Ch 10 Visual Imagery

Describe evidence of double disassociation for imagery and perception

Imagery (top down) Perception (bottom up)

What is tactic knowledge

subjects unconsciously use world knowledge to make choices

Tactic knowledge concept was refuted by Ronald Finke and Stephen Pinker

-4 dot display experiment -argued no time for tactic knowledge to influence result

Brain responses to imagery

-imagery neurons or single cell neurons -TMS - Brain imaging - neuropsyc evidence

What is spatial representation

An mental image defined by location

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

What is mental chronometry?

The amount of time needed to carryout a cog task

Is imagery spatial or propostional

There is evidence in favor of both ideas

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Imagery and History themes

Wundt's elements of consciousness imageless thought debate

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation.

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat _______ - car ________.

What is the peg hypothesis

concrete nouns create images we can hang onto Ex: boat-hat

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dreams

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.

higher; both lower and higher

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

What is the significance of the mental rotation task:

imagery and perception share similar mechanisms

Zenon Phylyshyn proposed that....

imagery has perceptual mechanisms but it is based on language (propositional) -images indicate something is happening in the brain but not how it is happening -epiphenomenon

What did Stephen Kosslyn believe

imagery is carried out by spatial representations

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

inner audition

The task used by Kosslyn involves

mental scanning

What techniques did Kosslyn use

mental scanning to solve exp

Mnemonics

method of learning association word or concept to a familiar place

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

Alan Pavio discovered it is easier to remember concrete items due to..

paired-associate learning which is explained by the conceptual peg hypothesis

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation.

propositional

What is propostional representation?

relationships is based on abstract symbols ex: the cat is under the table -proposed tactic knowledge to explain Kosslyn's finding

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

Dual code theory

suggest there are two ways to analyze visual stimulus -propositional (abstract) -analogue (concrete)

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____.

using visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.