Ch. 10 Book Questions

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for patenting characteristics that are positively linked to adolescents' academic engagement and achievement?

Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about the importance of gaining an education, expect her to do well in her classes, and stay involved in her education by helping with homework and attending parent-teacher conferences

Which of the following best reflects the academic performance of American adolescents from the 1970s to the present on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)?

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the NAEP found declines in eighth-graders' "higher-order thinking" in math, science, and reading; in the 1990s, scores in these subjects increased, and currently math scores are at their highest level in history of the NAEP

Which of the following factors is linked to increasing the likelihood of an emerging adult's college retention?

coming from a family with a high SES

European adolescents have to make educational and career decisions ___ than American adolescents, such that by about age ___ European adolescents have a clear idea of their chosen occupation

earlier; 16

Taking a gap year is ___ common in Europe compared to the US, and the emerging adults who take a gap year in Europe have ___ levels of academic motivation and performance when they enter tertiary education after their break compared to students who do not take a gap year

more; higher

Which of the following school factors is linked to increasing the likelihood of an adolescent dropping out of high school?

negative school climate

According to the immigrant paradox, an Asian American or Latino adolescent's academic performance is likely to be ___ the more generations the adolescent's family has been in the United States; researcher have found that first-generation Chinese immigrants have ___ levels of academic motivation compared to second-generation Chinese immigrants

worse; higher

Estella and Yifei are both in 8th grade, but Estella lives in Brazil and Yifei lives in Japan. If Estella and Yifei are representative of the majority of teens in their countries, who is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test, and why?

Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in the developed country of Japan whose economy is more industrialized and advanced compared to Brazil

Which of the following statements most likely reflects what American parents would say regarding their beliefs about educating adolescents?

"I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that it is important for youth to develop interests outside of academics, such as playing a sport, so that they can be well-rounded and have fun."

Which of the following best reflects what an emerging adult who just graduated from college would say in response to the question, "How satisfied are you with your college experience?"

"I was satisfied with the quality of teaching at my university, and I feel like my degree was a good investment"

During the Age of Adolescence, states passed laws requiring school attendance through the early teens such that the proportion of 14- to 17-year-olds in school was ___ by 1920; furthermore, during the 1920s the content of the education in secondary school shifted from a focus on liberal arts to ___, which consisted of general education, college preparation, and vocational training

30%; comprehensive high school

Which of the following classes is a 15-year-old girl growing up in America in the 1950s likely to have experienced in her high school, and why?

A home economics class in her high school to help her prepare for her future family life

Which of the following is an explanation researchers have found that clarifies why girls' academic performance usually exceeds boys during adolescence?

Adolescent girls report more positive classroom experiences, including better relationships with teachers, compared to boys

Which of the following adolescents are least likely to drop out of high school?

Adolescents whose parents graduated from high school

Currently in the US, ___ are the ethnic group most likely to attend college immediately following high school. Furthermore, across academic fields, women currently earn ___ of postgraduate degrees compared to 10% in 1960

Asian Americans; 60%

Evan goes to a private high school, William goes to a public high school and Evan is from a higher socioeconomic background than William. Both Evan and William report that their teachers have high expectations for performance but are also involved and supportive. If Evan and William are representative of students with their backgrounds, who is more likely to report higher levels of achievement and lover levels of delinquency, and why?

Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate remain above and beyond differences in school type and students' SES backgrounds, Evan and William are likely to report equally high levels of achievement and low levels of delinquency because they both view their school climate as being positive

Which of the following best summarizes the major limitations of the body of research on associations between parenting and adolescents' school outcomes?

Because the majority of research on associations between parenting and adolescents' school outcomes is correlational, it is difficult to establish the direction of effects

Dean is an emerging adult who is enrolled in a few MOOCs. Which of the following best describes Dean's experience of the MOOCs and the likelihood of him completing them?

Being enrolled in massive open online courses (MOOCs), Dean likely watches prerecorded lectures, engages in online discussions with classmates about the course material, and takes unmonitored online exams; furthermore, Dean is unlikely to complete his MOOCs because 90% of students who enroll in them fail to finish

Janice and Caroline are in high school and both spend about 25 hours per week socializing with friends. Janice spends her 25 hours with friends shopping at the mall or hanging out and talking, whereas Caroline spends her 25 hours with friends while in band practice or debate club. How is the time spent socializing with friends MOST LIKELY linked to Janice's and Caroline's academic performance?

Caroline is likely to have better academic performance and is less likely to drop out of high school compared to Janice, because Caroline spends her 25 hours socializing with friends in structured activities

Which of the following best summarizes the current research evidence on gender differences in math and science achievement from adolescence to emerging adulthood?

Currently, research indicates girls are as likely as boys to take and perform well in math and science courses in high school; however, women continue to be less likely than men to choose college majors such as engineering and the physical sciences

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for characteristics of a positive school climate?

Donna feels like her teachers are supportive and encouraging, clearly communicate classroom rules, and convey high expectations for academic performance and appropriate classroom conduct

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for emerging adults' motivation for taking a gap year?

