Ch 11-13 exam 4 (long set)

Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include:

ALL OF THESE

What is the Zimbardo prison experiment? Which explanation of prison socialization does it tend to support?

Aim: To investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life. Zimbardo (1973) was interested in finding out whether the brutality reported among guards in American prisons was due to the sadistic personalities of the guards or had more to do with the prison environment. To study the roles people play in prison situations, Zimbardo converted a basement of the Stanford University psychology building into a mock prison. He advertised for students to play the roles of prisoners and guards for a fortnight. 21 male college students (chosen from 75 volunteers) were screened for psychological normality and paid $15 per day to take part in the experiment Participants were randomly assigned to either the role of prisoner or guard in a simulated prison environment. The prison simulation was kept as "real life" as possible. Prisoners were arrested at their own homes, without warning, and taken to the local police station. Guards were also issued a khaki uniform, together with whistles, handcuffs and dark glasses, to make eye contact with prisoners impossible. No physical violence was permitted. Zimbardo observed the behavior of the prisoners and guards. Here they were treated like every other criminal. They were fingerprinted, photographed and 'booked'. Then they were blindfolded and driven to the psychology department of Stanford University, where Zimbardo had had the basement set out as a prison, with barred doors and windows, bare walls and small cells. Here the deindividuation process began. When the prisoners arrived at the prison they were stripped naked, deloused, had all their personal possessions removed and locked away, and were given prison clothes and bedding. They were issued a uniform, and referred to by their number only. Their clothes comprised a smock with their number written on it, but no underclothes. They also had a tight nylon cap, and a chain around one ankle. There were 3 guards to the 9 prisoners, taking shifts of eight hours each (the other guards remained on call) Findings: Within a very short time both guards and prisoners were settling into their new roles, the guards adopting theirs quickly and easily. Within hours of beginning the experiment someguards began to harass prisoners. They behaved in a brutal and sadistic manner, apparently enjoying it. Other guards joined in, and other prisoners were also tormented. The prisoners were taunted with insults and petty orders, they were given pointless and boring tasks to accomplish, and they were generally dehumanized. The prisoners soon adopted prisoner-like behavior too. They talked about prison issues a great deal of the time. They 'told tales' on each other to the guards. They started taking the prison rules very seriously, as though they were there for the prisoners' benefit and infringement would spell disaster for all of them. Some even began siding with the guards against prisoners who did not conform to the rules. Over the next few days the relationships between the guards and the prisoners changed, with a change in one leading to a change in the other. Remember that the guards were firmly in control and the prisoners were totally dependent on them. As the prisoners became more dependent, the guards became more derisive towards them. They held the prisoners in contempt and let the prisoners know it. As the guards' contempt for them grew, the prisoners became more submissive. As the prisoners became more submissive, the guards became more aggressive and assertive. They demanded ever greater obedience from the prisoners. The prisoners were dependent on the guards for everything so tried to find ways to please the guards, such as telling tales on fellow prisoners.

During the Age of Reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following?

All of these

Advocates of women's reformatories favored rural correctional institutions in areas away from the unwholesome conditions of the city. a. True b. False

t

prizonization

term coined by Clemmer, taking on the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the prison - certain experiences make inmates part of the prison community

Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

the 1700s in England and France, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking

Short-term prison that uses military boot-camp training and discipline to rehabilitate offenders; often use for young offenders

Boot camp

The way someone behaves in accordance with an order or directive given by another person is:

COMPLIANCE

A parole board organized inside a department of corrections is an example of a/an __________ parole board.

CONSOLIDATED

What category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution's employees?

CUSTODIAL

Which of the following types of sanctions used for inmate discipline by most systems is the least severe?

warning

After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus "good time," if any, he or she will receive:

MADATORY RELEASE

Correctional officers are also know as ___ and ___ by the inmates

Screws and Bulls

Baze v. Rees

The possibility that a method of humane execution would be incorrectly administered and cause the condemned pain does not violate the ban on the 8th amendment.

Prison Subculture

The values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates. • Prison subculture has been found to be surprisingly consistent across the country.

Civil

When a correctional officer uses his/her authority to deprive an inmate of their _____ rights, that inmate can sue to halt the violation and collect damages

Attica Prison Riot

Most infamous prison riot.

Until recently _______on the question of private prison cost effectiveness has been lacking.

RESEARCH

Private Prisons

prisons began around the mid-1970s, and the first modern private prisons opened in the early 1980s.

Responses to prison violence

~Prisoners are now expected to refer complaints to unit managers or their duty governor and they still have the option to refer complaints to the prisons ombudsman or their MP. ~There is also a prison inspectorate that makes announced and unannounced visits to prisons and has provided some of the most critical accounts of the conditions and management of prisons in recent years ( Home Office, 2007 ).

Neither the mission nor the organizational structure of prisons has changed much over the past 50 years.

False

Alexander Maconochie

Originated the marks of commendation system

Philadelphia

In 1790, the first recognized penitentiary was created in which U.S. city?

Inmate Code

A set of rules of conduct that reflects the values and norms of the prison society is referred to as the ______

Reformers

Probation offers the offender a variety of treatment and community service activities

intermediate

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are _______sanctions

State

The majority of correctional activity takes place at the ______ level

White and male

The majority of probationers in the US are ____________

1940s through 1960s

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

Practice

The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with both sentencing philosophy and _______

Radial

The nations first prisons were built utilizing the _____ design

Corrections lacks a clear:

MISSION

under community supervision

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are ______

ISP

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a smaller, specialized caseload is know as _________

America's oldest prison was built in 1798. This prison was located in what city in New Jersey:

TRENTON

Describe early penal institutions

Under local control, mixed various types of offenders; the accused were held with convicted, civil violators with criminal offenders.

hulks

abandoned ships that the english converted to hold convicts during a period of prison crowding between 1776 and 1790

25. _________ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. a. aggravated assault b. rape c. burglary d. arson

d

6. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT: a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts b. law reflects the need for social order c. law is a product of value consensus d. law is a partial system that protects private interests

d

Manufacture of goods

~The aim to make prisons productive and self-financing through the manufacture of goods was undermined by the fact that most prisoners had poor work skills and low motivation. ~Trade unions objected to what they saw as unfair competition from unpaid prisoners.

Which of the following is most true of gang members in prisons?

They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem.

Transportation

This form of punishment sent inmates from their home countries and provided new lands and colonies with labor

Marion

became the first standalone supermax prison in the United States in 1983.

17. ___________ is the degree of seriousness of the offenses he or she commits at certain times in the offending career. a. intensity b. persistence c. frequency d. onset

a

Describe 4 ways to control drugs. What's the difference between a supply-side and demand-side approach? Which works best? What's the difference between decriminalization and legalization?

1) Supply reduction - proposes continued expenditures on law enforcement and interdiction to reduce the supply of illegal drugs. It is assumed that the consumption of illegal drugs decline. 2) Treatment - 3) Prevention/Education - Public health generalists believe that revealing pure information about drugs promotes an honest representation of substances. 4) Decriminalization/Legalization - Public health generalists favor decriminalization because it reconceptualizes substance abuse. Cost-Benefit specialists endorse decriminalization but only for less harmful drugs. Supply reduction - public health generalists disagree with efforts to limit the supply of illegal drugs because they contend that non-prohibited drugs are just as harmful.

Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs. What implications does it have for participatory management? How do gangs fit into Maslow's theory?

1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Social Needs - belongingness, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs provides a framework for understanding why gangs are becoming increasingly popular among today's youth. Teenage gangs satisfy each level of need in Maslow's hierarchy. When youths join gangs, their physiological needs are met: food, shelter, warmth, and their quasi-physiological needs, such as sex, heroin, and crack, also are met. Youths are provided with a sense of safety in the knowledge that if they are ever harmed by another individual or group, the other gang members will retaliate viciously against those who caused the harm. Moreover, youths are given a strong sense of belonging within the gang, and in this environment the belonging is not based on achievement but instead on simply "wearing one's colors." After passing a one-time initiation ritual, the sense of belonging provided by gangs is extremely close to unconditional. And given this almost unconditional acceptance and inclusion within a gang, the youths' feelings of self-worth naturally flourish.

Lucien lamardo seven varities of correctional job assignments

1. Block officer- repsobile for security of housing block. Must see that daily activities are done in orderly conduct. Ensuring inmates get their medical rehabilitate programs. Translate change of rules or routine 2. Work-detail supervisor Supervises inmates and provide security for work details. Random searches and maintain order and discipline among inmates. Head count 4. Industrial shop and school officers 5. Yard officers 6. Wall posts 7. Relief officers

Maconochie Irish system Imposed a system based On two fundamental beliefs:

1. Brutality and cruelty debase not only in the subject but also the society that deliberately uses or tolerates them for purposes of social control. 2. The treatment of wrongdoer during his treatment of imprisonmemt should be designed to make him be fit to be released to be released into Society again, purged of the tendencies that led him to his offense and strengthened in his ability to withstand temptation again

Discuss the foundations that support the legal rights of prisoners

1. Constitutions: list the basic rights of individuals and individuals do not loose these rights when they are incarcerated. However, government interests make it impossible for individuals to keep all their rights due to safety, security, rehabilitation, etc. 2. Statutes: laws passed by elected officials and may provide inmates with specific rights beyond those addressed in the Constitution 3. Case law: refers to the legal rules produced by judges. Prior rulings and guidelines influence judges decisions on similar cases 4. Regulations: rules set by agencies in the executive branch of government. For example, the department of corrections may regulate the types of items inmates are allowed to have in their cell

Sykes five pains of imprisonment

1. Deprivation of liberty 2. Deprivation of goods and services 3. Deprivation of heterosexual relationships 4. Deprivation of autonomy 5. Deprivation of security

Retribution replaced rehabilitation changes:

1. Determinate sentences 2. Voluntary treatment 3. Abolition of parole (still working on this) parole was views as soft on crime.

Why do the opponents of capital punishment say the general deterrence argument is questionable?

1. Does the death penalty deter habitual offenders to the same degree that it deters the rest of us? 2. Does the death penalty deter better than other types of punishment? 3. Many murders are crimes of passion in which deterrence likely does not enter into the offenders motivation 4. Deterrence is difficult to validate empirically because it is difficult to measure something that does not happen

What are the 2 Models of Prison Subculture

1. Importation Model 2. Deprivation Model

Give some assumptions about the nature of crime that lie at the heart of the community corrections movement

1. Prison is an artificial society. Conformity in prison is not always a good indicator of the inmates ability to adjust to the free world 2. The total control of the prison does little to prepare inmates to take responsibility for their actions 3. The community can provide support networks to the offender that do not exist in prison 4. The offender can contribute to the financial upkeep of his or her family, and if gainfully employed, pay taxes. 5. The state spends less money on offenders in communit correction programs than it does incarcerating them 6. The state can accurately identify which offenders are dangerous and need secure incarceration and which ones are safe to release into the community with supervision 7. The number of trained probation and parole officers is sufficient to adequately supervise the offenders who are selected for community programs

The Pennsylvania system

1. Was characterized by the separate-and-silent system 2. By keeping inmates from seeing and talking to each other, the stage hoped they would not contaminate each other with antisocial thoughts and behavior 3. Kept in solitary confinement- many inmates developed serve mental problem due to lack of human contact

Incarcerated women account for approximately _____ percent of the federal and state prison population.

7

Private Probation

A form of probation supervision that is contracted to for-profit private agencies by the state.

Proportionality

A sentencing principle that holds that the severity for sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed

Elizabeth Fry was instrumental in the women's prison movement and advocated for which of the following

ALL OF THESE

Misdemeanor probationers

Are assigned by the judge to be supervised by agencies that are not apart of a formal state government

Over the last 30 years, the female incarceration rate has increased over 1000% whereas the male incarceration rate has only increased about 400%. Explain what a "base rate problem" is and why it makes the increases in female incarceration rates look larger than they truly are?

Base rate fallacy - a psychological tendency for minds tending to ignore general information (for example the rate of incarceration of ohioan women) and focus on specific information (a certain ohioan female's criminal history). This creates a fallacy of thought which provides disproportionate and sometimes misleading data. This bate rate fallacy can help to explain the near exponential increase in female incarceration rates in several ways. Coupled with the lack of historical focus on female incarceration related data and low predictive validity, females tend to be overclassified in the prison system. Over-classification occurs when risk assessments, designed for men, prescribe a level of custodial necessity more than their behavior warrants. This can also be observed when needs assessments fail to adress the unique needs of women. Another possible explanation could be that due to the new tough on crime crackdown on sentencing, the chivalrous nature of lenient sentencing has been thrown overboard, thus throwing the book at more women who'd have been let off in the past.

It is argued that the small number of women incarcerated justifies the lack of __l_____ , vocational, and other programs.

Educational

snitcher

F - rat or squealer

Gresham Sykes (1958)

Finds the subculture formation of prisoners as functional and a response to the 'pains of experience'. ~The subculture of violence gives them self-esteem by trying to corrupt guards through smuggling drugs and cigarettes. ~Gives prisoners autonomy through breaking the rules. They rebel in small ways.

Marks of commendation system

Incarceration philosophy developed by Alexander Maconochie in which inmates earned the right to be released, as well as privileges, goods, and services.

What is the difference between instrumental violence and expressive violence?

Instrumental violence - violence that is rational or calculative because it sets out to achieve a particular goal. Additionally it is often premeditated. Expressive violence - violence that tends to be impulsive and expressive in the emotional sense, characterized by spontaneous release of tension. Stems from annoyance-motivated aggression that is engaged in to escape, reduce or terminate acute or chronic annoyance

What are the three interest groups involved in the "corrections industrial complex"? What is a subgovernmental model of corrections control?

Interest Groups Involved Similar to the iron triangle of CJS where control has taken hold, the groups involved are: 1) Private Corporations eager to profit from incarceration. 2) Government agencies anxious to secure their existence. 3) Professional Organizations (American Bar Association, American Correctional Association) SubGovernmental Model 1) Each of the participants in the corrections subgovernment shares a close working relationship supported by the flow of information, influence and money. 2) There is a distinct overlap between the interests of for-profit companies and professional organizations and the interests of the federal agencies maintained by the flow of influence and personnel. 3) The corrections-industrial complex operates without public scrutiny and exercises enormous influences over correctional policy. 4) The corrections-industrial complex shows signs of becoming a fixture within the national policy area of punishing lawbreakers as the participants define their activities in the public interest.

How does the law affect correctional personnel?

Law and regulations define the relationships between prison administrators and their staff. All correctional employees working in public prisons are governed by civil service rules and regulations. Civil service laws set the procedures for hiring, promoting, assigning, disciplining, and firing public employees. Such laws protect employees from arbitrary actions by their supervisors. Workplace rules also develop through collective bargaining agreements between unions and the government. The law also affects the ability for inmates to sue correctional officers under Section 1983. This section provides a means not only for prisoners, but also for probationers and parolees to bring lawsuits against correctional officers. Few of the cases ever make it to trial and very few correctional employees must personally pay financial awards to plaintiffs.

Explain the rights of offenders under community supervision

Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights. But they do not enjoy the same rights as ordinary citizens. Various conditions are placed on parolees, such as limiting their rights to associate with their partners in crime and with victims. In instances where parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various due process rights. For example, parolees have the right to know the charges against them, the evidence, to speak on their behavior, to present witnesses, and to confront the witnesses being brought against them. As for the right of counsel, the Supreme Court has ruled that it should be allowed on a case-by-case basis

Characteristics of inmate populations of many prisons began to change in the:

MID 1940S

___________ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime.

MOST

Labour

Most prisons engage inmates in some form of labour even if it is only working in the prison grounds, in the kitchen or cleaning up. ~It is seen as important to keep prisoners occupied as much as possible and the aim of instilling some form of work discipline in prisoners remains an objective of prison authorities.

When to Parole?

Probation instead, parole after Governing authority Parolees & probationers are different Probation & parole officers have different jobs

Status

Probationers commonly resent their _______ even when people think they should be grateful for "another chance"

The stated functions of the jail are twofold: 1) hold people awaiting adjudication or transfer and 2) hold people serving sentences usually of a year or less. What are "rabble"? What is the unstated function of the jail? Explain the difference between offense seriousness and serious offensiveness. Why are the rabble in jail?

Rabble- Individuals who are perceived as being disreputable. These are people who exist on the margins of society with whom we're not sure what to do. - Moreover, people considered rabble are many times those caught in the endless loop of arrest, incarceration and recidivism due to insufficient societal means of escaping. Unstated function - Jails are used in American Society to manage the underclass. Offense seriousness - True categorical method used to dictate the severity and conditions under which a crime was committed. Used primarily in the determination of the proper sentence. Conditions considered are a) blameworthiness (prior record, type of involvement, remorse), b) practicality, emotional or physical problems and c) availability of adequate jail space. Serious offensiveness - a less than factual method of categorizing offense focused, instead of the offenses themselves, on the degree to which the offender does not fit quaintly as one of the rest. - Essentially detaining rabble as a political diversion for minor offenses that do not fit the stereotype of a dangerous and threatening criminal in order to "protect" society in the meantime.

What is racism? What is institutional racism? Why is institutional racism so hard to combat?

Racism - When an individual expresses racism on a certain person or persons, we see racism as a deep idealogical attitude or belief. Institutionalized Racism - Racism that manifests itself in discriminatory policies and practices within systems (economic, educational, criminal justice). Institutional racism is difficult to combat with it contributes to systemwide norms that lead to yet more discrimination because it lacks visible racism.

In recent years, many police departments increasingly use "stop and frisk" strategies in their policing. What is the rationale for this strategy? What are some potential problems with this strategy? Are racial and ethnic minorities being over-stopped? How would we know? Discuss two strategies for trying to find out.

Rationale - On Call Police stop civilians who appear out of place or sinister based on the belief that there is a relationship between appearing different and deviance in any form. Potential Problems - Citizens who have been subjected to racial profiling tend to view the Criminal Justice System as unfair and racist. * Rates of stop and frisk are higher among African American and Latino residents than Whites. * Where police have legitimately admitted to racially profiling, of 2000 stop and frisks that resulted in a finding of contraband, 25% were White, 13% Black and 5% Latino. We know based on the types of stops and the names they are given. - One such is called an "out of place" or "border patrol" stop, occurring in predominantly white neighborhoods where being black or brown as being suspicious. - Another type is known as an "urban control" stop in which it's aimed at young minorities who've illegitimately labeled as narcotic traffickers.

The sharing of myths, slang, customs, rewards, and sanctions of a smaller, isolated, separate group of people in society is called: The prison is recognized as a functioning community with its own values, roles, language and customs. This is also known as a prison ____________.

SUBCULTURE

Explain how different factors affect the sentencing process

Several factors influence the sentencing process. The administrative context of the courts plays a role in the sentencing. Misdemeanor courts run like an assembly line. Because judges hear a large number of cases on a daily basis, they allocate minimal time to each case. In felony courts the crimes are more serious, and the proceedings are more formal. Second, sentencing decision depend on judges' values and attitudes about the offender's blameworthiness, which includes: the severity of the offense, the offender's criminal history, etc. Third, the pre sentence report which is usually prepared by a probation officer, provides background information about the offender which helps the judge decide what the sentence will be. Finally, sentencing guidelines give judges a range and idea about what happened in previous cases.

What are 3 sources of violence in prisons? Describe 6 theories about the causes of prison riots.

Sources of violence 1- Violent prisoner - stems from the aggressive methods used to eliminate annoyances, settle disputes, or gain goods or services. 2- Social climate of violence - Situational context is not the sole producer of violence, but may enhance or reduce the likelihood of occurrence. Motives include payoffs (peer admiration or creation of fear), Immunity or protection (victims generally adhere to a code of silence), Opportunities, Temptations, Challenges, Provocation 3- Overcrowding - the effect is destabilization, leading to aggression and violence. Prison Riot causal theories 1) Environmental conditions model - focused on the environmental components of the institution, such as poor, insufficient or contaminated food, lack of professional leadership, brutality, absence of treatment programs. 2) Spontaneity model - asserts that riots are unplanned, spontaneous events. 3) Conflict model - riots are not viewed as abnormal but rather expected reactions to repressive conditions. 4) Collective behavior/Social control model - any major failure in prison stability of formal or informal control mechanisms can lead to a disturbance or riot. 5) Power vacuum model - Riots and disturbances are more likely to take place when inmates receive a power vacuum, and such inmate action is a symbolic attempt to establish stability. 6) Rising expectations model - Violence erupts when reform fails to live up to its expectations.

A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that

THE VIEW IS VULNERABLE TO CHARGES OF RACISM AND IT WOULD MEAN THE CREATION OF A "CRIMINAL CLASS" OF PEOPLE WHO ARE DANGEROUS

'Progressive paradigm'

Takes different approach. It claims that the punishment paradigm has persistently failed to reduce crime and claims that the large financial investments that have been made in prisons has brought only marginal and diminishing returns (Currie, 1998 ). Liberal critics point to public opinion surveys that suggest that the general public do not support an increase in the use of imprisonment.

According to the author, __________ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

Technology

Prison Labor and Public Works: 1900-1930

The idea that work is healthy for both the inmate and society is as old as the prison. Work was deemed beneficial in three ways ... Work kept inmates occupied. Work was rehabilitative. Inmates could offset incarceration costs.

What is transportation? What is banishment? Why were these forms of punishment discontinued? What are civility codes? What is the purpose of civility codes?

Transportation - Relocation of criminals to one of the other colonies in early colonial America Banishment - A form of punishment imposed on an individual, usually by a country or state, in which the individual is forced to remain outside of that country or state. Discontinued - Public doesn't understand these laws. - Banishment feels like punishment. - Social isolation/trivial/irrational/ hard to meet needs. - Punishing Poverty? - Hybrid laws - shift burden of proof and restrict rights. - May lead to net-widening. Civility Codes - Ethical guidelines for the way people should treat each other and the way people should behave around each other. Most organizations have some sort of civility code, doctors and government workers take oaths, there's even a "campaign for global civility." They are not usually enforceable by law but are about good manners and better communication.

