his/her social group?

The amygdala

What is one way AI's ability to have subgoals complicates the question of its potential harm?

The subgoal that can make a task easier is 'get more control, get more power' to get things done easier.

Give an example scenario of how harmful things can be done with no explicit harm intent.

The subgoals of AI haven't been evaluated for ethical considerations.

What task does Miceli give the chatbots? What problem with AI does the author hope to emphasize?

The task of a never-ending conversation to emphasize the capacity for LLM's to produce disinformation

What brain structure difference has been noted in people with HSAM?

The uncinate fascicle.

What is one concern raised by ChatGPT's IQ test results?

There are aspects of intelligence that can't be captured by IQ tests alone.

What is the consequence of having many hidden layers in a neural network?

There isn't a simple logical path through the system

How does brain specialization occur?

Unused connections among neurons are eliminated, decreasing gray matter.

Which subtests/sections from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) did Roivainen use to assess ChatGPT's intelligence quotient (IQ)? Briefly describe what each test measures.

Vocab subset: measures word knowledge and verbal concept formation

In the study of Washburn and Skitka, when did subjects make the effort to look at the more in-depth data?

When they wanted to find facts against something that contradicts their beliefs