Ch. 10 Assessment of Intelligence and General Ability
Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence that emphasizes:
(1) a general intelligence factor (g), which is general intellectual ability, and (2) specific factors that vary according to an individual's specific abilities
Measure an individual's current intellectual ability level.
Intelligence tests
______________ describes the ability to perceive and generate spoken or written language.
Linguistic Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
______________ involves the ability to understand and utilize numerical, abstract, and logical reasoning to solve problems.
Logical/Mathematical Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
____________________ are rules of logic or mental procedures that solve problems.
Operations (Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect Model)
This index measures one's ability to interpret and organize visual information and ability to solve problems.
Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
_____________ proposed a hierarchical model of intelligence that organized abilities at four different levels
Philip E. Vernon (1950)
Designed to assess the cognitive abilities of individuals ages 16 to 89 years.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Measures general verbal reasoning ability—solving problems presented in printed or spoken words, sentences, or stories.
Verbal IQ (VIQ) {The Stanford-Binet, 5th Edition}
Das and colleagues' theory centers on the concept of _______________.
information processing
The Stanford-Binet, 5th Edition, was constructed on a five-factor hierarchical cognitive model that includes the following scales:
-Verbal Comprehension Index (V C I) -Visual Spatial Index (V S I) -Working Memory Index (W M I) -Fluid Reasoning Index (F R I) -Processing Speed Index (P S I)
The VIQ and NVIQ each include five subtests. The subtests are organized into five cognitive factors in both the verbal and nonverbal domains:
1. Fluid Reasoning 2. Knowledge, 3. Quantitative Reasoning 4. Visual Spatial Processing 5. Working Memory
Thurstone's primary mental abilities:
1. Numerical Ability 2. Verbal Comprehension 3. Word Fluency 4. Memory 5. Reasoning 6. Spatial Ability 7. Perceptual Speed
Howard Gardner proposed that there are ______ types of intelligence that work together to solve problems.
8
______________ are enduring characteristics of individuals, sometimes called ability traits, because they are usually stable across time.
Abilities
_____________________________ is the process by which a child changes behavior and psychological structures in response to environmental events.
Accommodation
Measure what an individual knows or can do right now, in the present.
Achievement tests
_____________________________ refers to the ability to perform academic, problem-solving tasks.
Analytical intelligence
Are future-oriented, predicting what an individual is capable of doing with further training and education.
Aptitude tests
The World War I __________ and ___________ tests were the first major group intelligence tests developed.
Army Alpha and Army Beta
______________________ is the process by which a child relates new objects and ideas to familiar objects and ideas.
Assimilation
____________ is the process involving focused cognitive activity (while ignoring other distractions).
Attention {Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive (PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing}
_____________________ is the ability to use all or part of one's body to express ideas and feelings or to produce or transform things.
Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
__________is credited as having developed the concept of the g factor of intelligence
Charles E. Spearman
____________ generally constitute one's ability to understand complex ideas, solve novel problems, think abstractly, and engage in various forms of reasoning.
Cognitive abilities
______________ refers to a particular kind of information.
Contents (Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect Model)
_____________________ involves the ability to react effectively to novel situations and find new solutions to problems.
Creative intelligence
Designated by Gc
Crystallized intelligence (Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory)
________________ refers to acquired knowledge and ability obtained through education and personal experience per Cattell.
Crystallized intelligence (designated by Gc), (Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory)
Designated by Gf
Fluid intelligence (Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory)
The ability to solve problems and adapt to new situations per Cattell
Fluid intelligence (designated by Gf)
Global and aggregate measure of intelligence.
Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ)
Measures the ability to reason with both words and visual material, the ability to store and later retrieve and apply important knowledge, broad span of memory for both words and visual details, spatial-visualization ability, and the ability to solve novel problems with numbers and number concepts.
Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) {The Stanford-Binet, 5th Edition}
Each of the three Wechsler scales yields a ________________, _______________, and ________________.
Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), index composite scores, and subtest scaled scores.
________________________ are useful for screening to determine need for an in-depth evaluation, estimating intelligence scores for academic or vocational purposes, and estimating intelligence scores for research studies.
Group tests
Historically, the most famous index of intelligence is the
IQ, or intelligence quotient.
________________________ are administered to a single individual by a highly qualified examiner.
Individual intelligence tests
______________ encompasses the cognitive processes required for people to perform intellectual tasks, such as taking in information (i.e., attention, perception) and holding that information (i.e., memory, recall) for further information processing (i.e., reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and communication).