20. Which of the following causal explanations for rape reflects the evolutionary view? a. The sexual urge corresponds to the unconscious need to preserve the species by spreading one's genes as widely as possible. b. Rape is a legitimate response if one's sexual advances are rebuffed c. Rape is a function of modern male socialization. d. Infatuation and fixation with one's self drives rapists to seek power and control over those deemed inferior to themselves.

a

23. __________ includes terrorist acts that transpire due to the guidance of the state or government against perceived enemies. a. dissident terrorism b. criminal terrorism c. state-sponsored terrorism d. religious terrorism

c

21. The liberal political perspective adopted by some women during the second wave of feminism was influenced by ___________________. a. civil rights movement b. student movement c. Code of Laws d. Civil Rights Act of 1964 e. Declaration of Sentiments

d

22. Laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case are called: a. safeguard laws b. immunity laws c. exemption laws d. shield laws

d

22. __________ are involved in writing programs to protect systems and networks from being illegally and maliciously accessed. a. black hat hackers b. script kiddies c. hactivitsts d. white hat hackers

d

24. Mass murder involves killing four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event. These single, uncontrollable outbursts are also termed: a. concurrent killings b. outburst killings c. spree killings d. simultaneous killings

d

24. _________ criminalizes making, distributing, or using tools to evade technological protection measures implemented by copyright owners to prevent access to copyrighted material. a. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act b. Child Online Protection Act c. Electronic Communications Privacy Act d. Digital Millennium Copyright Act

d

24. ____________ made it unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person. a. Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 b. Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

d

25. When referring to gender and the crime of murder, what percentage of murderers are male? a. 30 percent b. 50 percent c. 70 percent d. 90 percent

d

27. When referring to serial killers, what is known? a. Ten to fifteen percent of serial killers are women. b. Serial killers come from diverse backgrounds. c. Most experts view serial killers as sociopaths who from early childhood demonstrate bizarre behavior. d. All these things are known about serial killers.

d

3. Classic liberal feminists believe in the following facets EXCEPT: a. freedom of expression b. freedom of conscience c. freedom of religion d. freedom of assembly

d

31. Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic are known as: a. forms of instrumental violence b. felony murders c. subcultures of violence d. hate crimes

d

33. Why do robberies peak during the winter months? a. because cold weather allows for greater disguise b. because robbers may be attracted to the large amounts of cash people carry during the Christmas shopping season c. because winter days are shorter, affording greater concealment in the dark d. for all these reasons

d

5. Athens links violence to early experiences with child abuse. Which is the proper ordering of how antisocial careers develop under this link? a. brutalization process, virulency stage, violent performances b. violent performances, brutalization process, virulency stage c. virulency stage, violent performances, brutalization process d. brutalization process, violent performances, virulency stage

d

5. Byers and Crider used what theory to examine hate crimes against the Amish? a. labeling theory b. social learning theory c. neutralization theory d. routine activities theory

d

5. Commitment to school and attachments to ________ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency according to Thornberry's interactional model. a. siblings b. teachers c. friends d. parents

d

6. A perspective that says women as a group cannot be understood, even by other women, because every person's experience is unique, therefore there is no need to measure or research such experiences. a. liberal feminism b. conservative feminism c. radical feminism d. postmodern feminism

d

7. Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individual who get arrested: a. continue committing minor-status offenses b. graduate to higher level petty crimes c. subsequently commit serious criminal acts d. are never arrested again

d

Which does NOT contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison?

free and unrestricted inmate movement

those in county jail are...

generally awaiting prosecution on a federal charge - found guilty and awaiting transfer

What kind of application process is used to determine whether correctional job candidates have issues that could put them in a compromising situation?

integrity interview

retribution

punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed on the rights of others and so deserves to be penalized. The severity of the sanction should fit the seriousness of the crime

AB 109

shifted the responsibility of convicting low risk offenders from the state to the counties. Also known as prison realignment. Let people out of prison, changed the 3 strikes law, parolees have to go back through the court system if they convict another crime, and now causes the county jails to be overcrowded

center man

sides with guards, open with alliance with guards, generally shared viewpoints

. Today, most women's prisons in the U.S. resemble college campuses in size and structure. a. True b. False

t

1. Unlike lower species, humans lack an inhibition against fatal violence toward their own species and are capable of killing their own kind in war or as a result of interpersonal conflict.

t

26. The traditional definition of occupational crime includes offenders at all levels of the business/social structure. a. True b. False

t

38. When a hate crime is not exclusively a federal offense, the federal government can, and does, investigate and prosecute hate crimes as civil rights violations. a. True b. False

t

gorilla

takes by force from other inmates, prays upon weaker inmates, generally works alone

Dominant transformations in modern punishment/treatment:

~Centralised state control of punishment and treatment to treat and normalise people. ~Development of social control experts like wardons, police and psychologists. ~Segregation as punishment/treatment - mental asylums, poor houses. ~Rhetoric of reform - Changes come with belief that prisoners minds can be changed. Positivist knowledge to transform people.

What is the effect of every act being punished in institutions (Goffman, 1961)

~Every bad thing is filed so prisoners become obsessed with the rules. They adjust and they learn to defy rules because they must adapt to the subculture in order to learn and be able to live in the conditions. Little rebellions for self-esteem. ~Some don't fight so become institutionalised.

What do Fitzgerald and Sim argue are the fundamental flaws of prison?

~First, they claim that prison simply does not work and that the high levels of recidivism are testimony to its failure. ~Secondly, that 'imprisonment is consistently invoked against the marginal working classes' and it is part of 'a class based legal system' which singles out particular offenders for punishment. The implications of this 'crisis of legitimacy' are that there is no real justification for the continued use of imprisonment and that prisons should be abolished (Sim, 1994b ).

What were the characteristics of the modern prison according to Foucault (1977)?

~Focus on labour discipline ~The introduction of new forms of spatial design and control ~The use of more finely calibrated time-based punishments. Foucault argued these 3 elements contributed to the 'naturalness' and acceptability of the prison.

Forms of violence

~Interpersonal violence between inmates or between inmates and staff and collective violence in the form of riots and disturbances. ~Research on prisons in England and Wales carried out in the 1990s revealed that remand centres and Young Offender Institutions had the largest number of assaults on inmates and reports of fighting.

What is the demography of the prison population?

~Mostly between 18-40 but recently, there's been a 'greying' of prison population due to an increase in long sentences. ~Males make up majority of pop, women comprise of just under 6% of prison pop. ~Estimated that black men are incarcerated at 7 times the rate of whites and 1 in 8 are foreign nationals (Prison Reform Trust, 2005) ~According to UN 2002, rate of juvenile incarceration is 18.26 per 100,000 in England and Wales, higher rate than any other country in Europe.

What is the effect of overcrowding?

~Overcrowding has the effect of not only making the physical conditions in prison worse, but it also affects the time out of cells, recreational activities and other forms of association amongst prisoners. It also puts increasing pressure on staff-inmate relations. ~Worsening conditions can also lead to crisis of containment since these processes directly and indirectly affect control and security in prisons. As prison conditions worsen and overcrowding increases the possibility of disturbances in prison increases, as does the likelihood of escape.

Changes in the design of prisons

~Prison cells were to be uniform size and prisons were constructed along new lines with a series of wings radiating from a central point. ~The aim of this design was to maximise the control and surveillance of prisoners with the least amount of staff. ~The epitome of the use of surveillance to control the activities of prisoners was the panoptical design.

'Prison pays'

~Some criminologists argue that there are significant financial savings to be made by removing offenders from the community and locking them up (Wilson and Abraham, 1992 ). ~). It is also the case that the experience of imprisonment can further marginalize individuals and adversely affect their opportunities on the job market. Indeed, in the words of one government report published during the Thatcher years 'prison can be an expensive way of making bad people worse' (Home Office, 1988). ~Also, offending patterns change with age and as those in prison grow older it is likely that their level of offending would predictably decline.

galley slavery

forced rowing of large ships or galleys

35. Laws violated by white-collar offenders are usually in regular penal code, namely in the criminal code section. a. True b. False

f

someone who transfers illegal goods

kite

Argot roles are...

adaptations to pains of imprisonment

8th amendment

cruel and unusual punishment

26. The superordinate class that owns the means of production is called the bourgeoisie. a. True b. False

f

probation & parole

Roughly 70% of those under correctional control in the US are currently serving the sentence in what ways

Ford v. Wainwright

The decision banned the execution of the insane

Prisonization

The process where most new inmates absorb the customs of prison society and learn to adapt to the environment is referred to as:

hooch

prison-made liquor

What are staff that provide rehabilitative activities sometimes called?

professional staff

Which of the following is NOT a type of issue dealt with by correctional agency legal offices?

prosecuting inmates who commit crimes while in prison

Which of the following refers to organizations formed by female inmates who have roles of parents and children?

psuedofamilies

pains of imprisonment (in general)

psychological and physical, provided a level of solidarity, gave inmates a motive to adapt

restorative justice

punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act

specific deterrence

punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes

Pelican Bay

recalls the separate-and-silent systems in the first prisons in Pennsylvania and Auburn, NY.

best friends

road dog

the hole

segregation unit in prison

Supermax prisons are...

similar in concept to the Pennsylvania system, though they have no goals of reformation - focus is on total control

classification system

specific sets of objective criteria, such as offense history, previous experience in the justice system, and substance abuse patterns, applied to all inmates to determine an appropriate classification

Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

street-level bureaucrats.

Which of the following is NOT a category of prohibited act according to the Bureau of Prisons policy?

supermax

Which of the following is an organizational source of stress in prisons?

supervisor demands

. Until 1870, most women inmates in the United States were housed in the same prisons and treated essentially the same as their male counterparts. a. True b. False

t

. Women are generally more receptive and responsive to prison-based programs than their male counterparts. a. True b. False

t

11. Children who are clinically diagnosed as abused later engage in delinquent behaviors, including violence, at a rate significantly greater than that of children who were not abused.

t

2. There is evidence that a subculture of violence may be found in areas that experience concentrated poverty and social disorganization.

t

26. The characterization of the black female as a matriarch has traditionally been negative. a. True b. False

t

27. Part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is now part of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency. a. True b. False

t

32. According to Cesare Lombroso, women who committed homicides often had cranial depressions as well as prominent cheekbones. a. True b. False

t

32. Negotiation is more .noticeable in cases involving adults rather than juveniles. a. True b. False

t

33. A number of feminist scholars maintain that examining difference, rather than equality, is a major emphasis of current feminist studies. a. True b. False

t

35. The United States is one of the few developed nations that does not guarantee universal healthcare in the form of maternal or infant medical care and supervision. a. True b. False

t

36. A major policy implication of labeling theory relates to incorporating diversion programs, particularly for juveniles. a. True b. False

t

39. According to the text, perhaps no other policy implementation would have as much influence in reducing future criminality in children as making sure their mothers do not take toxic substances while pregnant. a. True b. False

t

8. Research indicates that many women are raped each year by their husbands as part of an overall pattern of spousal abuse. Today, almost every state recognizes marital rape as a crime.

t

The House of Shelter became the model for reformatory treatment for female prisons. a. True b. False

t

A safe prison is one in which staff and inmates are relatively safe from assaults or other violent acts.

true

Inmates who need a separation of longer than 12 months from a prison's inmate population are either transferred to another prison or placed in a supermax facility.

true

Studies have found either no or only minor differences in the attitudes and job performance of women compared to men working in prisons.

true

The need for drug treatment in prisons far exceeds the provision of drug treatment programs.

true

pipe

unauthorized weapon

37. Who is most likely to engage in workplace violence? a. a middle-aged white female facing termination b. a middle-aged white male facing termination c. a middle-aged minority female facing termination d. a middle-aged minority male facing termination

b

21. Unlike any other violent crime, what legal aspect is necessary to be disproved when prosecuting rape? a. injury b. malice c. consent d. intent

c

What is the title of the highest ranking uniformed officer?

Major

Fines

This is often used in conjunction with other types of sanctions, such as short periods of incarceration. They also have many advantages as a criminal sanction

clear and present danger

any threat to security or to the safety of individuals that is so obvious and compelling that the need to counter it overrides the guarantee of the 1st Amendment

16. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT: a. criminal justice system b. victim c. offender d. community

a

3. Corporate crime causes at least ____ times more deaths than do traditional street crimes. a. 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10

c

celle

cellmate

a year

Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do not exceed

Groups established women prisons to imitate familial roles in society

Pseudofamilies

People's problems decline when they behave more responsibly. This is a core tenet of:

REALITY THERAPY

lockup

a facility authorized to hold people before court appearances for up to 48 hours. Most lockups (also called drunk tanks or holding tanks) are administered by local police agencies

legitimate subculture

o pro social attitudes o no overlap with the other two o drunk drivers, embezzlers, etc

The most important action that prison staff can take to control gangs is to ignore gang activity till it reaches a flashpoint.

false

Most prisons have a military chain of command.

true

Wardens cannot be the substantive experts on everything that goes on in the prison.

true

Describe the four-stage process beginning with "disintegration" that people experience upon entering the jail. Why is this process potentially problematic for arrestees and society? What should be done?

4 Step Process 1) Disintegration - The process by which social ties are destroyed through detainment, forced proximity and lack of individuality. This includes things such as being denied access to telephones making it difficult to contact family, friends and court appointed attorneys. 2) Disorientation - Psychological issues experienced upon detainment such as a sense of internal disorganization and demoralization. - After months of detainment, released inmates reenter society in a state of confusion. Jail house routine activity becomes the norm for the inmate. Eventually their sense of independence is replaced by feelings of powerlessness. 3) Degradation - The jail experience is accompanied by relentless humiliation, inmates stripped of their dignity. Under routine surveillance by the staff, detainees are subjected to frisks, strip searches and body cavity examinations. - Following months of detainment, outward appearances tend to change as a result, i.e. beards, long straggly hair. In court inmates can at times be judged by their appearances, further adversely affecting them. 4) Preparation - Punitive process meant to be such, while no intention of long term detainment is assumed, offenders (namely rabbles) fall victim to the self-fulfilling prophecy of the CJ cycle. For many, they eventually accept the title "loser" or "*******", essentially becoming that. This process adversely affects not only the detained by the aforementioned reasons, but also society in that upon release, his/her tendency will be higher to re-offend, burdening the public monetarily and requiring a further allocation of resources. This can be solved by offering more rehabilitative and support programs instead of perpetuating the warehouse reality of jails.

By the 1990's, approximately _______percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts towards community policing practices.

80

Pelican Bay's conditions are...

85-90 degrees year round - in cell 23 hours a day - lights on 24 hours a day for first month

Intermediate Sentence

All of the following are ways in which those convicted in the US are currently placed on probation, except:

Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

All of these

Advantages of private probation

1. Cost 2. Effectiveness 3. Public perception

How the defense attorney view probation

As a victory

After 1935 the number of executions began to:

DECLINE

What do the "Pains of Imprisonment" Lead to/

These deprivations lead to the development of subcultures because the subculture is intended to better the personal pains that accompany the deprivation

A. Suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community B. Is a chance for offenders to stay out of prison or jail if they promos to be good

Probation

20. Once low self-control is set at an early age, there is no way to develop it afterward (according to the general theory of crime). Developmental theory believes that: a. people can change over time b. people cannot change over time c. people will always remain the same in their beliefs d. actions may change, but beliefs do not

a

habeas corpus

a judicial order asking a person holding another person to produce the prisoner and to give reasons to justify continued confinement

hands-off policy

a judicial policy of noninterference concerning the internal administration of prisons

mentally handicapped offender

a person whose limited mental development prevents adjustment to rules of society

Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed.

True

Probation

is a sentence that the offender serves in the community

19. Homeland security is a symbol used to justify government efforts to curtail civil liberties. a. all hazards b. security uber alles c. meta hazards d. jurisdictional hazards e. terrorism and catastrophes

b

5. The __________ is generally considered to be one of the most important periods in history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes. a. American revolution b. industrial revolution c. World War I d. World War II

b

12. The typical armed robber is unlikely to be a professional who carefully studies targets while planning a crime.

t

In a chain of command, who might a correctional officer report directly to?

security supervisor

What are the pain of imprisonment

deprivations that define the punitive nature of imprisonment

****

homosexual before incarceration, seen as being feminine

Alexander Maconochie

marks-of-commendation

5. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light. a. retrospective interpretation b. stereotyping c. status-degradation ceremony d. negotiation

a

Probationers/ Probation officer

1. Less serious offenses 2. Do not carry fire arms 3. Call police to do dangerous work

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in

1868

Deprivations that define the punitive nature of imprisonmemt

Pains of imprisonment

12. White-collar crime and corruption were found to be the highest internationally in what two (2) regions of the world? a. South Asia b. Western Europe c. West/Central Africa d. East Asia

cd

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has

civil liability.

Marion (Illinois) became the system's supermax prison...

following the closing of Alcatraz in 1963

parole

conditional release of a prison inmate who has served part of a sentence and who remains under court control

What position is most critical to the day-to-day management of a prison?

correctional officer

3. Among the ancient Greeks, rape was socially unacceptable and derided even within the context of warfare.

f

32. Sutherland was the first to introduce the concept of corporate, occupational, and industrial crime. a. True b. False

f

Corrections Corporation of America

What corporation dominates the private correctional industry in the US?

Parole

Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?

Consular officials must be notified when:

A FOREIGN NATIONAL IS ARRESTED

Resoration

A goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim "whole again"

Writ of habeas corpus

A writ that directs the person detaining a prisoner to bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment

Determinate

A(n)_______ sentence is a fixed period of incarceration and is often associated with the concept of retribution

Correctional officers sometimes feel that:

ALL OF THESE

Current case law indicates that capital punishment is legal

AS LONG AS ITS IMPOSED FAIRLY

Racist __________ have become part of the inmate code and is sometimes forced upon inmates merely by association.

ATTITUDES

Retributive

Abolition of parole is a change instituted in the era

PERA act

Address be problem of sexual abuse of inmates

House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring

Allows offenders to maintain family ties, work, take advantage of community resources, and save the state the cost of incarceration.

Congregate and silent system

Also known as the Auburn system, style of control pioneered by the Auburn System in which inmates were allowed to eat and work together during the day but were forbidden to speak and were locked alone in their cells at night

2 million

Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in a jail or prison?

How do the offender view probation?

As a good deal

Cooper v. Pate

Began a new era in prison litigation; inmates were able use use civil rights

Discuss the assumptions of the medical model regarding the nature of criminal behavior and its correction

Beginning in the 1930s, reformers put forward the medical model of corrections, which viewed criminal behavior as caused by psychological or biological deficiencies. They held that corrections should diagnose and treat these deficiencies using a variety of programs and therapies. When "well" offender should be released

1983, largest provider. Working of the idea that : "government can't do anything well" Operates about 60 u.s jails and prisons Over 80,000 inmates Revene 1.7 billion

CCA

What are the 2 companies that have private prisons

CCA( Corrections Corporation of America) and GEO

Because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the primary method of exchange in prison is:

CIGARETTES

A process by which inmates can be grouped according to custody requirements and program needs is known as:

CLASSIFICATION

A form of power that stresses the application or threat of physical force is known as:

COERCIVE POWER

_________________is mutual trust among neighbors combined with the willingness to intervene for the common good.

COLLECTIVE EFFICACY

. Effective programming begins with effective ______________ in terms of housing assignments, therapeutic approaches, and educational and vocational opportunities.

Classification

Recidivism

Continuing to break the criminal law and returning to the criminal justice system after being processed for offenses I'm the past

The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created within:

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)

Due Process: The courts determined that inmates are allowed some due process.

Which of the following sets of experts suggested the "three-culture" model for prisons?

Farkas and Manning

Opponents of the death penalty argue that only ___________ has the right to take a life:

GOD

Most prison violence which occurs on a regular basis is between inmates and _________.

INMATES

Peace

In many jurisdictions, probation officers are legally classified as "_____" officer, with the power to arrest

Cohen and Taylor (1972)

In their ethnography, they worked as sociology teachers at the prison in Durham. They found the prisoners were obsessed with their psychological well-being, survival not rules They are obsessed with time so they adapt by doing something to fill their time like exercising, reading, writing so they don't go crazy.

93 percent of the adult prison population is:

MALE

Specific deterrence

Method of control in which an offender is prevented from committing more crimes by either imprisonment or death

South

More than 80% of all executions that have taken place in the U.S. since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976 have taken place in what region of the country?

Pains of experience

No identity, low self-esteem, no liberty, no relationships, rejected morally. They are deprived of normal goods and services. No heterosexual relationships - forced celibacy so the sense of masculinity is gone. No autonomy, they follow timetables and are treated like children.

Diversion

Offenders may be diverted to alternative programs at a number of points in the criminal justice system. These programs limit the number of people who enter the criminal justice system.

Quadrupled; declined

Over the past two decades, the incarceration rate has _____, while the crime rate has _______

A recent trend that aims to improve agency coordination is:

PARTNERSHIPS

A potential threat to administrators' ability to manage the correctional system is:

PRIVATIZATION

_________services frequently take the form of group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAMS

The warden's job security rests on her or his ability to

RUN THE INSTITUTION EFFICIENTLY

King & McDermott (1995)

Study of five prisons in England and Wales which employed self-completion questionnaires reported that 12.5 per cent of their sample said that they had been assaulted at some time while in their current prisons; 6.8 per cent of respondents claimed to have been sexually attacked and 33 per cent said that they had been threatened with violence.

In Ford v. Wainwright the Supreme Court ruled that _________should not be executed.

THE INSANE

Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:

THE MARSHALS SERVICE

Ford v. Wainwright

The Supreme Court halted execution of the insane with this case

Eye for an Eye

The biblical expression "________" is often used to illustrate the underlying premise of the punishment goal of retribution

How does the prosecutor view probation

The prosecutor want to dispose of the case in positive way as efficiently as possible. The prosecutor has considerable discretion in fashioning plea bargains with defense attorneys. Probation or a sanction that the prosecutor can point to as victory even though it required little time or resources

Congregate and silent system

This penal system allowed inmates to eat and work together but prohibited speaking and face to face contact

Separate and silent system

This system isolated inmates so that they would not contaminate one another with antisocial thoughts

Politicians

To politicians, probation is a cheaper way to punish than prison

Relase on recognizance

When a defendant pays no money to be released from jail and promises to appear in court when required

Net Destroying

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major problems your authors cite regarding intermediate sanctions?

Reintegration

Which of the following is not one of the 3 main models of incarceration which have dominated the US correctional systems over the last six decades?

Warehouse

Which of the following is not one of the 4 basic prison designs currently used in the US?

Courtyard Style

Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum security prisons in the US?

John Augustus

_____, a Boston boot maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the U.S., dating back to 1841

Bloody Code

an expression that was given to the time period of 1688 - 1815 in which the death penalty was used so frequently that it was labeled the "bloody code"

Generally, women's prisons lack vocational and educational programs, and also: a. nutritional services. b. recreational services. c. medical services. d. all of these

. all of these

Reasons why the rehabilitation movement never fully accomplished

1. Lack of resources 2. Lack of consensus regarding it being effective

Limitations of the rehabilitation movement

1. Lack of resources 2. Lack of consensus whether it was or could ever be effective 3. "Nothing works" 4. Medical model was a flawed metaphor for corrections

Most incacerated women are

1. Of reproductive age 2. Mother of children under 18 3. Likely to have chronic health problems 4. Experienced sexual violence as children

What are the 4 distinguishable subcultures that research has found in prisons

1)Official 2) Traditional 3) Reform 4) Revolutionary

Zebulon Brockway

Brought the idea of "good behavior"

Using female guards to supervise female prisoners was one of the requests made by Elizabeth Fry.

true

. When compared to men, the offenses women commit are usually: a. more violent. b. more self-destructive. c. less serious. d. less expensive.

c. less serious.

ball busters

constant and blatant disobedience, verbal and physical assault, have not accepted their helpless situation, seen as foolish by other inmates

recidvism

continuing to break the law and returning to criminal justice system

The Walnut Street Jail

demonstrated all the shortcomings of early jails, such as housing men and women together. Used as a military prison in the Revolutionary War, it was converted in 1792 into the nation's first penitentiary.

sentencing disparity

divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crimes or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned

Release on recognizance

when a defendant pays no money to be released from jail and promises to appear in court when required

Capital punishment

The death penalty

19. What two determinants of female criminality did Cesare Lombroso emphasize in his book? a. psychological b. physiological c. social-structural d. socializing

ab

. Female offenders, much like males, adhere to a strict inmate code of behavior. a. True b. False

f

Elizabeth Fry...

improved conditions in the prisons. And also advocated that women shouldn't be guarded my men but my female staff only

significance of argot to inmates

indicative of shared experiences

rational basis test

requires that a regulation provide a reasonable, rational method of advancing legitimate institutional goals

What do prisons do through the use of rewards and punishments to bring inmates to a law-abiding lifestyle?

resocialize

During the early 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to _________most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights

respect.

how many non-violent inmates in state system by 1998?

