ch 1

8. Which of the following patients refusing transfusion should have their decisional capacity scrutinized most closely? A. A patient you are nearly certain will die without transfusion B. A patient you think might die without transfusion C. A patient you are nearly certain will develop medically treatable high output cardiac failure without transfusion D. A patient you think might develop high output cardiac failure without transfusion

A. A patient you are nearly certain will die without transfusion

4. Where three conditions are met, physicians (or PAs) may be liable for harm to third parties that results from unjustifiably failing to warn. Those three conditions include which of the following? A. The hazard/harm arises in some way from the physician's (or PA's) patient B. The third parties must be individually identifiable C. The physician or PA fails to prevent the harm D. All of the above

A. The hazard/harm arises in some way from the physician's (or PA's) patient

1. "What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself . . ." This excerpt best expresses which of the following concepts? A. Competence B. Confidentiality C. Consent D. Courage E. None of the above

B. Confidentiality

6. A 42-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus type II, severe ketoacidosis and pneumonia is brought to the emergency department. He is somnolent and stuporous. As an IV line is being inserted to facilitate administration of IV fluids and insulin, he awakens and exclaims: "Leave me alone. No needles and no hospital. I'm OK." Which of the following statements is most correct? A. The patient's choice is an autonomous one and should be respected B. The patient lacks decisional capacity because he does not understand the consequences of his decision C. The patient should be discharged on inhaled insulin as a means of circumventing the ethical dilemma D. None of the above are correct

B. The patient lacks decisional capacity because he does not understand the consequences of his decision

7. An 86-year-old retired ballplayer is informed that his leg is gangrenous and that an amputation is necessary to save his life. He replies, "I refuse. I worship the great god baseball, and based upon Abner Doubleday's teachings, I believe that submission to surgery is a violation of baseball's law. I understand the consequence of my refusal is my death and I accept that result." The patient is brought to the operating room and undergoes an amputation. Which of the following is the best justification for the course of action selected? A. The patient's refusal was not informed B. The patient's refusal was not voluntary C. The patient lacked decisional capacity D. It was in the patient's best interests to undergo surgery

C. The patient lacked decisional capacity

5. Requirements for autonomous choice which of the following? A. Legal competency B. Beneficence C. Voluntariness D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Voluntariness

2. A physician who unjustifiably breaches confidentiality may be guilty of: A. Breach of contract B. Malpractice C. Unprofessional conduct D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

3. "Once a therapist determines or should determine that a patient poses a serious danger of violence to others, he or she bears a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect the foreseeable victim of that danger." This was the holding in which of the following cases? A. Bradshaw v. Daniel B. Pate v. Threlkel C. Safer v. Estate of Pack D. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. E. All of the above

D. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal.

13. This case held that the existence of a physician-patient relationship is sufficient to impose upon a physician an affirmative duty to warn identifiable third persons in the patient's immediate family against foreseeable risks emanating from a patient's Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, even though that disease is not transmitted from person to person. a. Bradshaw v. Daniel b. Pate v. Threlkel c. Safer v. Estate of Pack d. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. e. All of the above

a. Bradshaw v. Daniel

13. Moral virtues are those _________________ that involve justifiably obeying the moral rules or justifiably following the moral ideals more than most people do. a. Character traits b. Intellectual traits c. Personality traits d. Physical traits

a. Character traits

7. Which of the followingoccurs if and only if one person intentionally uses a credible and severe threat of harm or force to control another? a. Coercion b. Manipulation c. Persuasion

a. Coercion

17. Violation of which of the following moral rules as formulated by Gert does not directly prohibit causing one of the five evils or harms? a. Do not cheat b. Do not kill d. Do not disable e. Do not deprive of pleasure

a. Do not cheat Answer: a. The other four choices are among the first four moral rules, which prohibit directly causing one of the five harms or evils. Choice a. is one of the second five rules, those that when not followed in particular cases usually cause harm, and general disobedience of which always results in more harm being suffered.