Emerging adults take a gap year because they want to take a break from formal education and gain a better idea of their career direction experiences

Which of the following best summarizes the secondary school system offered in European countries and the proportion of adolescents who attend?

European countries have three types of secondary schools, specifically a college-preparatory school, a vocational school, and a professional school in which about 50%, 25%, and 25% of adolescents attend each type, respectively

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between school size and adolescents' school experiences in larger schools?

Generally, larger schools offer more diversity in class offerings and thus are better able to cater to a wide variety of adolescents' interests; however, adolescents in larger schools tend to feel less attached to their teachers and their school

Which of the following best summarizes the history of secondary school attendance in developing countries?

Industrialization of developing countries has introduced agricultural technologies that make youth's labor less necessary to the family, while staying in school has economic benefits as more jobs become available that require educational skills; over the past 35 years the proportion of adolescents in secondary school in developing countries has increased and youth are more likely to be literate compared to older generations

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for the influence of peers on adolescents' academic outcomes?

Marlin's high school is competitive because the highest achieving students are accepted into the best universities; as such, because Marlin feels surrounded by high-achievers, he has a low level of academic self-concept

Which of the following is he best example of the research evidence that explains how family socioeconomic status (SES) is positively connected to adolescents' academic outcomes?

Middle-class families are likely to have an authoritative parenting style, which is linked to higher levels of academic achievement among adolescents

Which of the following best reflects the research evidence of how time spent in a part-time job may influence adolescents' school commitment over time?

Part-time work in high school tends to be damaging to school performance, especially for adolescents who work more than 10 hours per week

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the long-term intellectual and nonacademic benefits of a college education?

Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have higher levels of critical thinking skills, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of psychological well-being

Researchers have concluded which of the following regarding links between school size and adolescents' academic achievement?

Researchers have concluded that there is no consistent association between school size and adolescents' academic achievement

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for the characteristics of an adolescent in a developing country who is most likely to attend secondary and tertiary school?

Samir is an adolescent boy growing up in an urban city of India whose family is wealthy

Which of the following best summarizes scholars' perceptions as to whether the four main student subcultures identified by Clark and Trow still apply to students today?

Scholars agree that the four main student subcultures are still applicable today, and that most students are a blend of all four subcultures

Scholars have defined school climate as being comprised of multiple components. Which of the following lists includes these components?

School climate includes how teachers interact with students, the expectations teachers have for students, and the methods teachers use in the classroom

Based on the empirical research about school size, how is school size related to participation in extracurricular activities?

Smaller school size is related to a higher likelihood of participation in extracurricular activities

Terrance and Paul are in high school, and both have part-time jobs bagging groceries at the local grocery store. Terrance works 5 hours per week bagging groceries, whereas Paul works 25 hours per week bagging groceries. How is this time spent in their part-time jobs linked to Terrance's and Paul's school performance?

Terrance is likely to have better grades and higher educational aspirations compared to Paul because he works less than 10 hours a week bagging groceries

Which of the following BEST reflects what Asian Americans' parents would do if their adolescent received a letter grade of a C in Algebra, and why?

The adolescent's parents are likely to encourage her to try harder and devote more time to studying to improve her Algebra grade because Asian American parents believe academic success is a result of effort

Which of the following reflects a potential advantage of MOOCs?

The electronic methods used to present course material through MOOCs may promote active learning

Which of the following summarizes the historical trend in tertiary education participation in the United States?

The proportion of Americans attending college has risen dramatically in recent decades, with approximately 70% of high school graduates entering college; furthermore, among those who enter college, the average amount of time taken to obtain an undergraduate degree is now 5 or 6 years because many emerging adults have had to work to pay for the rising costs of tuition

Jameson and Josh are both majoring in engineering. Jameson enjoys attending his classes and participates in class discussions to gain a deeper understanding of the material. Josh is majoring in engineering because he knows it will guarantee him a well-paying job after graduating. According to the students subcultures described by the sociologists Clark and Trow, Jameson would be categorized as part of the ___ subculture and Josh would be categorized as part of the ___ subculture.

academic; vocational

Studies have found that low-achieving adolescents' grades ___ over time when they have high-achieving friends

increase

Researchers have found that African American and Latino students report ___ motivation to achieve compared to White and Asian students because they are ___ optimistic about future career success even if they do not excel academically

lower; more

Recent studies investigating links between school climate and adolescents' outcome have found that favorable school climates are ___ linked to adolescents' reports of depressive symptoms and ___ linked to adolescents' reports of engagement

negatively; positively

Kevin is in gifted classes in his middle school for multiple reasons. Notably, as a child Kevin could read and write earlier than other children his age, and because he currently expresses an intense desire to master his course material. Which of the characteristics that distinguish gifted youth is Kevin demonstrating?

precocity and drive for mastery

___ is the academic area that is the most common source of difficulty for adolescents with a learning disability, and among youth diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), studies have found that the most effective treatment for controlling the symptoms of ADHD involve ___

reading; combining medication and behavioral therapy