1,000,000

Historical Perspective

A common form of punishment Public spectacle Torture was usually involved

Restorative justice

A sentencing model that builds on restitution and community participation in an attempt to make the victim "whole again"

Social debt

A sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should objectively be taken into account in sentencing decisions

Before There Were Prisons

Ancient societies did not have a well-defined criminal justice system that dealt with those who violated the law.

In some states Parole officers

Carry fire arms and arrest parole violators

Private Probation Advantages

Cost Effectiveness Public perception

A range of punishments are given to inmates for disciplinary reasons when they are unruly. One such punishment is:

ERASING GOOD TIME CREDITS

chippie

F - sex for material gain, sexual gratification

The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably:

FAST

Historically, the __________ has been an innovator in the field of corrections.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS

Two cases that limited capital punishment based on mental state

Ford v. Wainwright Atkins v Virginia

Prisonization

Life in prison is lined according to rigid rules established by both the administration and the inmate social system

General deterrence

Method of control in which the punishment of a single offender sets an example for the rest of society

40

Nearly ___% of all state-level inmates are housed in maximum security facilities

1/5

Nearly ______ of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control in the US

Many people have criticized "stop and frisk" policing. Why? What is a pretextual stop?

Pretextual stops 1) Out of place/Border patrol stops - those which occur in predominantly white neighborhoods where "being black or brown" is viewed as being suspicious. 2) Urban control stops - Aimed at young minorities whom police have profiled as drug traffickers despite any evidence other than their race. 3) Pretextual Terry stops - Target minority pedestrians, namely young African Americans and Latinos.

the US Military

Prior to individual statehood, the very first prison facilities in the West were operated by _________

Importation Model

Prison Subculture Model that infers that prisoners bring in values/culture from their past, outside lives

Deprivation Model

Prison Subculture Model that infers that since prisoners are deprived of/removed from the outside world > prisoners develop their own distinct subculture

Prisons in America

Prison efforts have been aimed at making the institution more effective, more humane, and more palatable to the public.

Drug Testing

Probation and parole are conditional-release practices, and this is usually one of the conditions.

Analysts argue that public opinion for the death penalty is:

SOMEWHAT CONFUSING

carry out the criminal sentence

The central purpose of corrections is to _______

Types of economic punishment

The galley, workhouses, exile and transportation

For disciplinary processes, the inmate appeal cannot dispute a finding of fact, but is limited to procedural and due process rights.

True

Internal classification systems are instruments used to assign inmates to housing after being placed in a particular prison

True

Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights

True

Deterrence

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were proponents of which major goal of punishment?

Aggravating circumstances

Circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that make it more grave than the average instance of that crime

Who developed the study of prison life in 1961, which coined the term "Total Institution" to describe prisons & mental hospitals

Erving Goffman

square

F - accidental criminals, anti-criminal loyalties on outside, maintained on inside

Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of understaffing?

It helps officers focus on "doing their jobs right."

In prison terminology the "fish" is a(n)

NEWCOMER

General deterrence

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of the offenses by others is known as _______

Age of Rehabilitation 1930-1970

Rehabilitation became important because offenders were considered "sick." Wickersham Commission prescribed reforms. Federal Bureau of Prisons est. 1930

Every offender assigned to corrections is

Unique.

real man

the inmate that "does his time"

Influences around 1930 that helped professionalize the field of corrections

1. The medical model 2. The 1931 wickersham Commision report (suggested rehabilitation) 3. The federal bureau of prisons 1930 (eliminated political patronage, developed better trained staff, and improved conditions of confiment).

Wheeler said this about prisonization...

(1961) argued that prisonization followed a curvilinear pattern

Pre-Sentence Investigation

The probation officer collects information about two important aspects of the case ... Legal history Social history

Alternative to litigation

1. Inmate grievance procedure: inmate files a complaint, prison staff investigates matter, and the investigator makes a decision 2. Ombudsman: an official receives complaints, investigates, and recommends corrective measures 3. Mediation: a third party reviews the matter and makes a decision that is binding on both prison officials and inmates 4. Legal assistance: given by staff attorneys, inmate lawyers, and law school clinics can advise inmates on legal merits of their complaints and assist inmates in framing their complaints in legal terms

In terms of culture, the United States is:

A MOSAIC

Regional

A large number of inmates (over 30%) are currently housed in _______ jails

How the prosecutor views probation?

A sanction that the prosecutor can point to as a victory even though it required little time or resources

Specific patterns of behavior that inmates develop in prison to adjust to the environment

Argot rules

In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as:

CITIZENS

Pell grants are no longer available to prisoners, this program had provided:

COLLEGE LOANS

Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by

COST

Most prisons employ a __________ model.

CUSTODIAL

McMartin Case

Case in which family was falsely accused of child molestation, in the end 7 years and 15 million dollars later, and there were no convictions

those held appending a court appearance

During the Colonial Period, jails were mainly used to house ________

Good oral and written interpersonal skills are not necessary for a successful career as a correctional worker

False

Marion

First stand alone super max prison of the U.S Inmates are confined in cell 23 hrs a day

Private probation

Form of probation supervision that is contacted for-profit private agencies by the state

In which Supreme Court case did the court determine that inmate privacy was NOT a valid reason to refuse hiring women as correctional officers?

Gunther v iowa

The general public is often __________ to creative programming for inmates.

HOSTILE

According to Sykes, the greater the degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:

KESS SEVERELY THE PAINS OF IMPRISIONMENT ARE FELT

A far larger portion of correctional budgets goes to institutions for:

MEN

Prison has more___ and less___

More men and was women

Corrections' main resource is:

PERSONNEL

For many victims of prison violence, the only way for the administration to guarantee them safety is to:

PLACE THEM IN PROTCETIVE CUSTODY UNIT

Because of ______, many states have devised ways to get around the rigidity of mandatory release.

PRISON POPULATION GROWTH

Recreational programs have two primary purposes. They include socialization and _________.

SELF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

What were the new model prisons like Pentonville designed as?

'Total institutions'. Erving Goffman (1968) identifies them as those in which the inmates are largely cut off from their families, their work, and their communities. ~Exclusion of public and casual visitors and in these quiet and orderly institutions convicts were required to wear uniform and masks, and conversation and pleasure was strictly outlawed.

Arogt roles

Specific patterns of behavior that inmates develop in prison to adjust to the environment

Private Probation Disadvantages

Staff qualifications Profit motive Ethical concerns Social-class bias

Woolff v. McDonnell

The case defined the process required for prison disciplinary proceedings

Furman v. Georgia

The decision set forth that the administration of the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment not the death penalty itself.

What was the impact of the declining support of the rehabilitation ideal?

The declining support for the rehabilitative ideal during the 1970s and 1980s brought into question the professional ideology of prison staff and the shift towards incapacitation and the warehousing of prisoners which intensified the problems of maintaining order in prisons.

Presentence investigation

The examination of a convicted offender's background prior to sentencing

Discuss what we can learn from the "great experiment of social control"

The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that increase the severity of sentences. Changes in crime rates have had little effect on the growth

Specific Deterrence

The idea that stresses that executed individuals will never commit another crime

The Human Rights Watch report noted that the majority of correctional officers in women's prison are ________________.

Men

Cesare Beccaria

_______ is known as the founder of what is now referred to as the Classical School of criminology

The design of most women's prisons is the: a. telephone-pole design. b. radial design. c. tier design. d. campus design.

d. campus design.

28. Organized crime has been described as being "caused" by the efforts of successive immigrant groups to make it in America. a. True b. False

t

prison maintenance jobs constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments and reveal something about which of the following:

ALL OF THESE

Which of the following is not a formal organization?

ALL OF THESE ARE FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

Which of the following is not a union for correctional officers today?

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF CORRECTIONAL EMPLOYEES

Most inmate rule violations are handled by:

AN INSTITUTIONAL DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE

Sykes (The Society of Captives) argues that prison subcultures are the ______ to deprivation and confinement

Adaption

What did previous systems of detention appear?

Arbitrary and unfair. ~Linking the use of imprisonment to a certain amount of months or years of confinement gave the prison an objectivity and solidity not found in previous forms of punishment.

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

By far the most successful pretrial release program has been __________

New Mexico State Penitentiary Riot

Caused great anxiety in institutions across the nation about consequences of prison disturbances

Ruiz v Estelle

Conditions of confinement in the Texas prison system are unconstitutional

Describe the range of purposes served by the corrections system

Corrections is a means of social control. It holds people accused of crime; carries out criminal sentences imposed by courts, including both confinement and community supervision; and provides services for rehabilitation

The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime.

False

A set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help to define for inmates the characteristics associated with the model prisoner is known as the:

INMATE CODE

Penitentiary

In the 1800's, the main goal of the jail began to change in response to the ________ movement

prison; probation

In the US today, more felons are being sentenced to _______ instead of _______

Williams v. New York

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?

was declared unconstitutional in 1916

Judicial reprieve in the United States ________

. Female inmates traditionally receive ________ sentences than men for similar offenses.

Lighter

California's Supermax Prison

Pelican Bay

Just deserts

Philosophy that an offender who commits a heinous crime deserves death

Pseudofamilies

Scholars report that female inmates tended to adopt which of the following rather than identifying with the larger prison subculture?

Gregg v. Georgia

The Supreme court effectively reinstated the death penalty finding that it did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment as long as its implementation was fair.

Morrissey v. Brewer

The Supreme court provides minimum requirements for the revocation of parole

Gain time

The amount of time deducted from time to be served in prison on a given sentence as a consequence of participation in special projects or programs

How does the defense attorney view probation

The defense attorney views probation as a victory. By keeping the offender out of prison, the defense attorney can claim to have preserved the offenders Liberty with some reasonable compromises, such as the conditions of probation

correctional officer or guard.

The most prevalent job in the prison.

False

The philosophy that work is healthy for both the inmates and the society is relatively recent

Service

This includes Impediments in ... High caseloads Uncooperative offenders Sparse resources

AIDS

Today the most pressing medical issue in jails relates to offenders with _______ accounting for 7% of jail deaths annually in the U.S.

Corporal Punishment

Torture Flogging Branding Mutilation Humiliation Shock death

In 1844, the __________ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners.

WOMENS PRISON ASSOCIATION

In recent years, women who were sexually harassed or assaulted have brought __________ lawsuits against correctional institutions/officials.

__class action

16. Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established _________. a. first years of life b. during adolescence c. around puberty d. at the age 18

a

25. This refers to stealing a victim's credit card information and subsequently using the information to purchase items, especially electronics. a. carding b. dumpster diving c. credit card skimming d. shoulder surfing

a

classical criminology

a school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others

Pennsylvania's 1786 Penal Code

allowed inmates to work on public projects while chained to cannonballs and dressed in brightly colored clothing.

prison

an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

13. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT: a. labeling theory b. biological theory c. control theory d. strain theory

b

2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law. a. Lemert b. Tannenbaum c. Cooley d. Mead e. Becker

b

35. Levin notes that some people may not attack minorities but think nothing of telling jokes with racist themes or agreeing with people who despise gays. Levin called such people: a. spectators b. sympathizers c. specialists d. empathizers

b

Approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go and must find a place to live? a. 10 to 20 percent b. 60 to 70 percent c. 30 to 50 percent d. 80 to 90 percent

b. 60 to 70

The majority of correctional budgets goes to institutions for: a. women. b. men. c. mothers. d. the mentally ill.

b. men

4. Deaths and injuries due to corporate crimes _________. a. have decreased b. have stayed the same c. have increased d. cannot be calculated

c

7. _________ argued that there are basic biological differences between males and females. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Otto Pollak c. W.I. Thomas d. Sigmund Freud

c

What case was instrumental in ensuring that women's prisons had programs comparable to those o male prisons? a. Bell v. Wolfish b. Terry v. Ohio c. Glover v. Johnson d. Morressey v. Brewer

c. Glover v. Johnson

21. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT: a. feminist b. religious c. critical d. consensus

d

21. _________ is a communication frame that consists of hero stories. a. reportage frames b. investigative frames c. contention frames d. mythic frames e. cultural recognition frames

d

39. Women are most likely to be stalked by: a. a stranger b. a casual acquaintance c. older males d. an intimate partner

d

9. Some nations have relatively high violence rates. Which of the following national characteristics predict violence? a. economic stress b. a high level of social disorganization c. high child abuse rates d. All of these characteristics predict violence.

d

Administrators, medical persons, and counselors make up 60 percent of prison staff.

false

Prison staff do not waste a lot of time searching areas of the prison or shaking down inmates to find contraband and deter its possession.

false

. Women's prisons are located generally farther from __________ .

friends_____ and __family

describe state prisons

many drug offenders, property too - min med and max security - California has the most, followed by Florida and Texas

civil liability

responsibility for the provision of monetary or other compensation awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action

"flying a kite"

sending a letter slang in prison

Which of the following emergency teams is trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation?

special emergency response team

Imprisoned mothers have difficulty maintaining contact with their children. a. True b. False

t

There are now more than 100,000 female offenders incarcerated in our nation's prison system. a. True b. False

t

Vaginal examinations are frequently conducted by correctional officers to discover contraband. a. True b. False

t

When female inmates are sexually abused, their abuser is generally a corrections officer. a. True b. False

t

equal protection

the constitutional guarantee that the law will be applied equally to all people, without regard to personal characteristics such as: race, gender, or religion

Crisis of authority

~Perceived undermining of the traditional forms of authority and discipline exercised in prisons, particularly as they have become more accessible and accountable. ~Prison staff complain that changes in prison rules and working practices have undermined their authority in prisons and made it harder to maintain order.

13. Research studies refer to offender frequency as _________. a. delta b. lambda c. alpha d. sigma

b

24. There is no systematic global data collection regarding child abuse; however, the __________ estimates child abuse for research use. a. Glueck Harvard study b. World Health Organization c. Child Protective Services d. Federal Bureau of Investigation

b

36. What is the most common form of hate crime? a. murder b. assault c. arson d. intimidation

d

Elizabeth Fry was instrumental in the women's prison movement and advocated for which of the following? a. useful employment of prisoners b. separation of sexes c. classification systems for inmates d. all of these

d. all of these

Private probation

form of probation supervision that is contracted to for profit private agencies by the state

The federal prison system and forty-seven states do random drug testing of inmates for drug use.

true

Major providers of private correctional services

1. CCA 2. GEO Group

Discuss the state of North American colonies that led to the development of U.S incarceration

1. Early institutions were under local control and mixed various types of offenders; the accused were held with the convicted 2. Corporal punishment was used in conjunction with jail to discourage crime 3. The Quakers in Pennsylvania suggested that inatceration and hard labor were preferable to corporal punishment

Give some arguments aganist private prison

1. The first duty of for-profit is to make a profit 2. Put profit ahead of inmates welfare 3.threaten the jobs, benefits, professionalism and tenure of public employees

How Elizabeth fry improved prison conditions for women

19th ceuntry prisons 1. Advocated that Women should not be guarded by men but female staff only 2. Other English prisons began to adopt her reforms, including separate facilities for women, females staffing, education for the prisoners and less hard labor 3. Inspired the creation in 1825 of a separate womb for female juveniles at the ny house of refuge

Capital offense

A criminal offense punishable by death

Specific deterrence

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality

22. Children of immigrants reported significantly higher rates/percentages of violence against _________ (according to studies). a. fathers b. mothers c. siblings d. grandparents

b

Seven variations of correctional officer job assignemnts

1. Block officers 2. Work-detail supervisors 3. Industrial shop and school officers 4. Yard officers 5. Administrative building assignments 6. wall post 7. Relief officers

Different types of searches

1. Cell searches 2. strip searches 3. body cavity searches 4 searches of visitors and staff

Women vs men prison culture

1. Male inmates tend to be isolated 2. Male interaction with other inmates is focused on dominance and control 3. Female inmates are more concerned with forming relationships with each other and staff 4. Females= pseudofamilies

Same men and women prisons

1. Same prison structure 2. Security levels 3. High-low-medium 4. Fences, razor wire, and electronic detection systems

How was work beneficial in prison

1. it is a good way to keep inmates occupied 2. it has rehabilitative value 3. it offsets the cost of incarceration

Zebulon Brockway

??

Separate and silent system

Also known as the Pennsylvania system, method of penal control pioneered by Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary in which inmates were kept from seeing or talking to one another. This method is comparable to solitary confinement in modern prisons

Total Institution

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives. Goffman (1961) described total institutions as places where residents are cut off from the larger society either forcibly or willingly. Goffman said both PRISONS & MENTAL HOSPITALS were Total Institutions They are small societies who evolve their own distinctive values/lifestyles & pressure residents to fulfill rigidly prescribed behavioral roles. AKA They establish a subculture

The relationship between staff and prisoners which focuses on material goods and written correspondence is one of:

EXCHANGE

county

In the U.S., jails are operated mainly by what level of government

Litigation

One of the best ways to reduce ________ is to develop specific standards for routine jail operation practices and procedures

Release

Recently, there has been a major emphasis on programs to ________ offenders awaiting trial

Equal Protection

The Fourteenth Amendment addresses racial and gender-based discrimination in the prison. Discrimination prohibited in society is also prohibited in correctional institutions.

This US has what percent of the world's prison population?

The US has 5% of the world's population, but 25% of the world's prison population

A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes

The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that:

New York

The congregate system, which emphasized isolation of inmates in individual cells at night but permitted them to work together in silence during the day, was first adopted in which US state?

Castle Island in Massachusetts's Boston Harbor.

The first institution to resemble a modern penitentiary

Interchangeability

The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach is known as the principle of ______

Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights?

The maintenance of stable prison populations

Why prisons are a total institution

The prison is a total institution in which everything is tightly controlled and highly structured. The inmates abilit to influence the conditions of their condiment is limited, and escape is almost impossible. The control of inmates lives including who their cell mates are, what they eat, and when they can bather, is designed to help the prison run efficiently , maintain order and deprive inmate of discretion.

The Prison Life

The prison is a total institution, in which everything is tightly controlled and structured. The inmates' ability to influence the conditions of their confinement is limited, and escape is almost impossible.

28. The crime that requires offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim is: a. battery b. assault c. road rage d. aggravated assault

a

34. Which of the following factors does not precipitate hate crimes? a. stable economic conditions b. racial stereotypes in the media c. hate-filled discourse on talk shows d. the use of racial "code language"

a

. Which of the following was a Quaker and the first to press for changes in the treatment of sentenced women and children? a. Elizabeth Heffernan b. Elizabeth Fry c. Elizabeth Glaser d. Elizabeth Franklin

b. Elizabeth Fry

19. __________ developed the dual taxonomy theory involving life-persistent and adolescence-limited offenders. a. Sampson & Laub b. Thornberry c. Moffitt d. Gottfredson & Hirschi

c

In 1844, the _______ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners. a. Women's Improvement Organization b. Women's Benevolence Association c. Women's Prison Association d. Women's Prisoner Improvement Society

c. Women's Prison Association

. When compared to their male offenders, female prisoners typically have ___________ prior convictions before their current sentence. a. more b. equal amount of c. fewer d. no

c. fewer

Prison-based programs designed for women often include which of the following? a. construction b. maintenance c. food service d. firefighting

c. food service

The increase in the number of women in prison has: a. had little impact on how facilities are run. b. disturbed the public. c. significantly affected the delivery of programs. d. concerned politicians

c. significantly affected the delivery of programs

10. Which is an inaccurate statement pertaining to the violent crime of rape? a. All but three states have revised their rape statues to make them gender neutral. b. Rape has been a recognized crime throughout history. c. Under feudal law, "heiress stealing" equated women with property. d. Under Babylonian and Hebraic law, the rape of a virgin was lauded and brought prestige to the rapist's family and tribe.

d

15. Compared with left-wing groups, right-wing terrorist activities _________. a. are common b. occur at a greater rate c. occur at the same rate d. are rare

d

22. All of the following are considered one (1) of the four (4) virtues comprising the attributes of true womanhood EXCEPT: a. purity b. domesticity c. piety d. assertiveness

d

4. The link between substance abuse and violence occurs in three different formats. Violent behavior that results from the conflict inherent in the drug trade is known as: a. the subculture of violence b. psychopharmacological relationship c. economic compulsive behavior d. systemic link

d

4. Who is deviance created by? a. law makers b. politicians c. individuals d. society

d

7. All of the following are considered general goals for achieving homeland security EXCEPT: a. respond to and recover from incidents that occur b. prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks c. protect the American people, critical infrastructure, and key resources d. maintain the foundation of America

d

Elizabeth Farnham, head matron of the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844 to 1848, tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and: a. was able to achieve limited success. b. was met with resistance from the community. c. was largely ignored by the community. d. was thwarted by male overseers and legislators.

d. was thwarted by male overseers and legislators.

In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various _________rights.

due process

The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.

eliminates

thief-criminal subculture

o trustworthy o reliable o cool-headed o thief subculture on the outside, not seeking status in prison, just trying to make prison more bearable o not seeking power, just wanting things like a radio, socks, etc

convict-prison subculture

o utilitarianism o manipulation o status o largely shaped by the prison environment • gorillas, merchants, toughs, etc

factors that accelerate or delay prisonization

pre-prison personality (stable people delay prisonization), relationships maintained with persons outside the person, relationships maintained with persons within the prison (healthy relationships within prison delay process), the longer the prison sentence, the greater the likelihood for extreme prisonization

What is the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the prison and have not escaped?

regular count

False

Courts maintain a hand off policy regarding prisons

NIMBY

Not in my back yard

True

The idea of incarceration as the only punishment for convicted offenders is relatively recent

The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created...

by Congress in the 1930's

Function of specialist guards

1. Human services 2. Order maintenance 3. Security 4. Supervision

Executions, in most parts of the country, were carried out in public until the:

1830S

One key purpose of prison labor is to:

ALL OF THESE

Most police departments said they practiced some form of:

COMMUNITY POLICING

What is the custody and security component of a prison called?

correctional services

In Atkins v. Virginia the Supreme Court ruled that:

EXECUTING THE MENTALLY RETARDED IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

deprivation of goods and services

1 of 5 pains of imprisonment. poverty like conditions - loss of self worth along with goods and services due to societal materialism etc

Which is NOT true of the Adult Internal Management System

It ensures that inmates are assigned housing based on clinical judgments.

Young African American males

One of the most troubling trends in the US Jail system that has occurred over the past two decades is the increasing incarceration rate for ________

Time

Order in prison is also achieved through the use of strict timetable that structures the prisoner's day and is used to establish routines and orchestrate activities. For those who misbehave, adding time onto the existing sentence has been a widely used sanction.

The doctrine that persons having been convicted of wrongful behavior should not be eligible for social benefits beyond the bare minimum required by law is known as the:

PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ELIGIBILITY

The process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of the prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as:

PRISONIZATION

Zebulon Brockway

Ran the Elmira Reformatory, which used volunteers to keep up with released inmates

Retribution

The act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator

Sentencing

The imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority

What is deinstitutionalization and how does it impact jails?

