Ch. 08: Homework

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Jupiter and Saturn, despite being considerably farther from us than the inner terrestrial planets, are very bright in our sky. Which of the following choices are possible explanations for this?

A and D A.They are more reflective (higher albedo) than most of the terrestrial planets. D.They are larger than the terrestrial planets.

The colored bands of Jupiter and Saturn are due in part to their compositions: Water and ammonia clouds reflect white light, and ammonium hydrosulfide clouds reflect brown and red light. Alternating cells of rising and falling air can bring ammonia to higher altitudes, where it can condense into visible clouds, or they can push the air down into lower altitudes, making the deeper ammonium hydrosulfide cloud layer visible. The bands of Jupiter are more obvious than those of Saturn, with brighter and more highly varying colors. Compare the cloud layers of Jupiter and Saturn shown to determine why.

A. Saturn's different cloud layers are deeper, making them harder to see.

Why do Jupiter and Saturn appear red/white and brownish orange, while Uranus and Neptune are blue? From the following figures displaying the composition of the Jovian planets with depth, choose the most likely reason for this difference. Note that we are looking at/through the upper cloud layers of each planet, which gives us the perception of a visible surface. Labels of "ice" in the figure refer to clouds made of tiny ice crystals, not a solid layer of ice.

A. The cloud tops of Jupiter and Saturn have a different composition from the cloud tops of Uranus and Neptune.

Why do Jupiter and Saturn have no blue methane cloud tops?

B. They are too warm for methane to condense.

- article- What is "new" about the "new class of moons" that is driving the formation of propeller shapes?

B. They orbit inside a disk of material, instead of empty space.

The following steps lead to convection in giant planet atmospheres. Place the steps in order from beginning to end.

Beginning to end: 1) Gravity pulls particles toward the center. 2) Particles fall toward the center, converting gravitational energy to kinetic energy. 3) Friction converts kinetic energy to thermal energy. 4) Thermal energy heats the material. 5) Warm material rises and expands. 6) Expanding material cools.

Once all the giant planets were discovered, scientists could compare their properties to learn something about them. Study this picture, and choose the following options that match your observations.

C and D C.Some planets differ considerably in color from one another. D.The planets range from having very distinct feature details with a variety of colors to being completely featureless and monochrome.

- article- Why had the propeller-shaped structures never been observed before?

C. The first ones were very small, requiring ultra-high detailed images.

- article- Put this story in context of all the information that you know about Saturn's rings. How does this discovery demonstrate the ongoing nature of the scientific process?

C. The presence of moonlets within the rings of Saturn shows evidence that the rings are still in the process of active evolution.

- article- What new type of structure was observed in Saturn's rings?

C. giant propeller-shaped structures with moonlets at their centers

Methane gas absorbs red light, and methane clouds reflect blue light, giving Uranus and Neptune their distinctive blue colors. Why do Uranus and Neptune have methane clouds, but Jupiter and Saturn do not? Study the red curves in the following figures to determine which factor most likely plays a role in the composition of each planet's cloud tops.

C. temperature

After it was discovered, astronomers predicted Uranus's orbit using Newton's laws of motion and gravity, which had worked extremely well for all of the other planets. To their surprise, they found that their observations of Uranus's motion through the sky did not match their predictions. Which of the following would be the most logical next step?

D. Check for other previously undiscovered factors that might alter Uranus's orbit while still allowing it to obey Newton's laws of motion and gravity.

Uranus is visible to the naked eye, a bit brighter than the faintest naked-eye stars. However, it was not until well after the invention of the telescope in the late 18th century that Uranus was accidently discovered. How could people have missed this naked-eye planet until then? Compare Uranus's properties in the following chart to the other planets, then select the option that could explain why Uranus was harder to discover.

D. It has a longer orbital period than Jupiter and Saturn.

Uranus's orbit did not appear to behave according to Newton's laws of motion and gravity. The most likely culprit for Uranus's misbehaving orbit was the gravitational influence of another planet. Using Newton's laws, astronomers were able to calculate exactly where they would expect this still-undiscovered planet to be. When telescopes were pointed at this position, Neptune was seen. What does this imply?

D. Newton's laws have been verified by yet another test, so we should use them with high confidence until and unless they are falsified by future tests.

Different materials condense into clouds at different temperatures, as shown in these plots of the temperatures of the cloud layers of Jupiter and Uranus.

Highest temp. to Lowest temp.: 1) Water ice 2) Ammonium hydrosulfide ice 3) Ammonia ice 4) Hydrogen sulfide ice 5) Methane ice

Jupiter's composition is more like the Sun's than Earth's. Refer to the astronomer's periodic table of the elements in your book or ebook. Then place these elements in order based on their relative abundance in the Sun.

Most Abundant: 1) Hydrogen 2) Helium 3) Oxygen 4) Carbon 5) Nitrogen 6) Sulfur Least Abundant:

Match each of the indicated layers of Jupiter with the correct material.

Top to Bottom: D. Molecular hydrogen B. Metallic hydrogen A. Ices C. Rock

Label the various atmospheric layers for Saturn.

Top to Bottom: D. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Ammonia ice E. Ammonium hydrosulfide A. Water ice

Label the various atmospheric layers for Uranus.

Top to Bottom: D. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Ammonia ice E. Ammonium hydrosulfide A. Water ice

Properly label the various atmospheric layers for Jupiter.

Top to Bottom: D. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Ammonia ice E. Ammonium hydrosulfide A. Water ice

Properly label the various atmospheric layers for Neptune.

Top to Bottom: D. Stratosphere B. Troposphere C. Ammonia ice E. Ammonium hydrosulfide A. Water ice

The figure below shows a cutaway view of the wind patterns in the upper layer of a Jovian planet's atmosphere. Drag and drop each label to its appropriate location on the diagram to properly identify the processes that cause Jovian storms.

far left: C middle bottom: A far right (center): B A. Convective upwelling B. Zonal winds C. Coriolis deflection

Match each of the following materials with the proper layer of Uranus.

left: A. Molecular hydrogen center: C. Ices right: B. Rock

Rank the planets shown in order of increasing overall density.

lowest density-hiest density (left to right) Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune description: rings, solid light blue, red and white strips, solid royal blue

Rank the giant planets by the maximum measured wind speeds, from lowest (at left) to highest (at right).

slowest-fastest: (left to right) Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune description: red, purple blue and green, yellow, darker blue

Label these Jovian planets based on their magnetic fields.

top left: D. Jupiter top right: A. Saturn bottom left: C. Uranus bottom right: B. Neptune


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