Ch 1-5 Soc. Justice Race and Gender Issues

In the next 50 years, the total percentage of minority group Americans is projected to increase A. 50% B. 30% C. 65% D. 25%

A. 50%

The two groups projected to increase dramatically in the United States over the next half century are: A. Asian and Pacific Islanders and Hispanic Americans B. Non Hispanic white Americans and African Americans C. Irish Americans and Eastern Europeans D. African Americans and Hispanic Americans

A. Asian and Pacific Islanders and Hispanic Americans

Which dimension of globalization is key to understanding contemporary immigration?A. Economics and the movement of jobs and opportunity from place to place B. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats C. Unequal stratification systems within and between countries D. The growth of terrorism throughout industrialized society

A. Economics and the movement of jobs and opportunity from place to place

Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of educational levels, personal values, and skills? A. Human capital theory B. multiculturalism C. marital assimilation D. acculturation

A. Human capital theory

Explain the phrase "ideological racism exists apart from the individuals in a society at a particular time. A. Ideological racism is incorporated into one's culture and is passed on from generation to generation B. Ideological racism is a group dynamic that is impossible to change C. Ideological racism will continue, even in the absence of prejudice and discrimination D. Ideological racism is more overt and powerful than individual stereotypes and prejudice

A. Ideological racism is incorporated into one's culture and is passed on from generation to generation

The "feeling" aspect of prejudice is called the _______dimension A. affective B. behavioral C. cognitive D. racist

A. affective

Human capital theorists believe that the greater investment in _________, the higher the person's chances of success A. education, personal values, and skills B. stocks, personal values, and being on time C. values, skills and skill set D. none of the above

A. education, personal values, and skills

The increasing interconnectedness of people, groups, organizations, and nations is referred to as: A. globalization B. assimilation C. immigration D. pluralism

A. globalization

In examining inequality, Weber might argue that a famous and wealthy rapper might rank: A. high on class, high on prestige B. high on class, low on prestige C. low on class, high on power D. high on power, low on class

A. high on class, high on prestige

The social or physical characteristics that mark the boundaries between groups are usually: A. highly visible B. selected by the minority group themselves C. scientifically significant D. subtle

A. highly visible

Marxism is a theory of history and social change in which ________is a central concept. A. inequality B. prejudice C. fame or respect D. international war

A. inequality

Michelle is a poor African American woman. Her race, class, and gender may combine to produce a unique kind of inequality. The concept that describes this phenomenon is known as: A. matrix of domination B. Marx's class oppression C. minority group D. triple discrimination

A. matrix of domination

Max Weber thought that Marx's ideas about inequality were too: A. narrow B. optimistic C. complex D. abstract

A. narrow

Institutional discrimination helps ________ the respective positions of dominant and minority groups A. reinforce B. equalize C. minimize D. terminate

A. reinforce

According to Patricia Hill Collins, opportunity and experience are shaped by: A. dichotomous, class-based systems B. intersectionality C. uniform, gender based privilege D. a desire for stratification

B. intersectionality

The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is: A. Prejudice is a behavior; discrimination is an attitude B. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior C. Prejudice is an ideology; discrimination is an attitude D. none of the above

B. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior

Which of the following people best illustrates the difference between prestige and class? A. Kim Park, a 24 year old immigrant from Korea who works in his uncle's grocery store B. Shirley Umphlett, the African American whose parents moved to NY from Alabama in the 1920s C. Mary Ann O'Brien the fourth generation Irish Catholic D. none of the above

B. Shirley Umphlett, the African American whose parents moved to NY from Alabama in the 1920s

In Milton Gordon's theory of assimilation, the crucial step is from: A. integration to acculturation B. acculturation to integration C. Anglo conformity to melting pot D. integration to intermarriage

B. acculturation to integration

Most scholars agree that: A. antiblack prejudice was an important cause of American slavery B. antiblack prejudice was basically a result of American slavery C. antiblack prejudice actually declined as slavery began to take shape in colonial times D. none of the above

B. antiblack prejudice was basically a result of American slavery

Tamara comments to her partner that their neighbor, Sam, must be a "welfare cheat" because Sam receives food stamps but just purchased a new smartphone. Tamara's comments illustrates an example of A. ideological thinking B. cognitive prejudice C. affective discrimination D. institutional racism

B. cognitive prejudice

In Western Europe, scientific and philosophical interest in the concept of race began: A. In Western Europe, scientific and philosophical interest in the concept of race began: B. during the age of European conquest and colonization of nonwhites C. just after the American Civil War D. thousands of years ago when the Vikings reached North America