The switch from a focus on simply warehousing troubled youths towards forcing communities to deal with them from a rehabilitative standpoint. This essentially attempts to keep youths who are not yet hardened criminals away from the CJ system and out of jails.

protection

The twin goals of corrections are punishment and ________

What measures have been introduced to reduce reliance of imprisonment?

There has been a development of alternatives to custody, introducing new sentencing policies and guidelines, extending the use of early release from prison. In brief, any strategy designed to reduce the number of people in prison must divert people away from prison or reduce the period of time they spend in prison.

alcohol abuser

a person whose use of alcohol is difficult to control, disrupting normal living patters and frequently leading to violations of the law while under the influence of alcohol or in attempting to secure it

drug abuser

a person whose use of illegal chemical substances disrupts normal living patterns to the extent that social problems develop, often leading to criminal behavior

Which of the following is NOT a part of the usual inmate disciplinary system?

a way to rehabilitate inmates accused of rule violations

Approximately _______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent offenses. a. 1/3 b. 3/4 c. 1/2 d. 1/5

a. 1/3

8. Among the individuals that are affected each year by toxic particles emitted from manufacturing plants, the majority are considered __________ and ___________. a. young children b. pregnant women c. low income families d. elderly

ad

1. Sampson and Laub's developmental model is considered a more specified form of: a. social learning theory b. Moffitt's taxonomy c. theory of drift d. social control theory

c

8. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of _______________. a. labeling theory b. consensus theory c. radical conflict theory d. group conflict theory

c

neutralizing of the pains of imprisonment

coping mechanisms - most are not likely to succeed o escape physically o seclusion in one's cell o psychologically withdraw o rebel in the form of violence

9. _________ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part, and a product, of their group associations. a. labeling theory b. critical-radical theory c. consensus theory d. group conflict theory

d

3. All of the following are considered hate crimes motivated by person's status as homeless according to the model state legislation EXCEPT: a. acts that result in the death of a person b. acts that deface, damage, or destroy, or attempt to deface, damage, or destroy the personal property of the person c. assault, aggravated assault, battery, or aggravated battery on the person d. any other crime against the person e. all of the above are considered hate crimes motivated by person's status as homeless

e

Intensive supervision probation

form of supervision that requires frequent meetings between the client and probation officer

What is the central organization that oversees state and federal prisons often called?

headquarters

The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety and the environment to implement which of the following

regulations.

A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a

sex offender.

probation

suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community

36. Corporate crime is usually not discovered when it occurs. a. True b. False

t

procedural due process

the constitutional guarantee that no agent of government will use any procedures other than those procedures prescribed by law to arrest, prosecute, try, or punish any person

Approximately ______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent offenses.

ONE THIRD

A structural problem with corrections is that the system depends on significant factors:

OUTSIDE OF ITS CONTROL

Historically speaking, what is the difference between gaols and jails?

- Jails are to this day the oldest component of Criminal Justice. - Gaols is the historical term for jails, essentially pronounced the same way yet spelled differently. 1) Gaols role is not as well defined as its current day counterparts. 2) Gaols are more local, less stable, based around the executive branch

deprivation of liberty

1 of 5 pains of imprisonment. confinement - person can not be trusted in the free world, also loss of liberty within the prison, personal visits and correspondence regulated and monitored - Sykes found that 41% of NJ inmates had no outside visits (1950's) - recent jail study, 46% have not had visits in past month, almost 70% in state prisons

Three most well known examples of the Irish system

1. Alexander Maconochie 2. Sir Walter croton 3. Zebulon brockway

Disadvantages of private probation

1. staff qualification 2. profit motive 3. ethical concerns 4. social class bias

Influence of the Age of Rehabilitation

1. the change in how science regarded illness. 2. report of Wikersham Commission (prescribed a wide range of criminal justice reforms)

how many federal and state prisons are there?

1037

Development of the Penitentiary

1780-1860

The rate of confirmed AIDS cases in state and federal prisons is __________ in the total U.S. population.

2.5 TIMES HIGHER

It took approximately how long for Angel Diaz to die by lethal injection in Florida:

30 MINUTES

Structured sentencing

A model of criminal punishment that includes determinate and commission created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary sentencing guidelines

Shock Incarceration

According to your authors, the two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the US are _______ and boot camps

Punishment

According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the three "P's" of corrections

According to inmates, if you want to be paroled you are required to:

BE IN A PROGRAM

Behavior that blurs the social distance between prison staff and inmates is known as:

BOUNDARY VIOLATION

Supermax prisons

Extremely secure type of prison that strictly limits inmate contact with other inmates, correctional staff, and the outside world

female inmate subcultures

Giallombardo (1966) blends importation and deprivation models

Operates 59 facilities Revene 1.6 billion

GEO group

Gladiator fights

Guards place bets on rival gang members (video taped)

Backgrounds of prisoners:

History of marginalisation, deprivation and poor achievement. Prisoners tend to not be well educated, few skills, poor work histories, many were excluded from school.

Stigmatization

Imprisonment is a stigma that individuals must carry around with them for a lifetime and constantly fight to overcome.

Walnut Street Jail

In 1792 this jail was converted into the first U.S. penitentiary

The Pennsylvania System

In 1829, the state of Pennsylvania opened Eastern State Penitentiary which was characterized by the separate-and-silent system.

In the UK, when was the modern prison introduced?

In 1842 with the construction of Pentonville Prison in London. ~It became the model for the construction of many local prisons in the decades that followed and attracted worldwide attention.

Cincinnati

In 1870, the National Prison Association held its historical meeting in what U.S. city?

Understand the goals of therapy

In the United States, criminal sanctions have four goals: Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation

Continuum of Sanctions

Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of _______, which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and control

Probation Officers at Work

Investigation Supervision Service

importation model

Irwin and Cressy, states that the deprivation model ignored the values and social standings that offenders brought with them into prison

What was the main focus of the new prisons?

Labour discipline. Through the application of labour, prisons, it was claimed, would instil discipline and the habits of industry. Through a mixture of hard work and reflection on their transgressions prisoners would, come to see the error of their ways and become law abiding and productive workers.

Standard

Leaving one's jurisdiction without permission is an example of a ________ violation of probation

How is "mandatory supervised release" different from traditional parole? How is it the same?

Mandatory Supervised release - A prisoner has served a certain portion of their sentence and because of factors like good behavior are released into parole. Traditional Parole - Granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board. They are similar in the respect that behavior is a factor in both cases. They both release into the same pool of parole. Both expected to lead a crime free life

White males

Most federal inmates in the US tend to be _________

England

Much of the ideas, practices and principles that are the foundation of the American CJ System were adopted from what country?

_________ are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates.

NEGOTIATIONS

Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be:

NOT AFFILIATED WITH A GANG

50

Nationally, about _____% of all people placed in jail have been found to be under the influence of alcohol or an illegal drug at the time of the arrest

Which is NOT a condition necessary for prison policies and procedures to effectively contribute to the overall prison mission?

Policies must control behavior through threats, intimidation, and physical dominance

Auburn

Prisons became known for its uses of the congregate and silent system

Greater proportion of men are incacerated for vile my offense whereas female inmates are incarnated for more

Property offenses

A management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates is known as:

SPAN OF CONTROL

Just deserts

Retribution model Philosophy that an offender who commits a henious crime serves death

Leadership studies suggest that:

SKILLS MUST FIT THE SITUATION

Furmam vs Georgia 1972

Set forth a moratorium on the death penalty

probation & parole

Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in:

Eighth

Some critics say capital punishment is a violation of the "cruel and unusual punishment" clause of the

Presentence

The ______ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select and appropriate punishment

Social Exclusion Unit Report (2002)

Suffer from two or more mental disorders: 72% male prisoners, 70% female

A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is:

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CORRECTIONS

Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change

THE PLACES CRIME TENDS TO OCCUR

What is the primary incentive for being a corrections officer?

THE SECURITY OF A CIVIL SERVICE JOB

The Auburn System

The Auburn Prison, opened in New York in 1817, eventually used the congregate-and-silent system

Offender

The PSI process typically begins with a(n)_______ interview

Eastern State

The Penitentiary was characterized by the desperate and silent system

Understand the reforms advocated by the Progressives

The Progressives looked to social, economic, biological, and psychological rather than religious or moral explanations for the causes of crime. They advocated the development of probation, indeterminate sentences, treatment programs, and parole

Incarceration

The Quakers preferred to flogged

Crime Control

The __________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

True

The penitentiary originated in the U.S

Public Safety

The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on ______

Describe the forces and events that led to the present crime control model

The rise of crime in the late 1960s and questions about the effectiveness of rehabilitative programs brought pressure to shift to a crime control model of corrections, with greater use of incarceration and other forms or strict supervision

Alternative sentencing

The use of court ordered community service, home detention, day reporting, drug treatment, psychological counseling, victim offender programming, or intensive supervision in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions such as imprisonment and fines

Atkins v. Virginia

This Supreme Court decision established limits for the execution of the mentally retarded

Wedding Cake Model

Tier 1. Celebrity Cases Tier 2. Serious felonies Tier 3. Less serious felonies Tier 4. Misdemeanors

As state's deal with severe budgetary problems the future of private prisons is:

UNCERTAIN

The relationship between prison crowding and violence is:

UNCLEAR

Net-widening

When criminal justice programs pull more clients into the system than would otherwise be involved without the program

Describe "The Great Law" of Pennsylvania and note its importance

With the arrival in 1682 of William Penn, Pennsylvania adopted "The Great Law" which was based on Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes. Death was reserved for premeditated murder

38. Workplace violence accounts for ___ percent of all violent crime. a. 18 b. 28 c. 38 d. 48

a

pretrial diversion

an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (counseling/rehabilitation) in exchange for withdrawal of charges

sentencing guidelines

an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usually sanctions given previously for particular offenses

compelling state interest

an interest of the state that must take precedence over rights guaranteed by the 1st Amendment

23. _________ is usually associated with racial prejudice and discrimination and can also occur in police encounters with juveniles. [ a. retrospective interpretation b. stereotyping c. status-degradation ceremony d. negotiation

b

19. An example of a diversionary program is ___________. a. prison b. youth courts c. parole d. state-jail facility

b

15. The ________________ was charged with three (3) responsibilities that focused on whether organized crime used services of interstate commerce to engage in illegal activities and identifying the persons, firms, or corporations involved in such activities. a. Wickersham Commission b. Chicago Crime Commission c. Kefauver Committee d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement

c

What is the style of supervision by staff who are not responsible for inmates, but can still see their movements or activities?

casual

Which of the following is a less formal count conducted at program and work assignments by the staff responsible for supervising inmates?

census count

A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?

child molesters

According to the Supreme Court, the term "totality of conditions" may be legally interpreted as:

cruel and unusual punishment

Which of the following refers to the activities within a prison that control inmate behavior and maintain order?

custody

5 pains of imprisonment

deprivation model - deprivation of liberty, autonomy, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, and security

10. Homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. a. all hazards b. security uber alles c. meta hazards d. jurisdictional hazards e. terrorism and catastrophes

e

With reference to time, rehabilitation is

future-oriented.

For states that still use indeterminate sentence and parole for release decisions. where are the parole board and post-release supervision usually located?

in the department of corrections

mediation

intervention in a dispute by a third party to whom the parties in conflict submit their differences for resolution and whose decision is binding on both parties

Metropolitan Correctional Centers (MCC)

jails operated by federal agencies; not all operated by county

Which is NOT a preventive action that prison administrators can take to reduce inmate unrest?

maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, and among staff

selective incapacitation

making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarceration those offenders whose incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society

Which prison gang is also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia?

mexikanemi

According to the 2003 ACA survey, what was the most frequently cited reason for difficulty in recruiting correctional officers?

noncompetitive compensation

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the _____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime

offender

absconders

people who fail to appear for a court date and have no legitimate reason

Labeling Theory

perspective that considers recidivism to be a consequence in pat of the negative labels applied to offenders

the innocent

the inmate that constantly professes his innocence

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to

the treatment and diagnosis of criminals.

Which of the following does NOT report to the unit manager?

the warden

Demography of prisons

~91% male. ~83% working class, 18% of whom are members of black and minority ethnic groups. ~80% released in 12 months.

Convict Code

• some inmate solidarity o greater solidarity = less severe pains of imprisonment o convict code • mind own business • anti-staff • loyal to other inmates • strength and courage highly valued • inmates who followed the code were respected o in reality, most convicts just say they buy into it but really bought into Argot Roles

recidivism/rehabilitation among subcultures (deprivation model)

• subcultures were dependent on the nature and strength of inmate ties outside and inside communities • recidivism highest for convict prison subculture, thief is next

Irish system

Design not only to punish inmates but also give inmates a better chance at successfully returning to society on completing the sentence

Hands off docterine

Judicial attitude toward prisons before the 1960s in which courts did not become involved in prison affairs or inmate rights

According to the author, Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in:

LACK OF INTERGENCY PARTNERSHIPS

Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:

NEARLY TWICE AS LONG

The Pennsylvania System focused on the isolation of inmates and serving penance.

True

Sir Walter Crofton

added the concept of a completely open institution in which the inmates could again experience in trust and avoiding temptation

Unit management enhances staff and inmate communication.

true

A majority of inmates under correctional authority have a history of ________problems.

ALL OF THESE

According to the author, Until the mid 1700s criminal punishment in Europe and American colonies focused on the offender's body. It also focused on which of the following: -

ALL OF THESE

What are the 5 panes of imprisonment?

1. Deprivation of liberty 2. Deprivation of goods and services 3. Deprivation of heterosexual relationships 4. Deprivation of autonomy 5. Deprivation of security

Summarize the there ways in which work was deemed beneficial during the 1900-1939 era

1. Work was a good way to keep inmates occupied 2. Work had a rehabilitation value 3. Work offset the cost of incarceration

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

Began a new era in prison litigation.

Increasing

Generally, it has been found that building new jails or _____ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding

Hands off doctrine

Judicial attitude toward prisons before the 1969s in which coughs did not become involved in prison affairs or inmate rights

Correctional treatment programs have proven to be most effective with

NONE OF THESE

Oklahoma

Nearly 40% of all offenders are under the correctional control of 4 states (i.e. the Big Four of corrections). Which of the following is NOT one of these states?

What did Clemmer say was an element that shaped Prison Subculture

The social structure of the prison—the accepted and relatively permanent social arrangements is an element that shapes prison subculture

Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?

Wolff v. McDonnell

indeterminate sentencing

a period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated so that parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment; it is closely associated with the rehabilitation concept

positivist school

an approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior

Which phenomenon have correctional agencies experienced over the past decade?

high officer turnover

Which of the following is NOT one of most important issues facing women who have completed their prison sentence and are about to be released back to their communities? a. lack of family support b. lost custody of children c. no housing d. substance abuse histories

lack of family support

secular law

law of civil society as distinguished from church law

podular unit

self contained living area for 12-25 inmates composed of individual cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction. New generation jails are made up of two or more pods

true or false: the research for both prison culture models were done in all male prisons?

true

rat or squealer

violated codes on communication with guards for personal gain, to settle a score - general betrayal, not just against an individual

Truth in sentencing

A close correspondence between the sentence imposed on an offender and the time actually served in prison

Rehabilitation

The attempt to reform a criminal offender

How the judge view probation

They are conflicted

Jail

secure facility that holds inmates for less than a year

Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as:

CRIME MAPPING

What non-structural elements of inmate society did Clemmer recognize

1) Prisoner—staff dichotomy 2) Three general classes of prisoners 3) Work gangs and cell-house groups 4) Racial groups 5) Type of offense 6) Power of inmate "politicians" 7) Degree of sexual abnormality 8) Record of repeat offenses 9) Personality differences due to pre-prison socialization

In other western democracies the death penalty has been:

ABOLISHED

Custodial

According to the last jail census, most jail employees (72%) are expected to perform ______ duties as their primary responsibility

In a highly authoritarian prison, treatment goals are:

LESS IMPORTANT

In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have:

LESS PROGRAMING

Ticket of leave system

Sir Walter Crofton invented this system in which inmates received conditional release and were supervised by local police

the public-works systems

The oldest prison labor system in which inmates work on projects owned by the state.

Eastern

The opening of the ________ State penitentiary in 1829 in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania, marked the full development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of separate confinement

house of correction

detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poor house, and penal industry by both disciplining inmates and setting them to work

39. Gray hat hackers are deemed the lowest on the hacker ladder due to their limited technical ability. a. True b. False

f

Women account for roughly half of all arrests for serious crimes tabulated by the FBI's Uniform Crime Report. a. True b. False

f

27. Workplace injuries are generally less serious than the common wounds suffered from assaults on the street. a. True b. False

f

Weaknesses of 'prison works' or 'prison pays':

most of the advocates assume that the option is between sending people to prison or doing nothing. But doing nothing is never in practice an option. There are alternative means available to prevent and respond to crime and the critical question is whether the enormous sums of money spent on prisons could be more usefully is employed in other ways.

Sparks and Bottoms (1995)

politics and power. The prison, the authors argue, suffers from two fundamental flaws. First, they claim that prison simply does not work and that the high levels of recidivism are testimony to its failure. Secondly, that 'imprisonment is consistently invoked against the marginal working classes' and it is part of 'a class based legal system' which singles out particular offenders for punishment. The implications of this 'crisis of legitimacy' are that there is no real justification for the continued use of imprisonment and that prisons should be abolished ( Sim, 1994b ).

Which category of violent inmate is predatory, calculating, and usually acts violently for no good reason?

psychopathic offenders

With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are

public employees.

. Women make up a ________ proportion of the prison population.

small

All prisons provide mental health programs

true

Main reasons for punishment:

~Outlines what is right and wrong: Durkheim, sets moral boundaries and reinforces norms and values. Shows shared morality. ~Deterrence ~Restitution: Pay back the crime by serving time. ~Containment and protection ~Retribution

The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on

vocational programs

net widening

when criminal justice programs pull more clients into the system that would otherwise be involved without the program

The _________was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

workhouse

Which of the following correctional officer assignments include the patrol and supervision of inmate movement in the compound of a prison?

yard officers

Woolf Report (1991)

~By analysing the conditions that led up to the riots at Strangeways prison in Manchester in 1990, Lord Woolf argued that if riots were to be avoided there needed to be a proper balance between 'security, control and justice' within prisons. ~What was clear from the Woolf Report, however, is that there is no single cause of riots, whether it is poor conditions or a 'toxic mix' of prisoners.

deprivation of heterosexual relationships

1 of 5 pains of imprisonment. lack of female companionship stripped of the inmate of self worth

Give some arguments aganist capital punishment

1. Arguments against capital punishment for religious and philosophical reasons 2. Deterrence does not work 3. Unfair/discrimination 4. Innocent people are condemned due to a flawed criminal justice system 5. Violates 8th amendment dehumanizes both offender and executioner

What are five key issues facing corrections today

1. Conflicting goals 2. Obtaining adequate funding 3. Making correctional services more effective 4. Coordinating correctional activity across different agencies 5. Dealing with correctional uncertainty

Forms of intermediate sanctions

1. Drug testing 2. House arrest and electronic monitoring 3. Fines 4. Boot-camp prisons

Explain the two major functions of jails

1. Hold suspects who have been arrested and are awaiting disposition of their cases 2. Jails hold misdemeanor offenders who have been sentence to less than one year of incarceration

Two important aspects of the case

1. Legal history 2. Social history

Different types of prison gangs

1. Mexican Mafia 2. La Nuestra Familia 3. Black Guerrilla Family 4. Aryan Brotherhood

Diversion programs

1. Popular when dealing with first time offenders who has committed a relatively minor offense 2. A method for sorting out the young people who repsond immediately and those who wil continue to be problems for the criminal justice system 3. Overall effect is to widen net of social control (net-widening)

Assumptions about nature of crime

1. Prison is a highly artificial society 2. The prisons total control does little to prepare inmates to take responsibility for their actions 3. Because the community has resources that are unavailable in the prison the likelihood of rehabilitation is enhanced 4. The community can provide support networks to the offender that do not exist in prison 5. The offender can contribute to the financial upkeep of his or her family and gainfully empolyeed, pay taxes 6. State spend less money 7. The state can see what offenders are dangerous 8. The number of trained probation and parole officers is sufficient to supervise the offenders who are selected for community corrections programs

Sykes argot roles

1. Rat and center man 2. Gorillas and merchant 3. Wolfs, punks and fags 4. Ball-buster and real men 5. Toughs and hipsters

Each year approximately ___________ correctional staff members are assaulted by inmates.

18,000

According to the text, The medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through implementation in the ____________.

1930's

Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the

1960S

Lockup

A ____ is a temporary holding facility for those who have been arrested and are awaiting an appearance in front of a judge

General deterrence

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person sentenced

Determinate sentencing

A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good time or gain time

Indeterminate sentencing

A model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences

Correctional officers often rely on __________ to gain cooperation.

ALL OF THESE

Service

Although investigation and supervision occupy most of probation officers time they are still expected to provide some level of service to offenders who need help

Lombardo's 7 variations of correctional officer job assignments.

Block officers Work-detail supervisors Industrial shop & school officers Yard officers Administrative building assignments Wall posts Relief officers

How did the Quakers in Pennsylvania contributed to the punishment system

By suggesting that incarceration and hard labor were preferable to corporal punishment

Changing sentencing practices

Changing sentencing policies is, however, a complex business. Deciding when prison is appropriate, the duration of a prison sentence and where alternative sanctions should be used raises complex moral and legal concerns ( Hudson, 2003 ).

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has

Civil Liability

African-American

Currently, the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level US prisons is ________

The number of items that a prisoner may purchase or receive through legitimate channels ____________from state to state and from facility to facility:

DIFFERS

__________ is based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs.

DISCRETIONARY RELEASE

Explain the difference between importation and deprivation explanations of prison socialization.

Deprivation - acknowledges the pains of imprisonment provided as the deprivations. By its very nature prison deprives convicts of basic needs, causing frustration . Importation - the pressure created in prisons has less to do with deprivations and more to do with the characteristics of inmates. Prisoners import their ideas, attitudes and behaviors from their outside lives.

Mempa v. Rhay

Felony defendants must be allowed to have an attorney during hearings when probation may be revoked or a deferred sentence imposed

In 2003 the Prison Rape Elimination Act was created in order to:

GATHER NATIONAL STATISTICS ON PRISION RAPE

total institutions

Goffman

Violent

It is estimated that 1 out of every 5 probationers in the U.S. today has committed a _____ crime resulting in their current probation

Describe the history of the jail and its current function in the criminal justice system

Jails in the US descend from feudal practices in 12th century England, in which the sheriff caught and held in custody people accused of braking the king's law. English settlers brought these traditions and institutions with them to the American colonies. Today, jails are the entryway into the criminal justice system and place of confinement for less-serious law violators

The most notably used sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the _______________________

Minnesota Sentencing Guideline

Describe the connection between diversion programs and labeling theory

Offenders can be diverted to alternative programs at serveral points in the criminal justice process. These programs are based on the labeling theory, which suggest that the more limited the offenders penetration into the criminal justice system, the less likely the offender will adopt a criminal self-concept and continue to commit offenses

The conditional release of a prison inmate who has served part of a sentence and who remains under courts control

Parole

According to Sykes, Prisoners are deprived of what? & what was the term Sykes used to refer to these sorts of prison deprivations"

Prisoners are deprived of: • Liberty • Goods and services • Heterosexual relationships • Autonomy • Personal Security Sykes called these deprivations the "Pains of Imprisonment"

Inmate Subculture

Rats and center men Gorillas and merchants Wolves, punks, and fags Ball-busters and real men Toughs and hipsters

Voluntary sentencing guidelines

Recommended sentencing policies that are not required by law

Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs result in greater _________for both victims and offenders.