Information processing
____________________________ measure a broad spectrum of cognitive abilities, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, memory, and spatial ability
Intelligence tests
______________________________ describes the ability to perceive, appreciate, and contend with the moods, intentions, motivations, and feelings of other people.
Interpersonal Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
__________________________ is the ability to understand one's own feelings and use such knowledge in regulating one's own life.
Intrapersonal Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
Stratum III: general ability, similar to g. Stratum II: broad cognitive abilities Stratum I: narrow cognitive abilities
John B. Carroll's three-stratum taxonomy of cognitive abilities
________________________ involves the ability to perceive, reproduce, or create musical forms.
Musical/Rhythmic Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
________________________ involves the ability to recognize and classify living and nonliving forms in one's environment.
Naturalistic Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
Measures reasoning skills in solving picture-oriented, abstract problems; remembering facts and figures presented in visual displays; solving numerical problems shown in picture form; assembling visual puzzles; and remembering information presented in visual space.
Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) {The Stanford-Binet, 5th Edition}
Appropriate for special populations, such as individuals who are non-English speaking, who are deaf or hearing impaired, or who have other types of language or physical disabilities or reading problems.
Nonverbal tests
__________ is a mental activity that involves setting goals, problem solving, knowledge, intentionality, and self-regulation to achieve a desired goal.
Planning {Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive (PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing}
________________________ refers to the ability to solve real-life problems as they arise (also known as common sense).
Practical intelligence
This index measures one's ability to quickly and correctly scan, sequence, or discriminate simple visual information. Involves concentration and rapid eye-hand coordination.
Processing Speed Index (PSI)
__________ are items of information from the same content category.
Products (Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect Model)
________________ involves the ability to synthesize information from a whole (e.g., spatially) to solve problems.
Simultaneous Processing {Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive (PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing}
_____________ entails the ability to perceive, modify, transform, and create visual or spatial images.
Spatial Intelligence (Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences)
The model includes 180 unique intellectual factors organized around three dimensions: operations, contents, and products.
Structure-of-Intellect Model
__________________________ involves the ability to solve problems by mentally arranging input in a sequential or serial order.
Successive (Sequential) Processing {Planning-Attention-Simultaneous-Successive (PASS) Theory of Cognitive Processing}
________ is considered the most representative estimate of global intellectual functioning and is derived from a combination of the subtest scores.
The FSIQ
___________ refers to the general trend in increased IQs over time with each subsequent generation.
The Flynn Effect
Designed to assess the cognitive abilities of children of ages 2 years through 6 years.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)
Designed to assess the cognitive abilities of children of ages 6 years through 17 years.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)
_______________ continue to be the most widely used measure of intelligence the world over.
The Wechsler scales
This index measures verbal knowledge/understanding obtained through both informal and formal education. It reflects application of verbal skills to new situations. One of the best predictors of overall intelligence.
Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
_______________________ tests presume that examinees have a certain standard of language ability; they are able to understand language and use it to reason or respond
Verbal intelligence
This index measures one's ability to temporarily retain information in memory, perform some operation or manipulation with it, and produce a result. Involves attention, concentration, and mental control.
Working Memory Index (WMI)
Using a three-category descriptive classification, subtest scores may be described as:
a relative weakness, average ability, a relative strength
Today, Intelligence test scores are usually converted to ______________ with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 or 16, depending on the test.
a standard score
scores observed within the general population
base rate data
Individual tests are considered ____________ and are used when intensive psychological evaluation of an individual client is needed.
clinical instruments
Raymond B. Cattell maintained that general intelligence has two major parts:
fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
Intelligence is a very complex construct that involves both _____ and __________components.
genetic / social learning
Principally applied in education, business, government, and military settings for screening and placement purposes.
group tests
Assessing ___________typically encompasses measuring one's ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, think abstractly, learn from experience, learn quickly, and engage in various forms of reasoning.
intelligence
The 1st edition of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) was the first _______________ to be founded on two theoretical models: Luria's processing model and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model.
intelligence test
Louis L. Thurstone identified _______ fairly distinctive factors (rather than a single g factor) that he called primary mental abilities.
seven
Significant differences between the highest and lowest subtest scores are called ___________, which can be useful in specifying particular strengths and weaknesses of an individual's performance.
subtest scatter,
The distinguishing feature between the CHC model and the Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc model is that
the CHC model supports the existence of a g factor.
John B. Carroll's model of human abilities was a hierarchical theory composed of_______, or strata, of cognitive abilities
three layers
The Gf-Gc theory can be thought of as a ___________ .
two-stratum model.