2. The principles of loyalty and fairness apply to which of the following four-topics? a. External factors b. Medical indications c. Patient preferences d. Quality of life

a. External factors

8. In the text, the case of the young woman of average height who wore a size 34C bra, but who wished to undergo breast augmentation to size 56FF so that she could embark on a career as an exotic dancer was used to illustrate which of the following? a. Goal illegitimacy b. Means illegitimacy c. Means-ends disjunction d. All of the above e. None of the above

a. Goal illegitimacy

3. Components of the clinical casuistry method include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Guarantees b. Provisional conclusions c. Rebuttals d. Warrants

a. Guarantees

3. According to Ronald Dworkin, when judges modify established legal rules by overruling precedent, they are doing so: a. In the application of deeper legal principles b. In reliance on the doctrine of stare decisis c. Without any authority to do so d. None of the above

a. In the application of deeper legal principles Choice b. is wrong because stare decisis is a reason not to overrule precedent.

7. Which of the following is the best statement regarding Thomas Aquinas's teaching on natural law? a. It is an attempt to defend the intelligibility of the natural moral order in the context of divine revelation. b. It is an intellectually intelligent way to distinguish good acts from bad acts. c. God has no place in the discussion of natural law and reference to him serves only to confuse the masses. d. Since God is neither omniscient nor omnipotent, his influence on natural law is of little consequence.

a. It is an attempt to defend the intelligibility of the natural moral order in the context of divine revelation. Reason: According to Thomas Aquinas, natural law is the rational or human grasp of God's providential governance of all creation.

4.1 The "four-topics" referred to in the four-topics method of case-based decision making include all of the following topics EXCEPT: a. Justice b. Medical indications c. Patient preferences d. Quality of life

a. Justice The fourth topic is "contextual features," or "external factors."

"Act only according to the maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" is: a. Kant's categorical imperative b. Kant's hypothetical imperative c. Kant's rule of natural law d. Kant's principle of double effect

a. Kant's categorical imperative Reason: According to Kant, a categorical imperative is a moral obligation imposed on us no matter the personal desire nor circumstances. It is absolute and shared by everyone.

1. Interventions that have no realistic chance of achieving the goals of medicine are said to be: a. Medically futile b. Physiologically futile c. Qualitatively futile d. Quantitatively futile

a. Medically futile Answer: a. The stem defines medical futility. The remaining choices are incorrect because they are too narrow.

17. Physiologic futility is also referred to as: a. Medically futile because ineffective b. Medically futile because non-beneficia c. Medically futile because improbable d. None of the above

a. Medically futile because ineffective

9. The greatest consensus would exist that morality protects which of the following groups? a. Moral agents b. Potential moral agents c. Sentient beings d. Potential sentient beings

a. Moral agents

2. Contemporary bioethics, which tends to become involved in debates about public policy, can trace its roots to modern philosophers such as Immanuel Kant. Which of the following statements best describes Kant's philosophy as it applies to embryonic stem cell research? a. Personally, I morally disagree with embryonic stem cell research, but I would not want to impose my beliefs on others since there is no objective data that proves when life begins. b. Embryonic stem cell research is inherently wrong and public policy should reflect that fact c. Since embryonic stem cells may be effective in the treatment of multiple debilitating diseases, full funding from the government is a necessity and further public debate should be stymied. d. Personal opinion is of no consequence when the good of society is at stake.

a. Personally, I morally disagree with embryonic stem cell research, but I would not want to impose my beliefs on others since there is no objective data that proves when life begins.

10. The use of CPR in a patient who has been decapitated is an example of: a. Physiologic futility b. Qualitative futility c. Quantitative futility d. None of the above

a. Physiologic futility Answer: a. The physiologic goals of CPR cannot be achieved.

13. John Stuart Mill argued that "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied." This statement serves as an example of which of the following? a. Pleasure has two levels; quality is more important than quantity. b. Pleasure has two levels; quantity is more important than quality. c. Pleasure is the most desirable end result and quality and quantity make no difference. d. Pleasure should never be considered as the end result of any activity.

a. Pleasure has two levels; quality is more important than quantity. Reason: Mill described two levels of pleasure, high and low, and that quality is of more importance than quantity.