SATISFACTION

An inmate's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by the law and _________.

SENTENCE STATUS

Inside women's facilities there has been a recent escalation of:

SEXUAL MISCONDUCT BY MALE OFFICERS

Prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called:

SUPERMAX PRISIONS

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the

South.

Argot roles

Specific patterns of behavior that inmates develop in prison to adjust to the environment.

Which of the following accurately describes square johns?

Square johns are first-time offenders in prison who have more identification with noncriminals.

Retribution model

Style of control in which offenders are punished as severely as possible for a crime and in which rehabilitation is not attempted

False

The Pennsylvania and Auburn systems emphasized vigorous social interaction

Fee

The _____ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held

Code of Hammurabi

The earliest known forms of codified law were the Sumerian Laws of Mesopotamia (3100 B.C.) and the ________, developed by the King of Babylon in 1750 B.C.E.

Weakend social ties

The world the inmate left behind is not the same as the one he or she returns to

Shock death

This punishment sentenced an offender to death and reprieved him or her at the last moment before execution

In what other ways can inmates exercise control over other inmates?

Through gangs.

Good time

Time deducted from an inmates prison sentence for good behavior

Meritorious time

Time deducted from an inmates sentence for doing something special or extra, such as getting a GED

Punitive Assessment

Which of the following is NOT one of the five principle components of a case management system?

Incarceration

Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the U.S.?

helps prevent the accused from committing further crimes

Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons used to support pretrial diversion programs?

Who opened the first female staffed women unit prison

Zebulon Brockway

24. Mead was concerned with the ________, or ascertaining the meaning of the actions or remarks of the other person. a. interpretation b. definition c. label d. symbol

a

mark system

a system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of marks, based on the severity of their crime, at the time of sentencing. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by reducing marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement

Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become

all of these.

lex talionis

an eye for an eye: punishment should correspond with the crime

10. Self-selection refers to: a. selecting where an individual will live b. picking friends based on their previous delinquent behavior c. learning criminality from delinquent associations d. selecting who the individual will marry

b

14. All of the following are one of the four significant areas of concern for homeland security according to the USA PATRIOT Act EXCEPT: a. conducting foreign intelligence investigations b. issuing city-level search warrants c. controlling money laundering d. collection of communications information and data

b

15. The phrase "the personal is the political" refers to the notion that the "private sphere" is as structured as the "public sphere" by power relations involving all of the following EXCEPT: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender d. sexuality e. class

b

Half of those entering state prisons are ________years old.

between 18 and 27

. Until 1870 women inmates in the United States were generally treated: a. with dignity . b. less harshly than men c. the same as men. d. more harshly than men.

c. the same as men.

30. Which of the following is not a factor that predicts spousal abuse? a. flashes of anger b. military service c. the presence of alcohol d. economic stability

d

In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have: a. more available programming. b. more varied programming. c. similar programming. d. less programming.

d. less programming

The differences between male and female prison subcultures have been attributed to the nurturing, qualities of women. a. educational b. vocational c. psychological d. maternal

d. maternal

incapacitation

depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detaining the offender in prison

Rhodes v Chapman

double celling and crowding of prison does not necessarily constitute cruel and unusual punishment. There must be evidence of unnecessary infliction of pain or gross disproportion to the severity of crime warranting imprisonment

merchant or peddler

economically exploits inmates, sells what he could give, seen as greedy

14. Some occupations are more dangerous than others. Bartenders are at greatest risk to be victims of workplace violence.

f

toughs

have respect in prison, behavior is unpredictable

precedent

legal rules created in judges' decisions that serve to guide the decisions of other judges in similar cases

Which officers are usually assigned to some of the most sensitive and explosive areas of the prison?

lieutenants

least restrictive methods

means of ensuring a legitimate state interest (such as security) that impose fewer limits to prisoners' rights than do alternative means of securing that end

wrongful conviction

occurs when an innocent person is found guilty by either a plea or a verdict

Shock probation

practice of sentencing offenders to prison allowing them to serve a short time and then granting them probation without their prior knowledge

hipsters

pretends he is tougher than he is

release on recognizance

pretrial release because the judge believes the defendant's ties in the community are sufficient to guarantee the defendant's appearance in court

corporal punishment

punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips or other devices that cause pain

wolves

sexual favors through force, masculine role

Diversion

the official suspension of criminal or juvenile proceedings against an alleged offender at any point after a recorded justice system intake, but before the entering of a judgment, and referral of that person to a treatment or care program administered by a non justice or private agency

deinstitutionalization

the release of a mental patient from a mental hospital and his or her return to the community

meritorious times

time deducted from an inmate sentence for doing something special or extra, sun as getting a GED

A good explanation for the high level of violence within prisons is that prisons hold violent people who act out in violent ways.

true

The Prison Rape Elimination Act requires the collection of information on the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities.

true

________ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.

two thirds

The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called

utilitarianism.

A principal feature in prison society which reinforces the norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships is known as:

AN UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

Drug___________ offenses seem to be the number one contributor to the great increase of women in prison.

Drug

The arrest rates for women have increased more than those for men over the past decade, especially for ________ and larceny.

Drug Offenses

Total institution

Erving Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution

Total Institution

Erving Goffman; closed environment in which every aspect including the movement and behavior of the people within is controlled and structured

social control

From the earliest accounts of mankind, punishment has been used as a means of ______, forcing people to comply with rules, norms and laws

Administrators use prison programs as incentives for

GOOD BEHAVIOR

Explain the difference between general and specific conditions of probation.

General Conditions - more standard conditions applied routinely and universally. 1) Lead a law abiding life 2) Maintain employment 3) Meeting family responsibilities 4) Pursuing educational or vocational training 5) Undergoing substance-abuse treatment 6) Pursuing or receiving medical and psychiatric attention 7) Avoid consorting with convicted felons. Specific Conditions - conditions applied case by case. One example would be if a probationer has a history of child molestation, he or she would be ordered to avoid places frequented by children.

Perspective that considers recidivism to be a consequence, in part of the negative labels applied to offenders

Labeling theory

A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip professional association and government agencies is:

YOU

system

Your authors refer to corrections as a(n)______, a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and is directly influenced by its environment

The first independent female-run prison was established in the state of _________

_Indiana

Understand the constitutional rights of prisoners

The rights of inmates can be summarized in a handful of phrases in four amendments (1,4,8,14) First Amendment allows inmates to have access to reading materials, non censorship of mail, and the freedom to practice their religion. Fourth Amendment provides protection against government intrusion, or unlawful search and seizure. However, most prisoners loose their right to privacy when they enter prison Eighth Amendment protects inmates against cruel and unusual punishment Fourteenth Amendment helps to ensure procedural due process and equal protection for prisoners

What does Rod Morgan (1997) argue about riots?

They tend to be the outcome of what he refers to as a 'disorder amplification spiral' in which poor conditions are linked to a growing sense of injustice and the polarization of relations between staff and inmates. When this process is set in motion any one of a number of 'triggers' can turn anger and frustration into a riot.

ombudsman

a public official who investigates complaints against government officials and recommends corrective measures

good time

a reduction of an inmate's prison sentence, at the discretion of the prison administrator, for good behavior or for participation in vocational, educational, and treatment programs

Jails

a secure facility that typically holds arrestees, criminal suspects, and inmates serving sentences less than a year

shock probation

a sentence by which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation

presumptive sentence

a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances

mandatory sentence

a sentence stipulating that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of selected crimes, regardless of background or circumstances

federalism

a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments

3. The general theory of crime, proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, assumes that self-control must be established by age ______. a. 18 b. 10 c. 15 d. 5

b

benefit of clergy

the right to be tried in an ecclesiastical court where punishments were less severe than those meted out by civil courts, given the religious focus on penance and salvation

importation model 3 distinct subcultures

thief-criminal, convict-prison subculture, legitimate subculture

Sir Walter Crofton

ticket-of-leave

good time

time deducted from an images sentence for good behavior

Describe new developments in jails and jail programs

to deal with problems of jails, there has been a recent movement to increase the use of the new generation jail, in which jail detainees are kept in podular units instead of cells and security is maintained by direct-supervision methods. Another new idea is to implement the community model of jails

The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment, are known as

totality of the conditions.

6. The most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life? a. prenatal and adolescence b. prenatal and perinatal c. perinatal and nanogenarian d. adolescence and nanogenarian

b

6. ___________ is a communication frame that exposes corrupt or illegal behavior. a. reportage frames b. investigative frames c. contention frames d. mythic frames e. cultural recognition frames

b

8. The power-control theory attempted to explain gender differences in delinquency rates by including ___________. a. social constructs b. family dynamics c. environmental influences d. socioeconomic status

b

6. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with what two (2) things? a. stopping animal abuse b. protecting human health c. safeguarding the natural environment d. protecting workers rights

bc

Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?

both of these

The first case recognized by the Supreme Court which recognized prisoners' rights involved the case of

brutality and physical conditions.

1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders. a. consensus theory b. conflict theory c. labeling theory d. left realism theory

c

10. Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT: a. hiring illegal workers b. exploiting workers c. dumping pollution in restricted area d. keeping unsafe work conditions

c

11. All of the following use game theory EXCEPT: a. businesses b. military c. schools d. politics

c

14. When is rape most likely to occur? a. during March and April b. during May and June c. during July and August d. during September and October

c

31. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they lack one side of the square of crime. a. True b. False

f

32. Most of the terrorist attacks that occurred in 2011 were suicide attacks. a. True b. False

f

32. Onset refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending. a. True b. False

f

33. Chronic offending often starts with major offenses, such as burglary, robbery, and assault. a. True b. False

f

33. Today, white-collar criminals are more likely to be investigated, caught, charged, and convicted as compared with traditional street criminals. a. True b. False

f

34. Cultural norms are associated with actual behavior patterns (e.g., the law as enforced). a. True b. False

f

34. Only a small portion of corporations investigated by Sutherland had recidivated after their initial offense. a. True b. False

f

40. Terrorism had not existed prior to the September 11 attacks. a. True b. False

f

40. The low self-control model assumes propensities for crime change over time. a. True b. False

f

Female offenders have traditionally received tougher sentences than men for similar offenses. a. True b. False

f

codefendants

fall partner

American Correctional Association standards require a minimum of five scheduled counts per twenty-four-hour period.

false

Contraband is defined as the list of items that prison inmates are legally allowed to possess.

false

Pseudofamilies

groups established by women in prison to imitate familial roles in society.

The career criminal has several attributes

his occupation

Rehabilitation

~In terms of rehabilitation we have seen the development of an impressive array of programmes in prisons in recent years to address what the authorities describe as the 'criminogenic needs' of offenders. ~Under the slogan of 'Making Prisons Work' the government has introduced a number of programmes designed to address drug use and violence amongst prisoners as well as develop education and training programmes.

Offences

~Increase in number of imprisonments for violence, burglary, robbery, drug offences between 1992 and 2002 (Councell, 2003) ~Also increase in number of women imprisoned for violence-related offences. ~March 2005. there were 5,800 prisoners serving life sentences in E & W compared to 4,000 in 1998.

Occupations within the prison differ from those outside

1. Guards, medical technicians, doctors , treatment specialist, administrators, secretaries, and clergy all contribute to the Prison dynamic 2. are catiounet to be wary, emotionally distant and suspicious of every request, motive and kindness offered by the inmate

The three universal functions that define the probation officers occupation

1. Investigation 2. Supervison 3. Service

African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison population but __________ of all U.S. residents.

13 PERCENT

Generally, women's prisons lack not only adequate vocational and educational programs but also

ALL OF THESE

In prison, gangs are organized primarily to:

ALL OF THESE

Private enterprise has __________ played a role in American corrections.

ALWAYS

Explanation for increase in prison - punitiveness

Both politicians and public have become increasingly punitive in recent years, and this punitiveness has been translated into longer prison sentences and the more widespread use of imprisonment (Pratt, 2007.)

Give some arguments supporting Capital pusnishment

Foundation for support is the deference argument: two varieties of deterrence are used to justify the death penalty 1. Specific deference 2. General deterrence Also use the Just desert argument as justification

Be familiar with the different forms of the criminal sanction

Four forms of criminal sanctions are used in the United States: incarceration, intermediate sanctions, probation, and death

Giallombardo's views on female prisons

o pains of imprisonment were just as intense for women o women did not share the same sense of loss of security as men o men described their inmates as more dangerous than women did

Understand the major forms of punishment from the Middle Ages to the American Revolution

From the Middle Ages to the American Revolution, corrections consisted of slavery, imprisonment, transportation, corporal punishment, and death

Stigmatization

Goffman includes prison as one of the stigmas that individuals must constantly fight to overcome. The legal stigma may involve losing the right to vote, to parent, go hold public employment, to serve on jury, to hold public office and to possess a firearm and could mean registering as a felon

Community justice attempts to:

TAILOR STRATEGIES INDIVIDUALLY

Retributive Era 1970s to Present

The events of the 1960s caused a number of changes in social institutions. One change was the traditional hands-off policy of the courts. Other changes... Determinate sentences Voluntary treatment Abolition of parole

Administrators of state correctional agencies are NOT responsible for which of the following?

publishing standards for correctional practices

presentence report

report prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender's background to help the judges select and appropriate sentence

30. The left category of political violence applies to those political trends and movements that stress group rights. a. True b. False

t

31. According to the radical feminist perspective, the cause of gender inequality is based on men's need or desire to control women's sexuality and reproductive potential. a. True b. False

t

40. Due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult. a. True b. False

t

40. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970. a. True b. False

t

utilitarianism

the doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted

Crisis of conditions

the poor and in some cases the deteriorating conditions in a number of prisons. Many of the remand prisons in England and Wales, for example, were built in the Victorian era and are in a poor state of repair. In these prisons and elsewhere in the prison system the level of overcrowding has become a major point of concern as prison populations increase.

16. What is known to be true regarding marital rape? a. Many spousal rapes are accompanied by brutal, sadistic beatings. b. When marital rapists are convicted, they are sanctioned more harshly than those accused of nonmarital sexual assaults. c. Today, only three states recognize marital rape as a crime. d. Instances of marital rape tend to be isolated, one-time events.

a

17. The growth of prison gangs has been attributed to the Supreme Court decisions of _____________, giving prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal court. a. Cooper v. Pate b. United States v. Carey c. Perez v. Virginia d. United States v. Stewart

a

17. __________ assert than an exclusively feminine gender identity will most often limit a woman's development as a full human person. a. radical-libertarian feminists b. central-liberal feminists c. classical-liberal feminists d. radical-cultural feminists

a

2. Violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are known as: a. instrumental violence b. expressive violence c. rational violence d. irrational violence

a

regional jail

a facility operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units, with a jail board drawn from representatives of the participating jurisdictions, and having varying authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel

day reporting center

a facility where offenders such as pretrial releasees and probation violators attend day long intervention and treatment sessions

new-generation jail

a facility with a podular architectural design and management policies that emphasize interaction of inmates and staff and provision of services

determinate sentence

a fixed period of incarceration imposed by a court; it is associated with the concept of retribution or deserved punishment

The Anti-Terrorism Act imposes __________ limit to file a federal habeas petition.

a one-year

congregate system

a penitentiary system developed in Auburn, New York in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence

sex offender

a person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law, such as rape, child molestation, or prostitution, for economic, psychological, or situational reasons

situational offender

a person who in a particular set of circumstances has violated the law but who is not given to criminal behavior under normal circumstances and is unlikely to repeat the offense

career criminal

a person who sees crime as a way of earning a living, who has numerous contacts with the criminal justice system over time, and who may view the criminal sanction as a normal part of life

bail

an amount of money, specified by a judge, to be pasted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure appearance of the accused at trial

26. While few in number, who is a female murderer most likely to kill? a. a coworker b. a family member c. a stranger d. a friend of similar social standing

b

3. According to Freud, the instinctual drive that produces self-destruction expressed externally as violence or internally as suicide or alcoholism, is termed: a. eros b. thanatos c. hostility d. aggression

b

6. Much of the difference in rates of violent crime between whites and racial minorities can be explained by minorities being forced to live in high crime neighborhoods, which: a. provide a poorer quality of schooling b. increases their risk of exposure to violence c. contain few social interaction opportunities d. provide a lack of legitimate economic opportunities

b

In all states, jail standards are left up to local jurisdictions.

b. False

. Traditionally, women have received treatment from judges. a. chivalrous b. discriminatory c. equal d. neglectful

b. discriminatory

17. The four sides of the square of crime include all of the following EXCEPT: a. the state b. the offender c. the proletariat d. the victim

c

18. Before 1970, criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ___________ of individual criminal careers. a. factors b. variables c. stages d. development

c

7. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT: a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes b. crimes arising from labor disputes c. crimes arising from robbery d. crimes arising from political protest

c

7. The EPA estimates that there are about _________ deaths each year in the United States as a direct result of toxic particles emitted from manufacturing plants. a. 30,000 b. 45,000 c. 60,000 d. 80,000

c

7. Within subcultures of violence, it is considered appropriate for an individual who has been offended by a negative outcome in a dispute to seek reparations through violent means. This concept is termed: a. brutalization process b. thanatos c. disputatiousness d. malefic

c

8. A criminal activity that has been linked to terrorist financing is fraud involving all of the following EXCEPT: a. food stamps b. credit cards c. white collar d. welfare e. coupons

c

9. Multiracial feminism is an intersectional framework that includes such defining social characteristics as all of the following EXCEPT: a. sexuality b. nationality c. geographic region d. class e. race

c

9. Thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of ____________ that individual holds regarding criminal offending. a. pressures b. associations c. moral beliefs d. corrupt values

c

2. ___________ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times. a. onset b. duration c. intensity d. frequency

d

Capital Punishment

extreme form of control

For most of United States history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the

federal government.

wergild

"man money" money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent blood feud

Approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go and must find a place to live?

60 TO 70 PERCENT

Indeterminate Sanctions

Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment?

After prison

Parole

Which of the following actions is NOT recommended by the National Major Gang Task Force to monitor gang members?

isolate gang members for long periods of solitary confinement

What was significant about the Walnut Street jail

it demonstrated all the short comings of early jails and it set the tone for more formal prisons

social control

actions and practices of individuals and institutions, designed to induce conformity with the rules and norms of society

bondsman

an independent business person who produces bail money for a fee, usually 5-10 percent of the total bail amount

34. There are documented connections between terrorist groups and drug trafficking, particularly in reference to smuggling pseudoephedrine. a. True b. False

t

35. The dramatization of evil states that when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize it. a. True b. False

t

36. There is no clear and concise definition of the word terrorism. a. True b. False

t

37. The general public loses more money from price fixing and monopolistic practices and consumer deception than from all property crime. a. True b. False

t

5. Watching violent or pornographic films featuring women who are beaten, raped, or tortured has been linked to sexually aggressive behavior in men.

t

15. ___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement. a. left realism b. peacemaking criminology c. restorative justice perspective d. consensus perspective

b

16. A burglar is caught in the middle of burglarizing a residential home of a well-known area Muslim imam (priest). As the burglar runs from the scene of the crime he yells a racial slur at the home owner. The offender's identity is unknown. Is this a hate crime? a. Yes b. No

b

3. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _______ about the labeling perspective. a. Lemert b. Becker c. Tannenbaum d. Cooley e. Mead

b

A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of____________.

confinement

Equity

A sentencing principle, based on concerns with social equality, that holds that similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity, regardless of the social or personal characteristics of the offenders

Mandatory Sentencing

A structured sentencing scheme that allows no leeway in the nature of the sentence required and under which clearly enumerated punishments are mandated for specific offenses of for habitual offenders convicted of a series of crimes

Educational programs in prison do not include:

FEDERAL FUNDING FOR POST SECONDARY EDUCATION

Rates of HIV infection are higher in __________ prisoners.

FEMALE

Some lower courts have upheld rules in conflict with the ______ Amendment protections because they were the least restrictive method of dealing with an institutional problem.

First

__________ has been described as a "transient state between liberty and recommitment.

REENTRY

Overton v Bazetta

Regulations suspending visiting privileges for two years for those prisoners who have "flunked" two drug tests does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment

Incapacitation

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will commit future offenses

13. Amanda Burgess-Proctor identified the following key conceptual factors that distinguish multiracial feminism from other feminist perspectives EXCEPT: a. avoids placing women as either offenders or victims b. gender relations do not exist in a vacuum c. founded on concept of relationality d. stresses importance of recognizing the ways intersecting systems of power and privilege interact on all social-structural levels

a

13. Rape by someone known to the victim, including family members and friends, is known as: a. acquaintance rape b. date rape c. blitz rape d. association rape

a

14. John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically from the recognition of what type of relationship between the actor and reactor? a. reciprocal b. dissociated c. separate d. independent

a

16. The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that _______________ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime. a. gambling b. lone sharking c. narcotics trafficking d. money laundering

a

20. The most straightforward definition of the term white-collar crime given by Sutherland was in his publication ____________. a. White Collar Crime b. The Consolidation of Gas Companies in Boston c. Encyclopedia of Criminology d. The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists

a

contract labor system

a system under which inmates' labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers that provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution

___________________ refers to any behavior that is sexual in nature and that is directed toward an inmate, employee, official visitor, or agency representative. a. Sexual misconduct b. Sexual assault c. Sexual compliance d. Sexual coercion

a. Sexual misconduct

20. What Amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote? a. 11th b. 15th c. 19th d. 20th

c

Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period

religious groups

Pre sentence investigation

report prepared by a probation officer to assist a judge in sentencing also called a pre sentence report

30. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment. a. True b. False

t

30. The establishment of legally mandated interventions for pregnant women who are addicted to drugs or alcohol is a highly controversial topic. a. True b. False

t

31. The first known terrorist group was the Sicarii, an extremist group of the religious sect of Zealots. a. True b. False

t

33. The term terrorism was initially considered a positive action. a. True b. False

t

34. Early onset offending is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious, violent offending behavior. a. True b. False

t

38. The text states that the general theory of crimes is accepted as one of the most valid theories of crime probably due to its simplicity. a. True b. False

t

38. The two types of research methods have been politicized, deeming one method more scientific than the other. However, overall not one of these methods has been deemed inherently superior to the other in the scientific community. a. True b. False

t

9. Over the past decade, the number of stranger homicides has increased.

t

9. The majority of bias motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a _________ bias. a. religious b. ethnicity/national origin c. sexual-orientation d. racial

d

. Which of the following is an advantage to the families formed by female inmates? a. They relieve the tensions of prison life. b. They assist in the socialization of the new inmate. c. They permit individuals to act according to clearly defined roles and rules. d. all of these

d. all of these

35. Terrorism is often considered a downward crime; these offenses are committed by individuals from a lower social standing. a. True b. False

f

14th amendment

due process and equal protection

Illustrate how the community model reflected the social and political values of the 1960s and 1970s

during the 1960s and 1970s, dissatisfaction with the medical model led to the development of community corrections. Influenced by the civil rights movement, protests against the Vietnam War, and the war on poverty, reformers held that prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop a crime free lifestyle. Offenders should instead reeve opportunities for success in the community and corrections should emphasize the rebuilding of an offender's ties to the community

reformatory

an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentencing, and parole

Collective Behavior

explains how the actions of the individual are transmitted into group actions that can go well beyond what any of the individuals in the group intended.

