CH 1 LEARNSMART BIOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS

identify the chief physical manifestations of puberty. (Select all that apply.)

-the development of secondary sex characteristics -the development of primary sex characteristics -a rapid acceleration in growth

about ______% of women will develop anorexia in their lifetime.

1

in the United States and in western Europe, the median age for menarche ranges from about ______ to ______ years.

12; 13 1/2

the median age for menarche in Africa ranges from about ______ to ______ years.

14;17

today, about ______% of teenagers report getting adequate sleep most nights.

25

puberty has _ chief manifestations

3

at what time are adolescents likely most alert and ready to learn?

3:00pm

in one study, ______% of girls reported that they would like to be thinner than they are.

70

the joneses are a white family with two children entering puberty. They can expect ______.

an increase in family conflict

which of the following plays a part in stimulating the adolescent growth spurt? (select all that apply.)

androgens, growth hormones, thyroid hormones

which of the following is characterized by starving oneself in an effort to keep one's weight down?

anorexia nervous

environmental exposure to ______ can suppress melatonin levels and hasten puberty.

artificial light

The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state is called the ___ ___ rate

basal metabolic

______ is the minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state.

basal metabolic rate

one method for treating adolescent obesity is ______ therapy, which is designed to gradually alter patterns of diet and exercise.

behavioral

the secular trend has primarily been affected by improvements in which of the following? (select all that apply.)

better sanitation health and nutrition

______ is characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight.

binge eating disorder

at least three times a week, valessa gorges on fattening, high-calorie foods like pizza, ice cream, pastries, french fries, and cake. Although she feels distressed about her eating, valessa does not try to diet or lose weight. valessa has characteristics of ______.

binge eating disorder

to compute ______, you divide an individual's weight by the square of the person's height.

body mass index

sophie wants to determine whether or not she is overweight. The best way to determine this is to ______.

calculate her body mass index

chronic levels of the stress hormone ______ can cause brain cells to die.

cortisol

dr. martinez studies the psychological and social consequences of puberty. Her research often compares individuals who are in different stages of puberty. This approach is called a(n) ______ study.

cross-sectional

______ is a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty.

delayed phase preference

among boys, going through puberty especially rapidly is associated with ______.

depression and anxiety

if the ______ hypothesis is accurate, both girls and boys should experience more difficulty if they mature early than if they are on time or late, but the difficulty should be temporary.

developmental readiness

The pattern of teenagers going to bed late and sleeping in late in the morning often begins in (early/middle/late) adolescence.

early

the impact of being bullied is greater for (early/late)- maturing adolescents.

early

the connection between hormonal changes at puberty and adolescent moodiness are strongest ______.

early in puberty

Mild, moderate, or severe disturbances in eating habits and attitudes are referred to as ___ ___

eating disorders

the ___ system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones.

endocrine

which of the following is a marker of the conclusion of puberty?

epiphysis

true or false: Living with a biological father can stimulate early pubertal maturation in an adolescent girl.

false

true or false: bc levels of testosterone are higher among males than females while the brain is developing, males usually end up with a more "androgynous" brain than females.

false

true or false: the risk factors associated with early maturation among girls (for example, depression and eating disorders) are directly related to the hormonal changes of puberty.

false

true or false: there is a strong connection between the age when puberty begins and the rate at which pubertal development proceeds.

false

the HPG axis is an example of a(n) ___ loop.

feedback

Until about eight weeks after conception, the human brain is (feminine/masculine)

feminine

according to sleep researchers, adolescents get ______ sleep each night when the school year begins than they did during the preceding summer months.

fewer hours of

which of the following groups of adolescent boys is most likely to report feeling a desire to be thin?

gay and bisexual youth

which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

growth of facial and body hair

the dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty is known as the adolescent ___ ___

growth spurt

early-maturing boys are more likely than their later-maturing peers to do which of the following? (select all that apply.)

have academic problems, get involved in minor delinquency, use drugs and alcohol, be truant from school

both anorexic and bulimic individuals ______.

have an extremely distorted body image

which of the following has been shown to prevent childhood and adolescent obesity?

having a good relationship with parents

identify the two most important environmental influences on pubertal maturation.

health and nutrition

adult height and weight are best correlated with ______.

height and weight during childhood

which of the following parenting styles is associated with a positive experience of menarche?

helpful and matter-of-fact

which of the following best describes the purpose of the endocrine system?

it produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones.

according to research on environmental factors that contribute to the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which of the following girls is likely to experience delayed puberty?

jen, a gymnast, who has cut her daily caloric intake to 750 calories

according to research, which of the following girls is at risk for early pubertal development?

katie, who lives in a father-absent family

according to research on the consequences of pubertal timing, which of the following girls will have the most difficult time adjusting to puberty?

lainey, who is an overweight early maturer

today, adolescent girls' attitudes toward menarche are (more/less) negative than they appear to have been in the past.

less

because of their physical maturation, early-maturing boys are ______.

less likely to be supervised by adults

kelsie is a graduate student who is interested in how being early or late to mature affects a group of adolescents' psychological development over time. kelsie's interests are best measured using the ______ design.

longitudinal

according to the ______ hypothesis, youngsters who stand far apart from their peers, such as in physical appearance, may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily.

maturational deviance

Early-maturing girls are generally (more/less) popular than other girls.

more

morgan is an obese child, whereas her cousin mariah is a normal-weight child. which of the following statements about the timing of their puberty is likeliest to be true?

morgan will start puberty at an earlier age than mariah.

the distancing effect of puberty on adolescent-parent relationships is ______.

not as consistently observed in ethnic minority families

according to research, the connection between hormones and moodiness in adolescence is ______.

not very strong

in females, the gonads are known as ___

ovaries

___ are a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.vv

pheromones

during puberty, the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice are referred to as ______.

secondary sex characteristics

which of the following social factors is associated with earlier pubertal timing in girls? (select all that apply.)

sexual abuse, father-absent household, conflict-ridden households

vivica is an early-maturing girl. according to research on early maturation and popularity, which statement about vivica is true?

she is more likely than her peers to be the victim of gossip.

cortisol is refereed to as a(n) ___ hormone.

stress

tori suffers from clinically significant disordered eating. This type of eating is also associated with which of the following? (select all that apply.)

substance use, depression, poor body image, poor interpersonal relationships

in males, gonads are known as ___

testes

what is epiphysis?

the closing of the ends of the bones in the body

research on pubertal timing shows that which of the following is true of early-maturing boys compared to their later-maturing peers? (select all that apply.)

they are often popular, they feel better about themselves, they tend to have elevated rates of depression

rates of anorexia and bulimia are ______ prevalent in females compared to males.

three times more

today, young people reach puberty at earlier ages than in their grandparents' generation. This is known as the secular ___

trend

true or false: the HPG axis develops before adolescence.

true

identify the factors that contribute to teenagers' late-night bedtimes. (select all that apply.)

tv, extracurricular activities, electronic media, increased homework loads

adolescent boys are more likely to be teased for being (underweight/overweight), whereas adolescent girls are more likely to be teased for being (underweight/overweight).

underweight; overweight

dissatisfaction with body shape and weight is likely to lead to which of the following? (select all that apply.)

vomiting after eating, using diet pills, smoking, fasting