B. during the age of European conquest and colonization of nonwhites

According to Lenski's theory, inequality in a postindustrial society would center on control of: A. factories and mines B. educational opportunities and technologies C. colleges and universities D. land and labor

B. educational opportunities and technologies

A social situation in which prejudice is strongly approved and supported might: A. be the best place to counter general beliefs about minority groups B. evoke discrimination in otherwise unprejudiced individuals C. make people feel guilty so that they change their attitudes D. none of the above

B. evoke discrimination in otherwise unprejudiced individuals

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural trait that may be associated with minority status? A. language B. facial features C. religion D. speech patterns

B. facial features

Pluralism exists when: A. some groups in society may be assimilating B. groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time C. groups live in urban areas and speak only their native languages D. some members work to revive and save native cultures

B. groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time

Stratification is an important concept in the study of minority groups because A. without minority groups, there would be no inequality B. minority groups are often created by struggles over control of valued goods and services C. these days, minority groups have more prestige and power than dominant groups D. minority groups control significantly more resources than dominant groups

B. minority groups are often created by struggles over control of valued goods and services

The primary goal of Green Valley Samaritans is to: A. reduce the number of migrants entering the US B. reduce the number of migrant deaths C. improve the living conditions in Mexico D. help migrants cross the border illegally

B. reduce the number of migrant deaths

Societies are divided into horizontal layers (or strata) often called: A. levels of importance B. social classes C. social tiers D. none of the above

B. social classes

A person sees a Mexican American male and assumes he is an illegal immigrant. This is an example of: A. prejudice B. stereotyping C. individual discrimination D. legal discrimination

B. stereotyping

Lenski is to _______as Patricia Hill Collins is to____________ A. intersectionality; subsistence technology B. subsistence technology; intersectionality C. bourgeoisie; proletariat D. proletariat; bourgeoisie

B. subsistence technology; intersectionality

Institutional discrimination is often difficult to identify and measure because: A. it usually is masked by overt racism B. the individuals who implement it may be nonprejudiced and unaware of what they are doing C. it ended decades ago, and we have to rely on historical accounts to conduct research D. it is virtually nonexistent today

B. the individuals who implement it may be nonprejudiced and unaware of what they are doing

Which statement is true about female immigrants|? A. they came from cultures with strong matriarchal traditions B. they played multiple roles in immigration and assimilation C. they were solely wife and mothers once they immigrated to America D. they typically recorded their experiences in detail

B. they played multiple roles in immigration and assimilation

You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that whites and African Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans requested by African Americans. According to your text, you are a(n): A. unprejudiced nondiscriminatory B. unprejudiced discriminator C. prejudiced discriminator D. authoritarian bigot

B. unprejudiced discriminator

Which of the following is false regarding slave women's experiences? A. women tended to work in sex-segregated groups more often than male slaves B. women tended to work fewer hours than male slaves C. women experienced more subordination due to their gender D. women induced abortions rather than bring more children into bondage

B. women tended to work fewer hours than male slaves

The unequal treatment of a group or individual based on his or her group membership is: A. institutional prejudice B. discrimination C. racist stereotyping D. prejudicial racism

B.discrimination

Anglo Americans began moving into the Southwest in the: A. 1690's to escape religious persecution B. 1720's to remove the American Indians C. 1820's to acquire land for agriculture D. 1890's to continue the practice of slavery

C. 1820's to acquire land for agriculture

The largest minority group in the US is: A. Asian and Pacific Islanders B. African Americans C. Hispanics D. Native Americans

C. Hispanics

How did the North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994 affect immigration in the US? A. It allowed rural Mexicans to enter the US for work purposes, decreasing the number of illegal immigrant deaths B. It promoted free trade with Canda C. It globalized the 3 North American nations allowing goods and capital to move freely, which destroyed the livelihood of many rural Mexicans D. It sealed all borders and increased the size of the Border Patrol, resulting in an increase in terror attacks

C. It globalized the 3 North American nations allowing goods and capital to move freely, which destroyed the livelihood of many rural Mexicans

Which of the following would be classified as primarily an ethnic minority group? A. African Americans B. Native Americans C. Jewish Americans D. Asian Americans

C. Jewish Americans

Which of the following is an example of miscegenation? A. Lou is an African American male who is involuntarily a minority-group member for life B. Lou is an African American male who encounters disapproving looks when he golfs at this country club C. Lou is an African American male who is married to Charlene, a Native American female D. Lou is an African American male who continues to strive for the American Dream despite discrimination and prejudice