. Until 1970 most women inmates were housed in the same prisons and treated essentially the same as men. a. True b. False

f

. When their mothers are in prison, most children are placed in foster care. a. True b. False

f

27. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general. a. True b. False

f

27. Some feminists have argued that the life course perspective has provided researchers with a greater understanding of how a woman's offending is influenced by the social conditions of her life as well as by her being a woman in a patriarchal society. a. True b. False

f

28. The Department of Homeland Security is a Cabinet department of the U.S. federal government, established in response to the Oklahoma City bombings. a. True b. False

f

28. The blurred boundaries theory assumes that groups of people are socially situated in relation to other groups of people based on their differences. a. True b. False

f

28. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power. a. True b. False

f

34. Under socialist feminism, class relations are primary with gender relations secondary. a. True b. False

f

35. Liberal feminists maintain, in principle, that sexism is the first, most widespread form of human oppression. a. True b. False

f

39. Along with the dramatization of evil, Tannenbaum argues that acts are inherently good or bad. a. True b. False

f

39. The drug cartels in Mexico are an example of dissident terrorism. a. True b. False

f

39. The social sciences have often placed women and the issues of concern to women at the center of its research. a. True b. False

f

Inmates are in their cells most of the day and are rarely allowed to move across the prison compound.

false

Inmates stay at the prison to which they were originally assigned throughout their entire term of incarceration.

false

Most states do not have a unionized correctional work force

false

Most states have decided against implementing unit management.

false

Positive recognition and good pay have often been the incentives that motivated people to take jobs as correctional officers.

false

Women's prisons have nothing in common with men's prisons.

false

n the past, wardens had many demands on them to be external managers because corrections was of great interest to elected officials, the courts, or the media.

false

The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?

Eighth

People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want:

FOR PEOPLE NOT TO GO TO PRISON

According to the author, A majority of correctional officers are:

FROM RURAL SETTINGS

Inmate labor has been sold to private employers:

FROM THE FIRST DAYS OF PRISON

Prisons and jails have different missions, but there is little difference in the role that correctional officers play in the two types of facilities.

true

Approximately _______ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole

two-third

save money

when prison alternatives are correctly applied to non-prison cases, they cannot ________

military prisons or stockades

operated by the US armed forces - own rules and regulations

Boot camps prisons

short term prison that uses military bootcamps training and discipline techniques to rehabilitate offenders; often used for young offenders

What kinds of offenders are typically given probation?

- As financial costs become more of an issue, probation might be granted in some cases on the grounds that it is cheaper than imprisonment, especially with non-violent and low risk offenders. - In such a case the judge feels confident that granting probation does not jeopardize the safety of the community.

Courts and the Prison Opinions

Inmates are protected by the Constitution. Inmate legal rights are not totally restricted. The rights lost by inmates should be only those consistent with confinement and maintaining institutional safety

What are the criminal justice system goals?

1. Incapacitation 2. Retribution 3. Rehabilitation

Advantages of private probation

1. COST 2. EFFECTIVENESS 3. PUBLIC PERCEPTION

14th Amendment: Due process/Equal Protection

"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

percentage of women in prison with children?

70%

Probation

A chance for offenders to stay out of prison or jail if they promise to be good. It outnumbers parolees, and is a widely used sentencing alternative because it accomplishes several positive outcomes.

True

Death has been a common form of punishment throughout history

Evangelical campaigners

Such as Elizabeth Fry campaigned against the conditions, abuses, lack of discipline and poor hygiene in the institutions, and argued for the creation of a well-ordered prison that was quiet and functional (McGowan, 1995).

Economic Punishment

The galley Workhouses Exile and transportation

Just deserts

A model of criminal sentencing that holds that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed

Marks of commendation system

Inmates could earn release, as well as privileges, goods, and services, with this system

Prisoner education is more available and often times required for which group of offenders?

JUVENILE OFFENDERS

Entryway to

Jails are considered to be the ______ corrections

Hope v. Pelzer

The case that helped set guidelines for what constitutions cruel and unusual punishment in prison and the circumstances under which prison officials are liable

21. The _______________ was formed in 1929 and found that organized criminal activity flourished around bootlegging operations. a. Wickersham Commission b. Chicago Crime Commission c. Kefauver Committee d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement

a

What happened towards the end of the 19th century with prisons?

~Prisons became widely viewed as failing in reforming offenders and the costs of incarceration were increasing. ~Problem of making profit became more pronounced and there was corruption, overcrowding and cruelty became apparent. ~Confinement was seen as bad for health. ~Reports of cruelty from prison guards and concerns about security and control with reported escapes and riots.

Changing role of the prison

~Rusche and Kirchheimer (2005) argued that changing economic conditions during the age of imperialism, together with changing working practices, affected the significance of labour discipline in prison. ~At the same time there was a reorientation of sentencing policy away from strict proportionality as it became increasingly directed towards the rehabilitation of offenders.

In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on

all of these

Intensive supervision probation (ISP) is different from regular probation because

- ISP clients have about four times as much contact with probation officers - clients are more likely to be required to participate in electronic home monitoring and random and/or alcohol testing - have more unannounced job-site or home visits - are more likely to be brought before court for technical violations - are more likely to be required to maintain full-time employment or vocational training, as well as have community-service requirements -curfews are more strict -caseloads or lower

Imprisonment as a method of punishment is a relatively new phenomenon. Why? Provide multiple reasons with theoretical justifications.

- Punishment is a function of society as old as human civilization itself. Our first historical milestone lays with the Code of Hammurabi in 1750 BC in Babylon where they followed a "tooth for tooth" mentality, exclusively referring to the idea of revenge. - After the 15th century, we see the first shift in thinking occur with the rise of the Jacksonian Era where criminals were treated more humanely and placed into a detentive states rather than publicly shamed or beaten. - The next shift occurs with the explosion of thinkers like Cesare Beccaria and John Locke began to question the nature of deviance at its root, focusing less on the wrongdoing and more on the situation surrounding the wrongful act. - Currently, we've experience a grand shift towards the prison system. Currently the U.S. prison system houses around 5% of the world's population. Some compare this to the out of sight out of mind proverb where we simply warehouse mass amounts of people in order to "protect society".

Why is it important to study prisoner reentry? Why has it become increasingly difficult for inmates to successfully transition from prison to free society? Discuss some of the collateral consequences of incarceration and parole release.

- Studying prison reentry tells us how successful the preventative measures we're taking are and have been. - Provides detailed data on which methods work and which don't. - It has been increasingly difficult for reentry based on the social ideology of tough on crime we've been lulled into. - A greater stigma is placed upon those who have been at one point a part of the system. Reasons for increasing difficulty - Parental incarceration leads to bad outcomes which lead to poverty marginality - Extremely expensive to house offenders in prisons and jails. - Public not sympathetic of offenders Consequences - Parole is publicly viewed as soft on crime in some light creating disagreement between the public and the Justice System. - Requires teamwork from not only the offender and the justice system but also the public into which they're being reintegrated.

Determinate sentence

-sentence that fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period -Limits judge discretion -Fixed terms of incarceration not based on inmates but on seriousness of crime

Why have both labor and capital traditionally been opposed to privatization of corrections?

1) Critics of privatization insist that the right and power to punish are exclusively limited to the state. 2) Profiting from corrections reduces the administration of justice to the accumulation of capital at the expense of programmatic and humanitarian ideals. 3) Hiring personnel at lower wages, private prisons assemble correctional staff less experienced than their public counterparts.

Give some arguments supporting private prisons

1. More cheaper to run than government 2. Workers are more easily fired and hired than government workers, can aghast staff size more quickly when needed 3. Stockholders and corporate boards add another layer of review to decision-making

Examine at least three major adjustments that stand as obstacles to successful re-entry

1. Prisonization 2. Weakened social ties 3.Stigmatization

Differentiate probation and parole

1. Probation instead of prison 2. Parole after prison 3. Probation is a sentencing option that allows offenders to be placed under community corrections supervision instead of going to prison 4. Parole is a form of early relase that happens after the offender has served part of the prison sentence

Eight admendment contribution to inmate rights

1. Prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment." 2. Food issues, heating and discipline 3. Capital punishment ??? Cruel and unusual under eight amendment.

Supervision

A form of punishment A form of surveillance Intensive supervision probation is used for dangerous offenders.

Brockway Irish system

At the reformatory in Elmira, NY used a three-grade program in which inmates entered at the second grade. An inmate was promoted to first grade after six months of good behavior or demoted to the third grade if he failed to conform Only those in first grade were eligible for release. An inmate needed a gets kid good marks before being eligible for parole

Hands off Doctrine

Before the 1960s, the courts cultivated a hands-off doctrine toward inmate rights.

Sir Walter Croften

Began the ticket of leave system

Mitigating circumstances

Circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that may be considered to reduce the blameworthiness of the defendant

interconnected

Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are _______, meaning that each process affects another part of the CJ system in some way

What does the punishment paradigm claim?

Crime can be effectively reduced through the increased use of imprisonment but that the use of imprisonment needs to be rationalized in order to reduce costs. ~Consequently, the preferred option for some conservative criminologists is to contract the running of prisons to private operators, or alternatively to build high-tech prisons that rely on new forms of design and surveillance that are able to operate with a reduced number of staff ( Beyens and Snacken, 1996 ; Harding, 1997 ).

What are some criticisms of parole? What are some of the problems with parole boards?

Criticisms 1) Soft on crime 2) Defeated primary purpose of CJ system, community protection. 3) Effectiveness and fairness. 4) Even methodological research has found inconclusive whether or not parole affects recidivism. Problems with Parole 1) High failures rates must be viewed in the light of the lack of sufficient resources allocated to patrol agencies. 2) Lack of resources affects parolees who need services and programs related to substance abuse and unemployment. 3) Prison Overcrowding - As available prison cells become more and more scarce, more inmates are released early to accommodate new admissions. 4) Prisoners kept too long in prison are less likely to succeed on parole.

Boot-camp Prisons

Designed to address a number of issues ... Identity Discipline Cost Punishment In response to recent evidence this is not effective, some states have shut down some of their programs.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that a bona fide occupational qualification prohibiting female correctional officers was allowable because of deplorable prison conditions and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as inmates?

Dothard v. Rawlinson

A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an:

FORMAL ORGANIZATION

For parole to be successful, we must have cooperation from both the inmate and society. What are some things that society can do to help inmates make a successful transition? What are some things that society does to impede this successful transition?

Help - Offer programs that address the needs of the victims and the community as well as the offender. - Design restorative programs for offenders who are to make reparations to the victim. Harm - Growing coercion to insure that offenders cooperate in turn imposes more severe sanctions upon failure to do so. - Paradoxically, restorative justice tends to expand the number of program requirements, thus increasing the likelihood of non-compliance. - Heightened public scrutiny and a demand for offender accountability produces a greater number of revocations.

Comprehensive Crime Control Act

In 1984, the _________ authorized holding allegedly dangerous defendants without bail, for what has become known as preventative detention

Probation

Is a sentencing option that allows offenders to be placed under community corrections supervision instead of going to prison

Probation officers sometimes suffer from a "role conflict" in their jobs. What does this mean and what roles are conflicting? How can this role conflict be reduced?

Officers combine two conflicting professional elements: Law Enforcement and Social Work At the root of the conflict is the assertion that the parole officer's police role undermines the client's willingness to share personal and sensitive information with the officer. Proposals to eliminate such dissonance have suggested that agencies should adopt one goal over the other. Because of the lack of funds allocated, in turn affecting caseload, more money could be directed towards Probation and Parole Officers.

County Sheriffs

Operated as facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails have customarily been run by_________

Wilson v Seiter

Prisoners must not only prove that prison conditions are objectively cruel and unusual, but also show that they exist because of the deliberate indifference of officials

Involves contractual agreements between the state government and companies owned by private individuals Pay chargej probationers a cost of supervision fee that helps offset their personnel costs and overhead (allows agency to make a profit).

Private probation

Research studies find that people on probation are less likely to re-offend than people who are incarcerated. Discuss two competing explanations of this finding. What is selection?

Pro - An inmate released on probation may feel more tied to society, thus less likely to offend out of fear of being ostracized or judged. Con- The pool of offenders sentenced to the alternative are not being drawn from those who otherwise would have gone to jail or prison but from those who otherwise would have been sentenced to a less restrictive punishment.

Gregg v Georgia

Reinstated the death penalty

Which of the following statements suggests prevalence of reasoned staff-inmate culture in a prison?

Staff use agency incentives and disincentives for gaining compliance from inmates.

deprivation model of prisonization

Sykes, inmate culture develops in response to the prison environment

Some Prisons are operated under the direction of:

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

If drug use is roughly comparable across different racial groups, why are there disproportionately more Black and Latino people in prison for drug offending? How is the War on Drugs a War on the Poor?

The drug abuse of the lower class is a symptom of a much deeper problem faced by tens of millions of individuals with blocked opportunities. Much of the time the eager criminal enforcement do not aim for the kingpins yet the poor drug violators who can many times not adequately defend themselves. Many of those drug peddlers are merely excersing one of the few economic options available to them for tangible rewards. By contrast, middle income ;persons with meaningful jobs, intact social ties are less likely to chance incarceration and stigmatization. Also the 100/1 gram crack/cocaine law.

Retribution

The goal of punishment referred to as ______ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished

Incapacitation

The goal of punishment which focuses on physically depriving that individual from committing future crimes is commonly referred to as __________

Prisonization

The interpersonal skills needed to survive in prison are not always conducive to getting along in society.

Anomie - breakdown of control

There is an intensification of a sense of anomie and insecurity amongst prisoners, which allows stronger prisoners to exercise greater control over weaker and more vulnerable prisoners. This scenario is seen as producing the conditions for an increase in the suicides in prison, particularly when those being victimized are isolated ( Leibling, 1992 ). In 2004 the number of suicides in prison in England and Wales was 95, 13 of which were women and five were under 21 years of age. This is the highest number of suicides recorded in one year. .

2. Why is it important to examine the composition of prison admissions and not just the composition of the overall prison population? What is the difference?

While developing or creating an opinion based solely on the observation of the raw data in relation to the number of prisoners in a given prison, focusing on the type of offenses committed and the percentage of inmates incarcerated based categorically, a different picture of the prison system would be painted. In such, we would see that while the number of people incarcerated every year may statistically increase, the crimes for which they are incarcerated are hardly deserving of public stigma as an automatic "criminal". On the contrary violent crime has steadily been declining since the 1990's and a large majority of inmates are locked up for substance and/or other non-violent offenses.

12. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in the following three (3) ways. (Choose the answer below that is not one of the three (3) ways Marxist ideology is incorporated.) a. law is a tool of the ruling class b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie

d

Longer sentences

~Some critics have argued that there is a diminishing effect in extending the length of sentences beyond a certain period of time because individuals' personal time horizons do not allow them to adequately conceptualize the meaning of time beyond a certain number of years in the future ( Cohen and Taylor, 1972 ). ~An equally perplexing question is whether a short period of imprisonment is likely to have any impact on rehabilitation or a greater effect on specific deterrence than a fine or a non-custodial sentence.

Costs within punishment paradigm

~Staff costs account for some 80 per cent of the running costs of the prison and therefore any attempt to significantly reduce overall costs will necessarily involve reducing the number of staff or alternatively reducing the amount that they are paid. ~Another way of reducing costs is to limit the number of training and rehabilitation programmes offered in prison and to keep prisoners locked up in their cells for a greater percentage of their time. Consequently, within this approach there is a tendency towards penal austerity and the warehousing of prisoners.

What does the progressive paradigm highlight about punishment?

~The penalty of imprisonment is the deprivation of liberty for a specified period of time. In that time the aim should be to address the needs of offenders and develop rehabilitative programmes, rather than prisons serving as 'schools of crime', which only serve to release dangerous and disillusioned offenders back into neighbourhoods that already have more than their fair share of problems. ~Rehabilitation, it is argued, offers a humane and effective way to reduce crime and improve the lives of certain groups of offenders.

What is the impact of the segregated nature of prisons (crisis of visibility)?

~The segregated nature of imprisonment and restrictions on entry mean that the day-to-day activities that go on in prison are largely shielded from public view. This, it is argued, provides the conditions for abuse, maltreatment and other excesses within prisons. ~It was not until the late 1980s that television cameras were allowed to film in prisons and different agencies were allowed regular access to certain prisons. ~Consequently, in previous periods prisoners resorted to rooftop protests in order to make themselves visible and to bring attention to their grievances.

The growth of the welfare state

~This occurred at the start of the 20th century and signalled a change in the nature of social control where the aim was to develop more inclusive forms of regulation tied to providing support to individuals and their families principally through the expansion of social work.

According to the 2003 ACA survey, what was the most frequently cited reason for difficulty in recruiting correctional officers?

. noncompetitive compensation

Explain the two ways in which probationers can be released from probation.

1) Probationer successfully and without further instance completes their assigned length of time. Sometimes probationers are released due to exemplary behavior. 2) At times probation is terminated solely as a result of the need to reduce the caseloads of probation officers.

Despite more crowding in prisons in recent years, violence has actually declined. Discuss some strategies that might explain reduced violence in prison.

1) Reduction in overcrowding 2) Administrative focus on staffing officers which can address both individual and collective violence. 3) Better screening of inmates who are more likely to resort to agression or violence. 4) Assign those more prone to violence to higher security prisons. It is argued that rehabilitative ideologies coupled with meaningful programs are more effective and efficient in maintaining order and safety than in the custodial philosophy.

Is the criminal justice system racist? Racial discrimination in sentencing appears to have declined over time. How might race still impact outcomes in the criminal justice system?

1) Some argue that racism occurs during early stages of the CJ process (arrest, prosecution, conviction) 2) Historically the CJ system has engaged in processing disproportionate numbers of minorities and recent immigrants. 3) Today, African Americans are disproportionately represented in prison systems in all states. 4) Racial and Ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the american criminal justice system. 5) Black men are incarcerated at a rate six and a half times higher than his white counterpart. Race may still play a vital role during an early stage in the process that as a result creates a butterfly effect echoing in importance all the way to sentencing.

General functions of correction officers

1. Human services- officers perform a variety of services for inmates as either a formal part of their duties or informal reletionships they develop with inmates 2. Order maintenance- correctional officers maintain the social order in prison by earning the inmates trust and cooperation 3. Security - the focus of security function is to keep the inmate inside the institution 4. Supervision- the physical maintence of the prison is accomplished by correctional officers supervision of inmates

What is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States?

ACA

What is the process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards?

ACA accreditation

The most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections often based on mandatory sentencing, determinate sentencing and truth in sentencing is:

AGING

According to Quinlan, the most important ingredient in managing a safe & secure institution is:

ALL OF THESE

According to the authors, unionization of correctional officers has brought:

ALL OF THESE

As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks which are:

ALL OF THESE

Classification committees often revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assignment inmates. They often recognize which of the following stereotypes:

ALL OF THESE

Classification may occur at which of the following stages?

ALL OF THESE

Recent research has indicated that rehabilitation can work if __________ are/is focused upon.

ALL OF THESE

With the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some believe that offenders have had it too soft, resulting in:

ALL OF THESE

A dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender

According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?

to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials

According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:

They are having their 1st baby

According to the textbook authors, which of the following is NOT true of most pregnant inmates

What is the argument for privatizing corrections? What are the benefits for society? What are the potential costs?

Argument for - Free market with competition for profit lowers costs based on competition - Lowers wages which in turn demand less training, more availability, more low wage jobs Benefits - Cheaper products, more reward less risk (short term) - Universalizes access to certain products not readily available to all prior Potential Costs - Creates institutions like for profit with less governmental oversight and restrictions. - Further divides classes. - Creates conflict and potential class warfare between the have's and have not's.

Bias

Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is more of an opportunity for _______

Understand the contribution of Cesare Beccaria and the classical school

Beccaria applied the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on individual rights, to the practices of the criminal justice system. Beccaria set forth six principles on which his reforms were based. These principles set the foundation for the classical school of criminology.

Outline the problem of bail and list the main alternatives to bail

Being held in bail is damaging to a defendant's life circumstances, as well as being detrimental to his or her chances at trial and sentence. Financial bail systems discriminate against the poor, who constitute the vast majority of jail detainees. Bail alternatives, such as release on recognizance and pretrial diversion, apply to only a portion of those awaiting trial

The prison design most often used for female and juvenile inmates is:

CAMPUS STYLE

At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:

CRIME CONTROL

Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights

Cooper v. Pate

Before there were prisons what were the two main types of punishment?

Corporal and economic

Estelle v Gamble

Deliberate indifference to serious medical needs for prisoners constitutes unnecessary infliction of pain, and violates the 8th Amendment

Syke's 5 pains of imprisonment

Deprivation of liberty Deprivation of goods and services Deprivation of heterosexual relationships Deprivation of autonomy Deprivation of security

Most disturbing pain of imprisonment

Deprivation of security

Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?

Differ Markedly

Cans of tuna

Due to the fact that real money is prohibited in prison and many facilities have become 'non-smoking', _______ have become the new standard form of currency in many prisons

What happened during the Enlightenment? How did views about crime and punishment change? What is utilitarianism? What is deterrence? Why was this goal so revolutionary? What are the assumptions? What is the "panopticon"?

During the enlightenment period, great strides of inspiration clung to newly surfacing ideas which encouraged intellectuals and the curious minded to investigate scientific phenomena methodically and objectively. This was an important divergence in thought as it no longer needed to filter through a religious medium to hold water publicly. As the role of religion became less significant, social and scientific ideas of crime and punishment could now be conceptualized in a secular format. From this we see the birth of the idea of deviance and the role it plays in crime and punishment. Beccaria postulated his theory of deterrence borrowing heavily from the utilitarian perspective by saying that if laws were clearly written and understood, crime would in turn decline. He further stated that certainty and swiftness were much more influential drivers than swiftness when speaking of punishment. Panopticon - also known as the ultimate penitentiary, gave rise to the detention center in which a column in the center of an institution would stand as the lookout, much more able to see what was happening around it.

True

During the retributive era, the primary function of parole moved from treatment to supervision

The community justice strategy of __________ seeks to change places where crime occurs.

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION

Supervison

Each probation system has standard conditions. The probationer must also cooperate with the probation officer and follow all lawful instructions

Age of Reform: 1860-1900

European nations were experimenting with techniques designed to give inmates a better chance at successfully returning to free society on completing the sentence. This new emphasis on social reintegration was called the "Irish System."

Probation

Excluding fines, the most frequently applied form of criminal sanction is ____________

Superman prison

Exetermelt secure type of prison that strictly limits the inmates contact with other inmates, correctional staff and the outside world

jive *****

F - thrives on conflict

According to the authors, in the correctional system women are known as the:

FORGOTTEN OFFENDERS

According to the author, the general rule of architecture, including prisons, is that form follows:

FUNCTION

ACA accreditation is a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff.