16. If all informed rational persons would estimate that less harm would be suffered if a moral rules violation were publicly allowed, then that violation is said to be: a. Strongly justified b. Unjustified c. Weakly justified d. None of the above

a. Strongly justified

4. Where three conditions are met, health care providers (HCPs) may be liable for harm to third parties that results from unjustifiably failing to warn. Those three conditions include which of the following? a. The hazard/harm arises in some way from the HCP's patient b. The third parties must be individually identifiable c. The HCP fails to prevent the harm d. All of the above

a. The hazard/harm arises in some way from the HCP's patient Choice b. is incorrect because the third parties must belong to a foreseeable class, they need not be individually identifiable. Likewise, choice c. is incorrect because the HCP need not prevent the harm—rather, he/she must make reasonable efforts to do so.

19. It is never irrational to act in one's own best interest even though this is immoral. a. True b. False

a. True

4. Professionalism may be thought of as the virtue-based analogue of the duties inherent to the internal morality of medicine. a. True b. False

a. True

Descartes' argument in Discourse on Method created the landscape within which our contemporary discussions of bioethics take place. Which of the following would be the best description of that structure? a. A moral thesis is more universally upheld than any supposed scientific facts. b. All bioethical discussions should begin with a review of scientific fact whose truth is more securely grasped than is the truth of any moral thesis. c. Scientific facts should have no bearing on the truth of any moral thesis. d. When discussing bioethics the morality of an issue is never based on scientific fact.

b. All bioethical discussions should begin with a review of scientific fact whose truth is more securely grasped than is the truth of any moral thesis.

5. Everyone is always to obey the moral rules, unless: a. An impartial rational person can advocate that violating it be privately allowed b. An impartial rational person can advocate that violating it be publicly allowed c. An impartial rational person would find it inconvenient to do so d. There is no unless. Everyone is always to obey the moral rules, period.

b. An impartial rational person can advocate that violating it be publicly allowed Choice b. ignores the fact that morality is a public system. Choice c. is incorrect because the fact that obedience to a moral rule would be inconvenient does not by itself justify a violation of that rule. Choice d. is incorrect because it fails to recognize that there are times when a moral rule might (or indeed possibly must) be violated.

14. "What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself . . ." This excerpt best expresses which of the following concepts? a. Competence b. Confidentiality c. Consent d. Courage e. None of the above

b. Confidentiality

6.1 "What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself . . ." This excerpt best expresses which of the following concepts? a. Competence b. Confidentiality c. Consent d. Courage e. None of the above

b. Confidentiality

7. According to the clinical casuistry model described in chapter 4, "rebuttal" refers to: a. Consideration(s) from prior paradigmatic cases, stated as a maxim b. Exceptional circumstances sufficient to override the provisional conclusions c. The core situation that creates a difficulty that requires resolution d. The provisional conclusion reached by applying warrants to the present case

b. Exceptional circumstances sufficient to override the provisional conclusions

11. According to the Parsonian model of medical professionalism, the authority of the health care professional is an example of: a. Charismatic authority b. Expert authority c. Legal authority d. Traditional authority

b. Expert authority The patient obeys the medical professional's commands because the patient believes the professional knows more than he/she does.

18. It is always irrational to act contrary to one's own best interests in order to act morally. a. True b. False

b. False

19. According to the Hastings Center, the goals of medicine include the relief of any and all pain and suffering. a. True b. False

b. False Only pain and suffering caused by maladies fall within the scope of medicine.

13. Talcott Parsons believed that medical professionals should always exercise expert authority on the patient's behalf. a. True b. False

b. False Sometimes, Parsons believed, professionals exercise expert authority on society's behalf.

4. The Pope is an example of a moral authority. a. True b. False

b. False here are no moral authorities. The claim that some persons, such as the Pope, are moral authorities confuses morality and religion.