C. Lou is an African American male who is married to Charlene, a Native American female

One difference in the situations of Mexican Americans and African Americans in the 19th century was that: A. Mexican Americans were much more acculturated B. African Americans were exploited for their land, Mexican Americans for their labor C. Mexican Americans were able to retain much more of their culture D. Mexican Americans were more exploited for their wealth

C. Mexican Americans were able to retain much more of their culture

According to Weber, a person who became rich by cleaning septic tanks would be higher on _________but lower on_________ A. power, class B. status, prestige C. class, prestige D. equality, inequality

C. class, prestige

The process of acculturation that took place under slavery could best be described as: A. a melting pot B. cultural pluralism C. coercive Anglo-conformity D. integration

C. coercive Anglo-conformity

One of the variables that researchers suggest is a cause of the decline in prejudice is: A. good race relations B. higher paying jobs C. education D. minorities on the nightly news

C. education

_________establish their own neighborhoods and rely on a set of interconnected businesses, each of which is usually small in scope, for economic survival A. middleman minorities B. sojouorners C. enclave minorities D. structural pluralistic minorities

C. enclave minorities

Researchers taking a "nurture" perspective argue that women and men are different because: A. God has made women and men differently B. females and males have significantly different levels of the hormone testosterone C. girls and boys are taught to act in different ways D. females and males are "hardwired" differently in their biology

C. girls and boys are taught to act in different ways

Laws on miscegenation referred to laws that prevented: A. people from passing as members of another race B. people of different races from eating together in public restaurants C. members of different races from intermarrying D. members of the same sex from marrying

C. members of different races from intermarrying

Societies that have a tradition of male dominance where men have more control over the economy and leadership positions in religion, politics, and other institutions are: A. paternalistic B. patrilineal C. patriarchal D. patrifocal

C. patriarchal

In colonial America, slavery became synonymous with: A. politics B. social class C. race D. humility

C. race

According to the Noel hypothesis, if two groups came together and the contact situation featured ethnocentrism, competition between groups, and a differential in power, the result of the contact would be: A. assimilation B. some conflict followed by cultural pluralism C. some system of inequality between the groups D. integration without acculturation

C. some system of inequality between the groups

You hear someone say that "all women are bad drivers," "all Asians are smart," and "all Latinos drive low-riders." These are examples of: A.prejudice B.discrimination C. stereotypes D. scapegoating

C. stereotypes

Compare to the past, American prejudice today can best be described as more: A. disparaging B. harmful C. subtle D. individual

C. subtle

Stratification is another term for: A. prejudice B. discrimination C. the unequal distribution of valued resources D. status symbol

C. the unequal distribution of valued resources

Women can be viewed as a minority group because A. there are fewer women than men in the US B. they have a consciousness of being "different" from men C. they have less property, prestige, and power in our society D. all of the above

C. they have less property, prestige, and power in our society

In opposition to Marx, Weber argued that there are ______dimensions of inequality A. one B. two C. three D. four

C. three

Slavery was founded on and maintained by: A. misunderstanding B. convenience C. violence D. ignorance

C. violence

"The most important source of inequality arises from a person's relationship to the means of production." This statement might be heard from a: A. Capitalist B. Weberian C. Libertarian D. Marxist

D. Marxist

According to your book, which of the following could NOT be considered minorities? A. very obese Americans B. the aged C. gay and lesbian Americans D. Whites

D. Whites

The movement to abolish slavery in the US was called: A. mutual ethnocentrism B. quakerism C. humanitarianism D. abolitionism

D. abolitionism

American Indians were gradually pushed to near extinction by: A. growing power of white Americans B. greater resource base of white Americans C. increasing technological superiority of white Americans D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Marx believed that conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat was inevitable and that the ultimate results of this class struggle would be: A. the victory of the working class B. the creation of a utopian society without exploitation, coercion, or inequality C. a classless society D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Minority group status affects access to different "life chances" including: A. better health care B. access to wealth and income C. access to decent housing and higher education D. all of the above

D. all of the above

People classified as Asian and Pacific Islander A. represent many different national and linguistic backgrounds B. should not be mistaken for unchanging or "natural" division between people C. vary by social class, religion, gender, and in thousands of other ways D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The creation of slavery is best understood by the concept(s) of: A. institutional discrimination B. power C. inequality D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The most visible marker of minority-group membership is skin color, and it is: A. a creation of historical and social processes B. superficial and relatively unimportant C. regarded as a matter of great significance D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The population of the US is currently: A. affected by long standing unresolved minority issues B. affected by rising immigration rates C. increasingly diverse D. all of the above