False

Most state correctional agencies have a history of collective bargaining that goes back to the late 1800s.

False

True or False, Prison Subcultures has generally stayed the same throughout the years

False, Prison Subcultures change constantly to reflect the concerns and experiences of the wider culture. Prisoners react to new crime-control strategies and embrace new opportunities for crime. • Ex: AIDS epidemic of the 1970s and 1980s > change to avoid infection

Understand important problems and limitations in classifying people under correctional authority

Five main challenges to the classification of correctional clients have been identified: overlap and uncertainty in offender classification, programming, behavioral probabilities, socio political pressures, and distinctions in classification criteria. There are no easy answers to any of these problems, but the success of correctional classification systems depends on minimizing the negative implications of each challenge.

Describe some of the main similarities among and differences between the general population and people who end up under correctional authority

Historical studies of U.S. corrections show that in earlier eras, members of the newest immigrant groups filled the prisons out of proportion to their numbers in the general population. Since the Civil War, African Americans have consistently made up the largest group in southern prisons, but elsewhere the largest group has changed over time: first Germans, Irish, and Italians, and now African Americans and Hispanics. Further, although this idea of ethnic succession is not entirely consistent with recent research, our prisons and jails undeniably hold disproportionate numbers of poor, disadvantaged, and minority citizens

Inmate classification in prison is crucial. What are the two main classification concerns for prison officials? What are some problems with inmate misclassification? What are overclassification and underclassification?

Initial classification - Prisoners first admitted to a correctional system are subject to an initial classification by which they are matched to a facility with an appropriate security level and housing assignment. Reclassification - Adjustments to the inmates classification are made while taking into account rule infraction or any other development that may signal a need for a change in security, custody or programs. Over classification - prisoners are designated to higher security institutions and assigned greater supervision than is warranted. Over classification producers greater expenditure because higher security costs more, and secondly those prisoners are subjected to conditions of confinement that are typically harsher and more restrictive than is necessary to secure them. Under-classification - an error which causes a more violent offender to be placed in a more general holding facility, essentially placing the rest of the population in greater danger than they would be having been over-classified.

What are intermediate sanctions? What purposes do they serve? Name some different types of intermediate sanctions. What are their strengths? Weaknesses? What is "net widening"?

Intermediate sanction - Other alternatives to incarceration such as intensive probation, substantial fines, community service orders, and treatment orders. They serve to close the gap between severity (prisons) and laxity (probation). - Pre-trial diversion - defendants are diverted through programs with no history of criminal offense -Community Service -Day fines and probation fees -Work release -Halfway houses Pros - Less costly than imprisonment, keep people necessarily out of prisons, inadvertently affects those tied to the prison (family, friends, co-workers, other members of society) Cons - Very intensive, could extend the net of criminal justice reach. Net-Widening - term given to the process of administrative or practical changes that result in a greater number of individuals being controlled by the criminal justice system.

List the main issues facing jails today

Jails struggle with the need to provide services to people who are awaiting trial, in part because their stay may be short and they are also not yet convicted of any crimes. Jails also face issues affecting detainees, especially mental health problems, substance abuse, medical problems, and legal needs

__________ are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals and are in direct contact with clients.

LINE PERSONNEL

Prison Gangs

Mexican Mafia La Nuestra Familia Black Guerrilla Family Aryan Brotherhood

British Prisons (1979)

Mike Fitzgerald and Joe Sim argue that there are in fact a series of 'crises' that have become associated with imprisonment and that these involve a crisis of visibility, authority, conditions, containment and legitimacy. The crisis of visibility refers to the limited public access and information regarding the prison system.

In the eyes of prison inmates, what makes an officer "all right" versus an "*******"?

Officers who are worthy of respect by both peers and convicts. They represent the CO role in every facet, that is, they demonstrate excellent skills in exercising the fundamental tenets of prison work. Generally, successful officers are viewed as being fair-minded and mature.

Prison Riots and Violence

On rare occasions, the inmate's frustrations are shared by others, and the institution's authority is seriously challenged. Attica prison riot New Mexico State Penitentiary riot

Why do we have a War on Drugs? Why do we care if people use drugs? What is the underlying theory about the causes of crime and drug use in the current War on Drugs?

Public health generalism finds that consumption of psychoactive substances lead to such problems as increasing costs of health treatment, excessive time taken off work, family problems and shortened life spans. This places more emphasis on the harmfulness of the substance whereas legalism focuses on the social harm inflicted on society.

Over the past 40 years, federal courts, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and affirmative action programs have dramatically changed the __________composition of the correctional officer force

RACIAL AND GENDER

Because of the heinous nature of the crime, several states have sought to enact laws permitting use of the death penalty for adults who _________________.

RAPE A CHILD

The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.

REHABILITATION

. Starting in the 1870s, the _____________________ movement took hold as reformers sought to create separate "feminine" institutions for female offenders to isolate them from the unwholesome conditions of the city.

Reformatory

The ____________ movement advocated for separation for women prisoners from men, differential care, and female staff.

Reformatory

Arguments Against Capital Punishment

Religious considerations Does not deter Unfair application Violation of 8th amendment- Cruel and unusual punishment

Corey Weinstein

SHU confinement is an extreme psychic assault, social isolation and reduced environmental stimulation. this really fractures peoples' minds, causes extreme depression, a lot of aberrant behavior. it leaves them damaged for life. people talk about PSTD, I think of this as a continuous blah blah blah.

Prison subcultures

Serve to establish normative codes amongst inmates, establishing a set of informal rules or an 'inmate code' which sets out how inmates should behave towards each other and the prison authorities (Clemmer, 1940) ~Argued that order is not imposed but negotiated, and that rather the custodians being omnipotent, achieving order is a continuous process of negotiation and struggle (Sykes, 1958).

A constitutional and traditional bulwark of our government is:

THE SEPERATION OF POWERS

Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed when:

THE VICTIM IS WHITE

An institution's main contact with the outside world is:

THE WARDEN

Good time

The amount of time deducted from time to be served in prison on a given sentence as a consequence of good behavior

Risk Management

The goal of ______ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities and maintaining careful surveillance

What is one argument for the re-expansion of the prison?

The increase in incarceration during the 1980s and 1990s was largely the result on the 'war on drugs' that provided the justification for the deployment of harsher policies towards certain types of drug user. ~Michael Tonry (1995) argued the focus on crack cocaine that was the drug of choice amongst poor African-American living in the inner cities of America that fuelled the dramatic expansion in the use of imprisonment, and also resulted in the growing racial disproportionality amongst the prison population. ~Cannot explain growth in prison in European countries.

Restorative

The new goal of punishment which has emerged over the last decade is called ______ justice. This process advocates a type of punishment which is designed to repair losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society

Describe who is in jail and why they are there

There are two kinds of people in jail 1. Those awaiting trial 2. Those serving less than 1 year Jails house mostly young men, particularly young men of color. The majority of those in jail are serving sentences for crimes with the remainder awaiting adjudication charges.

What did Francis Cullen and John Wright (1996) suggest about penal reform?

There are two ways forward: ~One involves the adoption of what they call the 'punishment paradigm', which is associated with conservative criminologists like Charles Murray and John Dilulio. ~The other option they refer to as the 'progressive paradigm', which is associated with a more liberal approach.

Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights.

True

Since the inception of The Prison Litigation Reform Act, it has become more difficult for prisoners to file civil rights law suits.

True

Verification; objectivity

Two techniques that are crucial to enhance the validity and reliability of PSI reports are _____ and ______

We discussed three routes to prison. Which of these three groups of inmates makes up a growing share of prison admissions?

Violent Crimes Property Offenses Drug charges Drug charges account for the highest population increase in prison demographics. Overall the number of sentenced drug offenders increased by 10,800.

Elizabeth Farnham, head matron of the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844, tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and

WAS THWARTED BY THE MALE OVERSEERS AND LEGISLATORS

13. All of the following are considered fundamental rights granted to citizens in the United States EXCEPT: a. right to private records b. right to confront witnesses c. right of access to the courts d. presumption of innocence

a

19. When researching a possible sexual motivation for rape, criminologists have found patterns in the research data indicating: a. Younger rapists may be seeking sexual gratification. b. Older rapists may be seeking sexual gratification. c. Rapists of all ages may be seeking sexual gratification. d. Sexual gratification was not a motivation for rape.

a

29. Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident, can be found is known as: a. child abuse b. elder abuse c. hate crimes d. cruelty to animals

a

how is the head of the state prison system selected for each state?

appointed by governor

Social relationships in women's prisons appear: a. more violent than in male prisons. b. more voluntary than in male prisons. c. more coerced than in male prisons. d. none of these

b. more voluntary than in male prisons.

. Which of the following is NOT one of the four main issues found within female prisons? a. medical services b. suicide rates c. sexual misconduct d. educational and vocational programming

b. suicide rates

17. Statutory rape refers to sexual relations between an adult and a/an: a. elderly woman b. married woman c. underage minor d. nonconsenting adolescent

c

A warden may directly instruct a correctional officer to carry out a function without passing the instruction through correctional supervisors.

false

Federal courts have always been involved in correctional management issues.

false

Post orders and general policies both spell out how to do prison activities.

false

Prison staff are trained to monitor inmates only intermittently so as not to interfere with their privacy.

false

Twenty-five years ago, female officers were not allowed to work in men's prisons.

false

Uniformed staff and professional staff in the prison have interchangeable roles and responsibilities.

false

Wardens report directly to the security supervisors, the chief executive officers responsible for day-to-day prison activities.

false

Women in prisons have always received vocational training in a wide variety of occupations, not just cooking, sewing, and cleaning.

false

According to the text, Every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about

money.

Which of the following is a light-colored background with the outline of the tool painted on it, allowing for a missing tool or knife to be quickly noticed?

shadow board

Giallombardo's roles of adaptation to prison for women

similar to argot roles, many male roles do not translate

Retribution model

style of control in which offenders are punished as severely as possible for a crime in which rehabilitation is not attempted.

15. Most stalking incidents emerge from preexisting relationships and about half emerge specifically from romantic relationships.

t

28. The general theory of crime (or low self-control theory) postulates that individuals are born being predisposed towards selfishness. a. True b. False

t

29. Gender-specific programs target juvenile girls and give females an increased sense of community that has been associated with developing and integrating a healthy identity. a. True b. False

t

33. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior. a. True b. False

t

40. When a researcher uses the sex role approach, it may lead to a form of biological determinism. a. True b. False

t

The growth rate in the number of incarcerated women: a. is well below that of men. b. remains steady. c. exceeds that of men. d. has not been calculated.

v

Recidivism

~Difficult and unreliable measure primarily because the concept of recidivism is conceived as involving at four different processes—reoffending, rearrest, and reconviction and prison re-entry. It is, however, possible that individuals might reoffend without being rearrested or reconvicted. ~Thus the level of recidivism can change depending on which of the four elements are taken as the point of reference. ~At the same time, offenders may commit less serious crimes less often after leaving prison, but they can still count as recidivists and seen as examples of the 'failure' of incarceration.

_______________are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of those areas.

HOT SPOTS

Shock Probation

The offender receives a bogus incarceration sentence. After a few weeks of incarceration, the sentence is converted to probation.

Nutrition

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the most significant problems facing jail inmates today?

jail

a facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods larger than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; sometimes they are part of the state government

direct supervision

a method of correctional supervision in which staff members have direct physical interaction with inmates throughout the day

crime control model of corrections

a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

medical model

a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is cause by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment

community corrections

a model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system

long term prisoner

a person who serves a lengthy period in prison, such as 10 years or more, before his or her first release

therapeutic justice

a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being more rehabilitative

14. In a study conducted surveying criminologists, life-course/developmental theory was ranked number 2 after what other theory? a. social bonds theory b. techniques of neutralization theory c. social learning theory d. rational choice theory

c

22. Turk's ___________ (the process of being labeled a criminal) occurs through the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate the law. a. consensus theory b. labeling theory c. theory of criminalization d. conflict theory

c

15. All of the following are considered personality traits within low self-control EXCEPT: a. quick temper b. risk taking c. short-term orientation d. empathy

d

18. All of the following are criminal penalties for RICO (Racketeer Influences and Corrupt Organizations) violations EXCEPT: a. forfeiture of any interest obtained or maintained in the course of state violations b. fine of no more than $25,000 c. prison term of no more than 20 years d. restitution payments of no more than $25,000

d

18. The predominant form of terrorism for the past several decades is __________. a. dissident terrorism b. criminal terrorism c. state-sponsored terrorism d. religious terrorism

d

2. All of the following are terms that are typically used synonymously with white-collar crime EXCEPT: a. suite crime b. occupational crime c. upperworld crime d. industrial crime e. corporate crime

d

2. __________ pertains to behaviors and attitudes toward certain individuals that treat them as though they are on a pedestal. a. gender b. patriarchy c. paternalism d. chivalry e. sex

d

21. Studies have shown a link between childhood exposure to domestic violence and violent offending at older ages. This is called: a. reaction cycle b. circle of abuse c. feedback loop d. cycle of violence

d

29. Non-symbolic interaction occurs when individuals interpret each other's gestures and act based on the meaning of those gestures. a. True b. False

f

29. The development of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) made it a felony to cause the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws. a. True b. False

f

29. The longitudinal Rochester Youth Development Study tested Thornberry's model and found no support for the interactional model. a. True b. False

f

30. White-collar crime is a new type of crime that has only recently been created. a. True b. False

f

31. Lead has not shown a causal connection to persistent criminality. a. True b. False

f

37. Censorship refers to whether media coverage of a terrorist incident inspires more terrorism. a. True b. False

f

38. The concept of pollution was acknowledged early on and was considered a huge problem for many areas. a. True b. False

f

constitution

fundamental law contained in a state or federal document that provides a design of government and lists basic rights of individuals

Which of the following steps was NOT taken by Zebulon Brockway while introducing reforms for female prisoners?

getting electronic detection devices installed to reduce escape attempts

widening the net

increasing the scope of corrections by applying a diversion program to people charged with offenses less serious than those of the people the program was originally intended to serve

When we talk about characteristics associated with criminal offenders, we can conclude that

it is difficult (if not impossible) to make any general statements about criminal offenders.

statute

law created by the people's elected representatives in legislatures

case law

legal rules produced by judges' decisions

Who is responsible for an area of the prison, such as recreation or the SHU?

lieutenants

Intermediate sanctions

penalties that are more severe than probation but less severe than incarceration

general deterrence

punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others.

Which of the following is done at any time, freezing inmates at whatever location they are in?

random count

Which of the following is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about use of narcotics by prison inmates?

random drug testing

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight main types of activities that contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison?

reduction of muscle-building exercise, particularly weightlifting

What do Fitzgerald and Sim instead highlight?

~An underlying crisis, which 'reveals the essential bankruptcy of penal policy' and which 'transcends the prisons walls' (1979: 24). This involves what they refer to as the 'crisis of legitimacy' involving external processes and wider dimensions of politics and power. The prison, the authors argue, suffers from two fundamental flaws.

How is order and control maintained in prisons?

~Labour ~Space ~Time

Types of corporal punishment

torture, flogging, branding, mutilation, humiliation, shock death

What are correctional services departments sometimes called?

uniformed staff

female prisons don't have as much...

violence, racial tension, this is currently changing

Reasons for private prisons

1. money 2. better empolyee control 3. Flexibility and accountability

4. Thornberry combined _________ and _________ models when developing interactional model. Page 324; Bloom's Taxonomy: comprehension a. social control; social learning b. routine activities; social learning c. social control; rational choice d. routine activities; social control

a

Intensive supervision probation

Form of supervision that requires frequent meetings between the client and probation officer

5. The Declaration of Sentiments stressed the need for reforms in all of the following EXCEPT: a. employment b. child custody laws c. divorce d. property

a

mentally ill offender

a "disturbed" person whose criminal behavior may be traced to diminished or otherwise abnormal capacity to think or reason, as a result of psychological or neurological disturbance

fee system

a system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid each day per prisoner held

15. Date rape, statutory rape, and marital rape are subcategories of: a. familial sexual assault b. acquaintance rape c. intrafamilial sexual assault d. serial rape

b

lease system

a system under which inmates were released to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as field laborers

Pregnancy in prison

4 to 5 women are pregnant when they enter prison or jail

multijurisdictional or regional jail

aimed at pooling resources and reducing costs - difficult for families to visit, attorneys, etc

One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to:

all of these

Whitley v Albers

an innocent prisoner mistakenly shot in the leg during a disturbance does not suffer cruel and unusual punishment if the action was take in good faith to maintain discipline rather than for the mere purpose of causing harm

penitentiary

an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation

At what point in the staff-inmate culture continuum does staff demand compliance from inmates through threats and intimidation?

authoritarian

Which best describes the culture of Stateville Penitentiary under Warden Joseph Ragen?

autocratic

Approximately what percentage of female inmates are mothers?

65

Discuss the elements of the Cincinnati Declaration

A Declaration of Principles was adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association, held in Cincinnati. The declaration stated that prisons should be organized to encourage reformation, rewarding it with release. It advocated indeterminate sentences and the classification of prisoners based on character and improvement. The reformers viewed the penitentiary practices of the 19th century as debasing, humiliating, and destructive of inmates' initiative

Presumptive sentencing

A model of criminal punishment that meets the following conditions: 1. the appropriate sentence for an offender convicted of a specific charge is presumed to fall within a range of sentences authorized by sentencing guidelines that are adopted by a legislatively created sentencing body usually a sentencing commission 2. Sentencing judges are expected to sentence within the range or to provide written justification for failing to do so 3. There is a mechanism for review, usually appellate, of any departure from the guidelines

Restricting access to public libraries

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an "invisible punishment"?

Self-Respect

According to your authors, proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack ________

The treatment program that has consistently proven to be successful for the alcohol abuser in general population but less successful for those in the correctional population is

Alcoholics Anonymous.

Critically assess the future of the jail

Although jails are an expensive part of local government budgets, they are widely neglected by scholars and officials, and the public knows little about them. The prospects of jails are looking up, though, owing to extensive efforts to renovate old jails and build new ones, and to design these replacements in ways that offer better service and improved security

The adaptive role within prison where inmates see the period in prison as a temporary break in their criminal careers is known as: When an inmate views his/her incarceration as a temporary break in their criminal career, their adaptive role is known as:

DOING TIME

Parole

Differences between parole & probation Probation instead, parole after Governing authority Parolees & probationers are different Probation & parole officers have different jobs

Describe some of the duties of probation departments. Discuss some of the challenges facing probation departments. For example, why is the public suspicious of probation? Duties of Probation Departments

Duties of Probation Departments 1) Probation officers conduct an in-depth interview with the defendant. 2) Probation officer check court records to determine the outcome of any arrest. 3) A summary of a psychiatric or psychological examination. Pre-sentence Investigation - allows the courts to determine which offenders are suitable candidates to serve their sentences in the community. The PSI report facilitates 1) The court with additional background information about the offender so the appropriate sentencing can be made. 2) The supervision and treatment of the offender, addressing problem areas such as substance abuse, emotional instability, family discord, unemployment, and deficiencies in education. Challenges/Criticism 1) PSI report is criticized due to the sometimes disproportionate weight given to probation officer opinion, excluding other information 2) Probation officers sometimes overlook conduct violating conditions of probation due to their tremendous discretion 3) Budgetary restraints 4) Enormous Caseloads 5) Failure to offer a clearly defined mission Public suspicious of Probation - Feel as though it's soft on crime. - Not very sympathetic of offenders.

1. Feminists of the second wave of feminism argued that to be fully liberated, women needed to have all of the following EXCEPT: a. equal access to economic opportunities b. freedom of conscience c. sexual freedoms d. civil liberties

b

Discuss the work of John Howard and its influence on correctional reform

Howard investigated conditions in European prisons and jails. He was shocked by what he found in English correctional facilities. He rallied legislative interest in reform and was a major proponent of the penitentiary. Parliament passed the Penitentiary Act of 1779 based on Howard's principles: 1. Secure and sanitary structure 2. Systematic inspections 3. Abolition of fees 4. Reformatory regimen

Alexander Maconochie

Imposed a system based on two fundamental beliefs: 1. Brutality and cruelty debase not only the subject but also the society that deliberately uses or tolerates them for purposes of social control 2. The treatment of a wrongdoer during his sentence of imprisonment should be designed to make him fit to be released into society again, purged of the tendencies that led him to his offense, and strengthened in his ability to withstand temptation again.

11. At Sutherland's first presentation of the concept of white-collar crime, he presented all of the following cases as examples EXCEPT: a. OSHA inspectors finding 83,600 violations in 40,000 inspections b. Al Capone's racketeering cases c. false claims of some of Hearst's publications (Good Housekeeping) d. Federal Trade Commission investigations of automobile companies falsely advertising low-interest-rate loans

a

What does Rothman argue about the history of prison?

It is a Utopian and benevolent idea to improve society. Based on the ideas of classicism - need for better punishments to reform prisoners and to deter crime. ~There was a worry over social control due to mobility and industrialisation leading to low SC in cities. So there were calls for the state to compensate - using militarised guns to control leading to greater governance.

22. The term terrorism originated from the French phrase meaning ________ that prevailed during the French Revolution. a. reign of terror b. revolution of panic c. terror organization d. institution of fear

a

What is meant by the "stick and carrot" approach to prison enforcement? What is overenforcement and underenforcement and why are they both problematic? What is a "corrupt alliance"? Why must officers be flexible in enforcement?

It is meant to exemplify that cooperation is achieved through both reciprocity and default. Over-enforcement - Some officers enfoce rules strictly "by the book", writing up every inmate for the most minor infractions. Such practices are obviously resented and can create a dangerous process of retribution. Also, correctional officers are closely scrutinized by their colleagues, hard liners do not earn much respect from their operational peers or supervisors. Under-enforcement - Officers who rarely take any formal action at all. Such officers may be intimidated by fear or overly sympathetic. Some inmates adversely take advantage of this laissez-faire style and manipulate staff to see how much they can get away with. Corrupt alliance - the working relationship that occurs when minor violations are overlooked in an implicit "bargain" with inmates to comply with major regulations. Ultimately, the enforcement of discipline must be reasonable, steering a middle course between severity and laxity, and neither ignoring nor over-enforcing the rules.

Understand how the criminal justice system operates as a large selection process to determine who ends up in the corrections system

It operates as a large offender-selection bureaucracy. At each stage, some defendants are sent on to the next stage,while others are either released or processed under charged conditions. Note that few suspects who are arrested are then prosecuted, tried, and convicted. Some go free because the police decide that a crime has not been committed or the evidence is not sound. The prosecutor may decide that justice would be better served by sending the suspect to a substance abuse clinic. Many defendants will plead guilty, the judge may dismiss charges against others, and the jury may acquit a few defendants. Thus, the criminal justice system is often described as a filtering process or funnel- many cases enter it, but only a few result in conviction and punishment

What are the two main functions of jails (i.e., who are the two main kinds of people in jail?)?

Jails house the two types of lower class individuals as a form of social control 1) The working poor 2) Underclass (Rabble)

What is parole? The primary objective of parole is to reduce recidivism. What are some other objectives?