13. General beneficence a. "is directed beyond those special relationships to all persons." b. For the most part, general beneficence is ideal beneficence—that is, while the moral ideals encourage us to act affirmatively so as to help others with whom we do not find ourselves in a special relationship, we are not obliged to do so by the moral rules (see chapter 3). I say "for the most part" because Beauchamp and Childress argue that, even apart from special relationships, c. a person X owes an obligatory duty of beneficence toward a person Y if each of the following conditions is true:

b. For the most part, general beneficence is ideal beneficence—that is, while the moral ideals encourage us to act affirmatively so as to help others with whom we do not find ourselves in a special relationship, we are not obliged to do so by the moral rules (see chapter 3). I say "for the most part" because Beauchamp and Childress argue that, even apart from special relationships,

12. Which of the following is true regarding specific beneficence? a. It is non-obligatory beneficence b. It refers to a duty to refrain from acts harmful to others c. It is a duty owed to all persons d. It is a duty owed by HCPs to their patients

b. It refers to a duty to refrain from acts harmful to others

14. The question of a physician's obligation to disclose unpleasant or undesirable truths to his/her patient is one that concerns bioethicists. Lying works to undermine the trust humans place in one another's word. Who justified lying in some instances when he said: "Yet that even this rule, sacred as it is, admits of possible exceptions is acknowledged by all moralists; the chief of which is when withholding of some fact...would save an individual...from great and unmerited evil..."? a. Immanuel Kant b. John Stuart Mill c. Plato d. Thomas Aquinas

b. John Stuart Mill Reason: Mill endorsed the moral goodness of the useful lie; Kant, in particular, did not do so.

15. Which of the following does the Hippocratic Oath NOT prohibit? a. Abortion b. Maintaining confidentiality c. Physician-assisted suicide/euthanasia d. Sexual relations between physicians and patients

b. Maintaining confidentiality In fact, the Oath requires the maintenance of confidentiality.

9. In the text, the case of a retired military officer with pain secondary to incurable metastatic cancer who asked his physician to shoot him in order to put an end to his pain was used to illustrate which of the following? a. Goal illegitimacy b. Means illegitimacy c. Means-ends disjunction d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. Means illegitimacy

11. This case recognized the existence of a physician's duty to family members of patients with the genetic condition medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and suggested that the duty was dischargeable by advising the patient of the genetic nature of the condition. a. Bradshaw v. Daniel b. Pate v. Threlkel c. Safer v. Estate of Pack d. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. e. All of the above

b. Pate v. Threlkel

5. The principles of biomedical ethics emerged from the work of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was created by an act of Congress in 1974. Its work product was: a. The Aqueduct Report b. The Belmont Report c. The Colbert Report d. The McLaughlin Report e. The Roosevelt Report

b. The Belmont Report

1. Which of the following is an accurate statement of the meaning of the term bioethics? a. A field of study dedicated to knowing right from wrong b. The discipline devoted to the articulation of good decisions in the practice of health care c. Doing what is "right" regardless of the consequences d. Being absolutely clear as to the definition of a disease process as it effects a human being

b. The discipline devoted to the articulation of good decisions in the practice of health care

Which of the following is John Stuart Mill's first principle of morality? a. One's autonomy takes precedence over all actions. b. The pursuit of the maximum happiness for all mankind. c. The freedom to speak and act in one's self interest is of the utmost priority. d. Human perfection is the goal for all mankind.

b. The pursuit of the maximum happiness for all mankind. Reason: Mill emphasizes the end or the consequence of human activity. He argues that the end of all human action and the first principle of morality is the greatest happiness principle, also known as the principle of utility.

8. If all informed rational persons would estimate that more harm would be suffered if a particular kind of moral rules violation were publicly allowed, then that violation is said to be: a. Strongly justified b. Unjustified c. Weakly justified d. None of the above

b. Unjustified

4. The requirements for autonomous choice on the part of an individual include all of the following EXCEPT: a. An adequately informed individual b. An individual free from coercive influences c. An individual free from persuasive influences d. An individual with decision-making capacity e. All of the above are requirements for autonomous choice

c. An individual free from persuasive influences

18. As discussed in class, the goals of medicine include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Prevention of disease and injury and the promotion and maintenance of health b. Relief of pain and suffering caused by maladies c. Furtherance of all patient preferences d. Care and cure of those with a malady, and the care of those who cannot be cured e. Avoidance of premature death and the pursuit of a peaceful death

c. Furtherance of all patient preferences

7. According to the Parsonian model of medical professionalism, which of the following are proper motivations for medical professionals? a. Political power and wealth b. Wealth and status c. Status and reputation d. Reputation and political power e. None of the above

c. Status and reputation

6. According to Aristotle, a morally virtuous person is characterized by which of the following? a. Doing the right thing despite the inclination to do wrong. b. Trying to justify wrong actions with good intentions. c. Habitually correct desire. d. Intellectually correct decisions.

c. Habitually correct desire. Reason: Aristotle concludes that the morally virtuous person is characterized by habitually correct desire, which means that reason and desire both incline the person together to the same virtuous deed.