D. all of the above

To be successful, the plantation system needed which of the following: A. a cheap labor force B. farming in volume C. keeping the production costs low D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following are documented ways slaves could express resistance or noncooperation to their situation and their "masters?" A. Intentional carelessness B. creating work slowdowns C. running away D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The process of assimilation could be illustrated by: A. Immigrants celebrating the holidays of their native country B. the great grandson of an immigrant changing his name back to the original spelling C. a minority group member being expelled from high school because of fighting D. an immigrant learning the language of her new country

D. an immigrant learning the language of her new country

According to your textbook, what factor(s) play a role in the origins of prejudice? A. Technology B. Socialization C. Competition D. b and c

D. b and c

Some research suggests prejudice is declining in the US. What suggests it might not be declining? A .Increasing education B. modern racism C. hate crimes D. b and c

D. b and c

In the plantation hierarchy, who had the least power? A. white men B. black men C. white women D. black women

D. black women

Skin color is an important marker of group membership in our society because it: A. was selected during a complex and lengthy historical process B. became important because we attributed significance to it C. has scientific significance D. both 1 and 2 (a and b)

D. both 1 and 2 (a and b)

______is the tendency to judge other groups, societies, or lifestyles by the standards of one's own culture A. assimilation B. socialization C. discrimination D. ethnocentrism

D. ethnocentrism

According to Weber, a princess who was rich but "fell on hard times" and lost all of her wealth would be: A. high on prestige, high on class B. high on class, low on prestige C. low on class, low on power D. high on prestige, low on class

D. high on prestige, low on class

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of ascribed status? A. it is usually acquired at birth B. it typically cannot be changed easily C. it is usually involuntary D. it can be altered through hard work and motivation

D. it can be altered through hard work and motivation

When minority groups in a society are exploited and held in a powerless status by the dominant group, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about that minority group? A. too crafty B. too materialistic C. too smart D. lazy

D. lazy

Gerhard Lenski is important because he linked the nature of inequality to the _______-of a society A. group structure B. amount of prestige C. wealth D. level of development

D. level of development

At the individual level, the "thinking/feeling" dimension of minority group mistreatment is called: A. Ideological racism B. discrimination C. institutional racism D. prejudice

D. prejudice

The level of analysis that considers individuals is called the _______levels of analysis, whereas the level that considers groups is called the ____________level of analysis A. institutional; ideological B. ideological; prejudicial C. sociological; determinate D. psychological; sociological

D. psychological; sociological

Which of the following is NOT one of the defining characteristics of a minority group? A. inequality B. a patter of disadvantage or inequality C. visible identifying traits or characteristics D. small group size

D. small group size

Studies on the development of prejudice in children indicate that prejudice is learned through: A. education B. development C. genetics D. socialization

D. socialization

Class, prestige, and power are three dimensions of a(n): A. institutional minority B. immigration pattern C. cognitive prejudice D. stratification system

D. stratification system

A small town experiences a wave of anti-minority group violence in the weeks following the announcement of massive layoffs at the local factor. These incidents would be consistent with the prediction of: A. selective perception B. contact hypothesis C. the cognitive stereotypes hypothesis D. the scapegoat hypothesis

D. the scapegoat hypothesis

Stereotypes vary by: A.race B.gender C.class D.all of the above

D.all of the above

A "middleman minority" establishes its own neighborhood and relies on a set of interconnected businesses for its economic survival True False

False

Structural pluralism exists when groups have not acculturated and each maintains its own identity True False

False

Weber's theory of stratification

Society is stratified in 3 dimensions: class, prestige, and power

Postindustrialism

The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

Thought, Action

"People or groups who fail haven't tried enough." This statement would most likely be made by a human capital theorist True False

True

"Sojourners" or "birds of passage" is the term used to refer to immigrants who intended to remain in the US to accumulate wealth and then return to the old country True or False

True

Assimilation in the US generally has been a coercive and one sided process described as Anglo-conformity True False

True

During cultural assimilation (or acculturation) members of the minority groups coming to the US might adopt the English language, change their eating habits, acquire new value systems, and change their names True False

True

Prejudice has at least two dimensions: an affective or "emotional" dimension and a cognitive or "thinking" dimension. True or false

True

human capital theory

a theory that explains differences in wages as the result of differences in the individual characteristics of the workers

scapegoat hypothesis

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Ideological Discrimination

is the belief and action of asserting that a particular group is inferior; it is the group or societal equivalent of individual prejudice.

_______are exaggerated generalizations about groups of people and tend to be overly simplistic and difficult to prove A. attributes B. stereotypes C. prejudices D. none of the above

stereotypes