5. Under the Florida Omnibus AIDS Act, when an HIV infected patient refuses to inform past or present sexual or needle-sharing partners of his/her HIV positivity, what obligation does the practitioner have to these third parties? a. He/she has a legal duty to warn b. He/she has a legal duty to refrain from warning c. He/she has a privilege to warn d. The Florida Omnibus AIDS Act has nothing to say about this scenario

c. He/she has a privilege to warn

Why did Immanuel Kant separate the demands of morality from the search for happiness? a. Because he conceived of happiness as an end that is independent of desire. b. He believed that human happiness cannot exist apart from the virtuous cultivation of rationality. c. In order to restore dignity to human beings as capable of rising above selfish desires. d. Because the first principle of morality is utilitarianism.

c. In order to restore dignity to human beings as capable of rising above selfish desires. Reason: Kant restored dignity to human beings saying they could rise above their desires and pursue their duty instead.

16. As discussed in class, according to Parsons, professionalism is characterized by which of the following? a. Charismatic authority b. Authority that is used exclusively to create safety zones for individuals against the demands of social norms c. Interests in status and reputation d. Regulation by non-professionals

c. Interests in status and reputation a. is incorrect because it is expert authority that characterizes professionalism. Choice b. is incorrect because sometimes professional authority is used to curb the deviance of patients. Choice d. is incorrect because traditionally the professions regulate themselves.

7. When a person behaves in a way that he knows, or should know, will significantly increase the probability that he, or those he cares for, will suffer death, pain, disability, loss of freedom, or loss of pleasure, and he does not have an adequate reason for so acting, he is said to be acting: a. Immorally b. Impartially c. Irrationally d. Publicly

c. Irrationally

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding morality? a. It applies to all persons b. It is a formal system c. It is a public system d. All of the above are true

c. It is a public system Morality is an informal public system applying to all rational persons.

3. The inherent goal of morality is which of the following? a. Assuring obedience to rules b. Increasing the amount of good enjoyed by all c. Lessening the amount of harm suffered by those in the protected group d. Morality has no inherent goals

c. Lessening the amount of harm suffered by those in the protected group Choice b. is incorrect partly because it does not recognize that morality is concerned with those in the protected group.

7. All of the following are motivated by an underlying public policy goal of protecting the public, EXCEPT: a. Mandatory reporting of AIDS/HIV infection to public health authorities b. Mandatory reporting of child and elder abuse c. Mandatory reporting of knife and gunshot wounds d. Mandatory reporting of uncontrolled epilepsy among licensed drivers

c. Mandatory reporting of knife and gunshot wounds Policy in such cases is to apprehend and punish wrongdoers, not to protect third parties.

3. Medically futile acts generally implicate which of the following prongs of the internal morality of medicine trident? a. Goal illegitimacy b. Means illegitimacy c. Means-ends disjunction d. None of the above

c. Means-ends disjunction Answer: c. Medically futile acts are in fact paradigmatic of means-ends disjunction.

3.1 Morality is primarily a guide for the behavior of which of the following? a. God b. Oneself c. Others d. Morality is not primarily a behavioral guide

c. Others

11. Dispositions to have certain emotional responses in certain situations that are general enough that they are likely to be encountered by everyone are: a. Character traits b. Moral virtues c. Personality traits d. Virtues

c. Personality traits

8. Which of the following occurs if a person comes to believe in something through the merit of reasons another person advances? a. Coercion b. Manipulation c. Persuasion

c. Persuasion

3. It is quite possible to live as others live and never examine the opinions by which one lives. Which of the following is the best illustration of the complexity and questionableness embedded in moral opinions that are, on the surface, both clear and obvious? a. Descartes' Discourse on Method b. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics c. Plato's dialogues d. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

c. Plato's dialogues

8. A patient develops gangrene of his left foot which requires a below-the-knee amputation. As a result he has an impaired gait. This is a foreseeable consequence of the amputation which is directly chosen in order to save his life. This scenario demonstrates which of the following? a. Principle of responsibility b. Principle of morally correct actions c. Principle of double effect d. Principle of utilitarianism

c. Principle of double effect The principle of double effect attempts to articulate the ordinary recognition that we are responsible not only for what we will but also for what we foresee or should foresee as a consequence of what we will.

6. What is the difference between rules and principles? a. Principles are more specific in content and more restricted in scope than rules b. Principles are not action guides c. Rules are more specific in content and more restricted in scope than principles d. Rules and principles are synonymous

c. Rules are more specific in content and more restricted in scope than principles a. is wrong because it is the reverse of the correct answer. Choice b. is wrong because both principles and rules are action guides.

12. This case recognized that a physician might have a duty to warn the family members of patients with multiple polyposis. a. Bradshaw v. Daniel b. Pate v. Threlkel c. Safer v. Estate of Pack d. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. e. All of the above

c. Safer v. Estate of Pack

11. Which of the following factors weighs in favor of a health care professional's (HCP's) overriding a patient's refusal of treatment? a. The HCP is nearly certain that the patient has decisional capacity b. The HCP is unsure of how effective medical treatment is likely to be c. The HCP believes that the patient, by refusing the treatment in question, runs the risk of death d. All of the above e. None of the above

c. The HCP believes that the patient, by refusing the treatment in question, runs the risk of death Choice c. is correct because the question does not specify that the factor must be sufficient to justify overriding the patient's refusal; rather, it asks only which factor weighs in favor of doing so.

5. According to the clinical casuistry model described in chapter 4, "grounds" refers to: a. Consideration(s) from prior paradigmatic cases, stated as a maxim b. Exceptional circumstances sufficient to override the provisional conclusions c. The core situation that creates a difficulty that requires resolution d. The provisional conclusion reached by applying warrants to the present case

c. The core situation that creates a difficulty that requires resolution

6. As discussed in chapter 5, authority is: a. Synonymous with persuasion b. Synonymous with power c. The probability that one's commands will be obeyed d. All of the above e. None of the above

c. The probability that one's commands will be obeyed

14. If some but not all informed rational persons would estimate that less harm would be suffered if a particular kind of moral rules violation were publicly allowed, then that violation is said to be: a. Strongly justified b. Unjustified c. Weakly justified d. None of the above

c. Weakly justified

9. All of the following statements are true regarding HIPAA EXCEPT: a. It requires that covered entities ensure that agreements with business associates include terms requiring the protection of privacy b. A violation may result in a civil penalty c. A violation may result in criminal liability d. A violation may give rise to a private cause of action or remedy

d. A violation may give rise to a private cause of action or remedy

12. The Parsonian model of professionalism includes which of the following elements? a. Acts of profession b. Medical professionals acting as mediators between individuals and society c. The medical professional's special motivations d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

2. A physician who unjustifiably breaches confidentiality may be guilty of: a. Breach of contract b. Malpractice c. Unprofessional conduct d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

10. According to Byron Chell, which of the following persons would be labeled incompetent? a. A person whose refusal of life-saving treatment is based on his/her belief that such treatment is inconsistent with the teachings of Harry Potter b. A person who lacks an understanding of the consequences of his/her treatment refusal c. A person whose treatment refusal is based upon irrational reasons d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above would be adjudged to be incompetent. Choice a. is incompetent because it is based on a religious belief that is likely to be labeled crazy.

8. Which of the following statements of ethics make(s) no mention of confidentiality, either explicitly or by implication? a. The Charter on Medical Professionalism b. The Hippocratic Oath c. The Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association holds that d. All of them mention it e. None of them mention it

d. All of them mention it The Hippocratic Oath reads, in part, "What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself . . ." The fourth (IV.) of the Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association holds that "A physician shall . . . safeguard patient confidences within the constraints of the law." The Charter on Medical Professionalism (a joint project of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation, the American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine and the European Federation of Internal Medicine) lists a commitment to patient confidentiality as one of ten professional responsibilities.

According to Kant, the capacity to conduct oneself in accord with universal rational principles and not the liberty or license to conduct oneself as one sees fit, is a definition a. Duty b. Morality c. Retributivism d. Autonomy

d. Autonomy Reason: Kant emphasizes the importance of autonomy. Humans have the capacity to choose our own ends and have a right or obligation to rule our own lives. Because of this, humans can never be used to suit one's needs or be treated as things because that would violate that person's autonomy.

10. Which of the following is NOT a moral virtue? a. Truthfulness b. Trustworthiness c. Fairness d. Compassion e. All of the above are moral virtues

d. Compassion

2.1 Which of the following deals with morality at the most abstract level? a. Moral value judgments b. Moral rules or ideals c. Moral principles d. Ethical theory

d. Ethical theory

6. Morality includes which of the following? a. Moral rules and moral ideals, but not moral virtues b. Moral rules and moral virtues, but not moral ideals c. Moral virtues and moral ideals, but not moral rules d. Moral rules and moral ideals and moral virtues

d. Moral rules and moral ideals and moral virtues

4. Which of the four-topics referred to in the four-topics method of case-based decision making implicates the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and respect for autonomy? a. External factors b. Medical indications c. Patient preferences d. Quality of life

d. Quality of life

5. Medicine is scientific and tends to carry a suspicion of all opinions that are not scientifically known. A sign of this appears in the design of clinical trials of which the following is the "gold standard": a. Biased, cohort trial b. Pharmaceutical company single-blinded trial c. Retrospective cohort trial d. Randomized controlled trial

d. Randomized controlled trial

3. "Once a therapist determines or should determine that a patient poses a serious danger of violence to others, he or she bears a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect the foreseeable victim of that danger." This was the holding in which of the following cases? a. Bradshaw v. Daniel b. Pate v. Threlkel c. Safer v. Estate of Pack d. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. e. All of the above

d. Tarasoff v. Regents of U. of Cal. Tarasoff was the only case that involved violence.

2. According to the Hastings Center Goals of Medicine Project, the goals of medicine include all of the following EXCEPT: a. The prevention of disease and injury and the promotion and maintenance of health b. The relief of pain and suffering caused by maladies c. The care and cure of those with a malady, and the care of those who cannot be cured d. The avoidance of death

d. The avoidance of death Answer: d. It is the avoidance of premature death that is a goal of medicine, not death simpliciter.

5. According to Edmund Pellegrino, what separates the medical professional from the skilled technician or laborer? a. A good bedside manner b. A nice personality c. The M.D. degree d. The oath e. Clean fingernails

d. The oath

9. Although it is the exception rather than the rule in the legal context, which of the following is, according to chapter 1, the preferable moral standard of disclosure? a. The material risk standard b. The professional malpractice standard c. The reasonable patient standard d. The subjective standard

d. The subjective standard

12. Character traits that all impartial rational persons judge in the same way are referred to as: a. Moral virtues b. Personality traits c. Strongly justified d. Virtues and vices

d. Virtues and vices

6. Which of the following reasons underlie the doctrine of confidentiality? a. A special obligation arises from the act of having promised not to disclose b. It encourages persons to seek medical care when they might otherwise avoid doing so out of shame c. It furthers the interest in autonomy over personal information d. It furthers relational intimacy e. All of the above

e. All of the above

15. The moral rules as formulated by Gert include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Do not break your promise b. Do not cheat c. Do not break the law d. Do not neglect your duty e. Do not steal

e. Do not steal Stealing is not on Gert's list; rather, it falls under rules prohibiting law-breaking, and depriving others of freedom and pleasure.

2. The principles of biomedical ethics as expounded by Beauchamp and Childress include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Beneficence b. Justice c. Nonmaleficence d. Respect for autonomy e. Truth

e. Truth

10. The federal privacy regulations (HIPAA) impose an obligation on covered entities to do which of the following? a. Adopt internal procedures to protect the privacy of protected health information b. Designate a privacy officer c. Secure patient records that contain protected information d. a. and b. but not c. e. a., b. and c.

e. a., b. and c.