Parole - Conditional release of a prisoner after serving a portion of his/her sentence in a correctional institution. Objectives - More fluent reintegration into society through maintenance and support. - Offenders are helped out by given employment which would otherwise be scarce and difficult to achieve. - Provides support groups for offenders with substance abuse problems where they wouldn't otherwise be exposed to them.

What is "penal populism"? What is meant by "governing through crime"?

Penal populism is the process by which competing political parties compete to be tougher on crime than the other. This usually reflects a distrust or loss of in a governing body's ability to keep crime under control and place more criminals into prison where they belong. Despite evidence that such punitive campaigns fail to protect society, the process of scapegoating unpopular people still delivers psychic relief for those who feel wronged. Governing through crime refers to the rise of a governmental organization fueled by the existence of crime who paradoxically seeks to rid said crime.

23. All of the following are considered one of the four (4) common categories of users of Internet child pornography EXCEPT: a. individuals who are not impulsive or curious b. individual who encourage prevailing or developing sexual interests in children c. individuals who are involved in child pornography for nonsexual reasons d. individuals who communicate with other sexual offenders who use child pornography as a broader pattern of offending

a

Space

Prisoners are controlled through spatial segregation and by the organised distribution of bodies so that forms of congregation are limited. ~High walls and continuous surveillance also make escape difficult. For those who try to escape, solitary confinement has been used historically as a form of punishment.

Intensive-Supervision Probation

Probation officers assigned to the most problematic offenders have small caseloads and more frequent contact with clients.

Many people argue that rehabilitation programs for offenders are a waste of time. What do we know about the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs? What are some of the shortcomings of prior studies that evaluate the effectiveness of programs? What are some of the factors associated with program success?

Successes - It works to alleviate jail and prison overcrowding. - Less costly than incarceration. - Programs like dispute resolution and restitution help to humanize the CJ process but work to hold offenders accountable for their actions in the eyes of the victims. - Restorative Justice acknowledges the harm that crime has not only on people but also on the communities. Shortcomings - Relies on coercion of involvement by offenders, paradoxically administering harsher penalties upon non-conformance. - Offenders lose certain rights and privileges they are granted through the current adversarial process. - Offenders subject to greater levels of supervision. Measurement Factors - Recidivism rate - Maintenance of post-incarceration employment - Successful reintegration into society.

If a shakedown were to occur in a prison, who would give the directive?

THE WARDEN

23. All of the following committed at an early age can be considered "red-flags" for determining the likelihood of an individual becoming a chronic offender EXCEPT: a. history of delinquency b. fire-setting c. cruelty to animals d. history of bed wetting

a

Who is in control of prisons? What is informal social control and why is it important for maintaining prison order? What is participatory management and what are its goals for prison management?

The federal Bureau of Prisons operates the federal prison system, administrated by the US Department of Justice. Currently there are 100 federal correctional facilities. Once sentenced, US marshalls is responsible for transporting the sentenced to their respective institutions. State Prisons are operated by state officials, usually under the direction of a state commissioner who selects the wardens or superintendents. Informal social control - the self imposed controls that inmates exert over each other, apart from official sanctions. It is instrumental is having a self sufficient prison body that is maintained with as little disturbance as possible. Participatory management - A decentralized approach whereby decision making involves those affected by the outcome, to promote their commitment. This is important in that if the inmates feel as though they are always told what to do or think they are more like to rebel whereas if they feel as though the idea was their own, they'll be more likely to support and see the process through.

offender

The goal of rehabilitation is orientated mainly toward the _____ and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime

Cohen, 1985

The growing emphasis on trying to address problems in the community represented a shift in the form of regulation and a consequent expansion of inclusive forms of social control. ~The prison with its emphasis on exclusion became less prominent and its use more restricted, and increasingly came to operate as a back-up sanction.

Victim-impact statement

The in court use of victim or survivor-supplied information by sentencing authorities seeking to make an informed sentencing decision

What are the key indicators of breakdown of order in prison?

The key indicators of breakdown of order in prisons are riots and disturbances. The distinction between riots and disturbances is that riots involve collective actions that aim to take control of the whole or part of the prison while disturbances tend to involve more localized and short-lived disruptions.

1. Violence acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are known as: a. instrumental violence b. expressive violence c. rational violence d. irrational violence

b

Investigation

The most time-consuming and significant report that the probation officer writes is the pre-sentence investigation

Distinguish the basic assumptions of the penitentiary systems of Pennsylvania and New York

The penitentiary ideal, first incorporated in Pennsylvania, emphasized the concept of separate confinement. Inmates were held in isolation, spending their time at craft work and considering their transgressions. In the New York congregate system, inmates were held in isolation but worked together during the day under a rule of silence

Weakened Social Ties

The world that the inmate left behind is not the same as the one he or she returns to.

According to Goffman, what happens when you are committed?

There is a change of culture for the people who go there. Uses the idea of 'moral careers' to show the changes in sense of self when committed. ~This is due to the fact that there are changes in how they are treated and they are labelled. ~Lose old roles in society, 'brother', 'mother'. Lose their rights, their possessions are taken away, hair is shaved - they lose their identity. Leads to 'mortification of self' - death of self

25. Welfare liberal feminists favor government involvement in providing citizens, particularly underprivileged individuals, with all of the following EXCEPT: a. food and water b. housing c. social security d. health care e. education

a

According to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. Which of the following has been identified as a problem with this offender?

They are extremely difficult to rehabilitate.

Hope v. Pelzer

This cased helped set guidelines for what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in prison and the circumstances under which prison official are liable

Atkins v. Virginia

This decision established limits for the execution of the intellectually disabled

25. Within the religious bias grouping of motivation categories, the majority of crimes were against what religion? a. Jewish b. Muslim c. Christian d. Buddhist

a

25. _________ made a significant contribution to the labeling perspective by distinguishing between primary and secondary deviance. a. Lemert b. Tannenbaum c. Cooley d. Mead

a

31. Even Sutherland appears to lack confidence in what white-collar crime means as evidenced by his inclusion of the word 'approximately' in his loose definition. a. True b. False

a

5. What is a total institution? Give some characteristics of a total institution. What is desocialization? What are the 5 "pains of imprisonment" we discussed in class? Each physical deprivation has an associated psychological pains. Discuss.

Total institution - places of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life". Governed by a single authority situated within a strict heirarchy. They feature an inflexible chain of command and communication channels flow only downward. Deprivation of liberty - restricting an individuals physical movement by way of seclusion Deprivation of goods and services - the lack of possessing something leads to feelings of inadequacy. Deprivation of heterosexual relationships - convicts seek other means of sexual gratification. Deprivation of autonomy - inmates must eat, sleep, work, attend programs and recreate according to a rigid institutionalized regiment. Inmates feel not as an individual. Deprivation of security - they must live with other inmates, thus the worst part of the prison experience.

Explain the role of the US Supreme Court in interpreting correctional law

Traditionally, the US Supreme Court maintained a hands-off policy with corrections. Because prisoners were viewed as not having rights, judges did not interfere with prison operations. In the 1960s, however, this policy was abandoned, and the Court issues a series of decisions that broadly outlined the rights of prisoners, including providing inmates with access to federal courts to sue prison officials for denying them basic rights. Today's Court, is comparatively less active in correctional matters, but it occasionally rules on cases to clarify issues in the correctional settings.

The case of Wolff v. McDonnell showed that the court was extending the due process rights for prisoners in certain aspects.

True

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection.

True

32. Which is an inaccurate statement pertaining to spousal abuse. a. Police departments report that 10 to 20 percent of evening calls involve domestic disputes. b. Twenty to forty percent of females experience violence while dating. c. Some males believe that society approves of spouse abuse. d. Obsession with a wife's behavior, however trivial, can result in violent assaults.

a

1. Who coined the term white-collar crime and is considered the most prominent criminologist of the 20th century? a. Hirschi b. Sutherland c. Clinard & Yeager d. Lombroso

b

To deal with the growing problem of sexual abuse in prisons, many states have enacted ___________ that prohibit sexual relations with correctional clients.

_Statutes_

was the first person to advocate for changes in the treatment of sentenced women and children.

___Elizabeth Gurney Fry

Deterrence

______ is a goal of punishment which focuses on the notion that both an individual and society as a whole can be discouraged from committing similar crimes through the effective use of certain types of punishments

federalism

______ is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between one national government and multiple state governments

Preventive Detention

_______ refers to a type of jail confinement in which the accused is locked up in order to protect the community from the potential crimes the accused may commit if released before trial

Direct

_______ supervision is a method of correctional management in which staff members have direct physical contact with inmates throughout the day

Mandatory

________ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of offenders, including violent and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders

Trenton State Prison (NJ)

________, the oldest prison in America, was built in 1798 and still houses inmates today

Incarceration

__________ remains the standard punishment for people who commit serious crimes

Supermax Prisons

is based on the federal penitentiary at Marion, Illinois which the Bureau of Prisons opened in 1969.

regulations

legal rules, usually set by an agency of the executive branch, designed to implement in detail the policies of that agency

During the last 25 years the Supreme Court has been __________ prisoners' rights.

less supportive of

27. Adolescence-limited offenders make up most of the general public. a. True b. False

t

Compare and contrast 3 schools of thought on drug-control policy. What are the differences between the legal, public health, and cost-benefit perspectives? What is harm reduction?

1) Public health generalism - finds that the consumption of psychoactive substances leads to such problems as time taken off work, shortened life spans, etc. 2) Legalism - focuses not on the personal harm suffered by the individual, but on the social harm inflicted on society. 3) Cost-benefit specificism - supports the idea that the formulation of drug policy involves balancing both the costs of abuse and the likelihood of reducing them by legal prohibition. 4. Describe 4 ways to control drugs. What's the difference between a supply-side and demand-side approach? Which works best? What's the difference between decriminalization and legalization?

Disadvantages of private probation

1. Staff qualifications 2. Profit motive 3. Ethical concerns 4. Social class bias

The decision when to grant parole is based on three consulting principles

1. The political issue of how much time the offender should spend in prison to satisfy the public demand for retribution and punishment 2. The rehabilitation issue 3. Driving the parole decision is the limited number of prison beds

Goal of court proceedings

1. To determine defendants guilt or innoncence 2. Judge has little discretion. Judge postpones the sentencing while probation conducts pre-sentence investigation

3 characteristics of prisonization

1. accepting an inferior role upon entering prison 2. learning the ways and means of the prison 3. learning new habits of daily existence (altered eating and sleeping etc.)

Issues bootcamp prisons effect

1. identity 2.discipline 3. cost 4. punishment

Who are in women's prisons? How are the characteristics of these women similar to those of their male counterparts? How are they different? How might the "pains of imprisonment" be greater for women than men?

32% Violent Crimes (historically) 9.5% Murder 30% Property Crimes 9% Larceny 28% Drug Offenses They are quite similar to their male counterparts, men being imprisoned more for violent crimes 50% 40% admitted to having full time employment prior 33% of women said a drug offense brought them to prison Women are more subject to abuse by male officers which is further perpetuated when an inmate speaks out against an officer and he is protected by the legal unions.

how many county jails are there?

3300

Death penalty laws

36 states have lethal injection 16 states have alternative method 9 states authorized electrocution 3 states lethal gas 2 states firing squad

Strove for equality in all matters

Between 1200 and 1827, English common law _______

Outline the problem of jail administration

Jail administrators are legally liable for their treatment of people incarcerated in their facility. They must meet certain written standards, even if their facility lacks sufficient finds to meet them.Because jails often pay their employees less than do other justice related institutions, recruiting and retaining high quality personnel remains difficult. Finally, jail crowding and outmoded jail facilities make maintaining good programs extremely difficult

Which administrative function is NOT a typical responsibility of the central organization of a correctional agency?

Labor contract negotiation

What is probation? Why do we have probation? That is, what are its goals?

Probation - the imposition of a sentence whereby the offender is permitted to remain in the community but is subjected to supervision and/or other conditions mandated by the courts. Probation emerged as a judicial reprieve from sentencing, giving judges the ability to alternatively punish many non-violent and non-deserving offenders. In theory, probation offers the offender an opportunity to rehabilitate themselves. The ideals of probation surfaced as a result of the progressive era of corrections in the 1870's.

How does the judge view probation

Probation allows the judge to impose a sentence that is less expensive than prison and to some degree at least, satisfies victims and other citizens that the offender did not escape punishment

Debate the pros and cons of privatizing corrections? What does it mean te o privatize gains and socialize losses?

Pros - Privatization has been shown to be an effective way to administer other public services. - Private prisons save costs. - Greater drug misconduct inside Governental prisons. Cons - Right to power is an exclusive state right. - Profiting from corrections reduces the administration of justice to the accumulation of capital at the expense of programmatic and humanitarian ideals. - Hiring personnel at lower wages, private prisons assemble correctional staff less experienced than their public counterparts. Privatize Gains and Socialize Losses - Businesses and individuals can successfully benefit from any and all profits related to their line of business, but avoid losses by having those losses paid for by society. - Privatizing profits and socializing losses suggests that when large losses occur for speculators or businesses, they are able to successfully lobby government for aide rather than face the consequences of said losses.

Prisons are desgined to

Punish offender by depriving them of good and services, reletuoship with others and although unintentionally, their physical security

__________ seeks to reestablish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event. -

RESTORITIVE JUSTICE

In which case was it ruled that offenders can not receive the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of the crime?

ROPER V. SIMMONS

11. Socialists feminism attempts to synthesize __________ and ________ feminism. a. Marxist; liberal b. radical; Marxist c. conservative; liberal d. postmodern; radical e. conservative; postmodern

b

14. _________ refers not just to consciousness raising but also to the establishment of alternative arrangements that will provide models for change, which then change consciousness. a. piety b. praxis c. patriarchy d. relationality

b

12. When an individual becomes caught in a vicious cycle of criminality, according to Thornberry, this is called: a. circle of abuse b. cycle of violence c. feedback loop d. reaction circle

c

12. ___________ typically collects data, usually though interviews, at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual's life and life experiences. a. qualitative research b. life course research c. pathways research d. quantitative research

c

10. Second-degree murder requires the killer to have malice aforethought, premeditation, and deliberation.

f

13. The U.S. Supreme Court in upholding a Virginia statute held that the act of cross-burning is a form of free speech that does not constitute a hate crime.

f

29. The punishment for arson of a church can vary from one (1) year imprisonment and a fine to death. a. True b. False

t

30. A major criticism of this convention was that the focus was primarily on white, upper-class women. a. True b. False

t

38. Working-class parents in an unstable work-place setting tend to enforce an uneven and erratic family control structure that fluctuates between being lax and highly punitive. a. True b. False

t

6. Feminists suggest that as the nation moves toward gender equality, there may be an immediate increase in rape rates because of increased threats to male virility and dominance.

t

7. Most states and the federal government have developed shield laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case.

t

In the early 1800s, reformers began to press for separate confinement facilities and programs for female offenders. a. True b. False

t

Sarah Doremus and Abby Gibbons formed the Women's Prison Association in New York to improve living conditions for female offenders. a. True b. False

t

totality of conditions

the aggregate of circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the 8th Amendment, even though such guarantees are not violated by any single condition in the institution

How many prisoners were in overcrowded accommodation?

the poor and in some cases the deteriorating conditions in a number of prisons. Many of the remand prisons in England and Wales, for example, were built in the Victorian era and are in a poor state of repair. In these prisons and elsewhere in the prison system the level of overcrowding has become a major point of concern as prison populations increase.

Correctional officers assigned to housing units have post order requirements to search a certain number of cells every day, and teams of staff may be assigned to an area for a complete search.

true

Investigations of inmate riots and disturbances have discovered that most are not planned or precisely initiated by inmate leaders.

true

Open prison systems do not permit autonomous wardens who run their prisons as they desire and answer to no one.

true

Prison work and program assignments are an important part of the normal routine of the prison day.

true

argot -

type of language that develops among inmates, like slang but more distinctive

What is the level of crime influenced by?

~A range of social and economic factors that operate independently of imprisonment and other forms of punishment. The available evidence suggests that while the increased use of imprisonment may convey a significant message about 'getting tough' on crime that the impact of imprisonment on what are generally considered to be the most serious crimes—murder, violence, rape and sexual offences—appears to be limited. ~If a deterrent effect is in operation it is more likely to be effective in relation to the prospective offenders' assessment of their likelihood of being caught, rather than the nature and severity of the available sanctions ( Currie, 1998 ).

Incentives and discipline

~All prison regimes employ some version of a 'stick and carrot' approach which includes a loo of privileges, on one hand to being given more attractive forms of work, increased visits and other 'perks' on the other. ~Of particular significance in relation to good behaviour is the issue of early release based on assessment of 'good behaviour'. ~Prison departments deal with problems of order in prisons by identifying 'troublemakers' in certain prisons on the basis of risk-assessments and transferring them to other prisons.

pseudofamilies in female prisons

• women adopt male and female family roles • not seen in male facilities • husband, wife, cousins, aunts etc o cross racial lines o independent of sexual preference • sometimes a part, sometimes not o most only do it during the duration of the sentence • seen to be in response to stress from familial separation

Fourteenth amendment to inmate rights

1. Due loves j's granted to citizens by the constitution is also applicable to the states 2. Due to concept of incorporation states cannot restrict rights granted by the federal government 3. Wolff v Mcdonell = inmates are allowed some level of due process 4. Equal protection clause Help defined inmates rights 5. Individuals cannot be treated differently based on their race or be because they are male or female. 6. Discrimination is not prohibited in the correctional institution

Pseudofamiles in women prisons

1. Female inmates are concerned with forming reletionships with each other and the staff. Women inmates have formed pseudofamilies, in which there were two parental figures eithe mother and father or mother and mother who are typically older experienced inmates and so on. 2. Try to live in the same housing areas, work the same jobs, eat together and recreate together 3. This arrangement is disappearing due to changing inmate population, the nature of the offense, sentence lengths and increased access to actual family members

What are the 2 structures of Prison Life

1. Formal/Official Structure • Run by the institution with formal rules and structure. 2. Informal/Unofficial Structure • The structure within the prison and the inmates • This is what leads to the prison subculture.

Reasons against private prisons

1. Money 2. Labor 3. Control

how many inmates in federal system?

150,000

Men between which ages are more prone to violence?

16-24

The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the:

1990S

In England, how much did the prison population fall by?

33,000 in 1880 to 14,000 by 1931.

Describe the "broken windows" theory of crime and how this theory can be used to help reduce crime? What is an alternative explanation for the relationship between broken windows and crime?

Broken Windows Theory - Criminological theory of the effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. - The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. Alternative Theory - Collective Efficacy - Cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space determine the real relationship between social order and deviance.

Compare and contrast the medical and justice models of criminal justice policy making. Explain how the shift to fixed sentencing reform took place. That is, how did we get from a medical or treatment model of sentencing to a justice model of sentencing? And, is the justice model of sentencing that we have today what the original sentencing reformers actually had in mind? How is it different? What is cooptation?

In the 60's and 70's a large disparity in sentencing was beginning to take shape. That is, there was no guarantee on how long or severe a sentence would be solely based on the facts of the crime. As a result, there was much conflict arising regarding the fairness of indeterminate sentencing. Along with this surfaced a new idea of legal equality, begging to implement a fairer, more universal system, which came to be the justice model of sentencing. Our current model falls short of the left winged original plan which emphasized a laxation on crime and a focus on the details of the act itself. Today we live in a rigid yet forgiving system where majoritarily we have a "tough on crime" mentality yet still have rehabilitative and medical tendencies pertaining to crime. Cooptation - refers to the purchasing of an institution by a private organization where one business entity can profit from imprisonment.

Investigation

Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: ______ and supervision

How are parole and probation the same? How are they different?

Similarities - They both promote good behavior and a more successful and fluent return to normal society. - Treat and reform offenders - Attempt to rehabilitate - Save money versus incarceration Differences - Probation is given in lieu of incarceration, parole is post incarceration. - Some probationers are not required to maintain constant contact with the justice system depending on their situation.

Overall, women and men were subject to the same penalties in preindustrial societies. However, women often suffered additional burdens relative to men in terms of the offenses that they could be punished for and the conditions under which they were incapacitated. Discuss these additional burdens.

Women engaging in deviant or criminal behavior were viewed as more depraved and morally corrupt. Women accused of adultery or openly criticizing men were subjected to punishments specifically designated for women. (The Brank or the ducking stool). Likewise men could be punished for not keeping their wives in check, a humiliating spectacle which reinforced than men dominated society. In the early 1800's female inmates were subject to horrific physical and sexual abuse by male convicts due to the lack of segregation of the two genders.

4. ___________ involves terrorist activities against the government that are committed by rebellious groups. a. dissident terrorism b. criminal terrorism c. state-sponsored terrorism d. religious terrorism

a

8. Assigning special caseworkers for high-risk pregnancies, such as those involving _________, is another possible policy implication related to developmental theories. a. low birth weight b. C-section births c. fibromyalgia d. breech births

a

9. All of the following are considered physical costs of white-collar crime EXCEPT: a. price fixing b. environmental pollution c. occupational illnesses d. falsely prescribed or marketed pharmaceutical drugs

a

Whats the advantage of cheap or free labor?

a competitive advantage

separate confinement

a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates with all activities, including craft work, carried on in the cells

punks

are "made" homosexual by stronger inmates

Fitzgerald and Sim (1979)

argue that the 'crisis' facing the prison system goes far beyond the internal problems facing the prison system. For Fitzgerald and Sim, resolving the specific crises of visibility, authority, containment and conditions would—even if it were possible—not entirely solve the crisis of imprisonment because there is, they argue, 'no evidence to suggest that if we had a hygienic, clean, antiseptic, single occupant cells throughout the penal system, there would be no crisis' (1979: 19).

In a typical group of thirty or so young adults it is likely that __________ has been locked up.

at least one

16. __________ argued that women are more criminal in nature than has been generally perceived. He also suggested that criminologists should address the unknown criminality of women. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Otto Pollak c. W.I. Thomas d. Sigmund Freud

b

20. According to Tannenbaum, the process of making the criminal involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. defining the individual b. stigmatizing the individual c. identifying the individual d. tagging the individual

b

20. Which answer below is not one of the key components that must be present for a crime to occur according to routine activities theory? a. suitable target b. adequate guardianship c. willing offender

b

8. A potent theme of violence that influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and interpersonal relationships is known as: a. cultural retaliatory homicide b. subculture of violence c. disputatiousness d. brutalization process

b

18. The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection is called: a. hypermasculinity b. the brutalization process c. the virility mystique d. narcissistic personality disorder

c

18. _________ denotes that women need to be protected for their own good. In a broader social context, this implies independence for men and dependence for women. a. gender b. patriarchy c. paternalism d. chivalry e. sex

c

2. __________ amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to enhance penalties for offenses that involve a motivation bias. a. Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 b. Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

c

23. Felony murder usually constitutes: a. negligent homicide b. nonnegligent manslaughter c. first-degree murder d. second-degree murder

c

23. The negative characterization of the black female as domineering, strong, assertive, independent, and masculine is called _________. a. the mammy b. the seductress c. the Amazon d. the sinister Sapphire

c

24. What is the main cause of patriarchy according to the radical feminist perspective? a. society b. male biology c. female biology d. government

c

4. According to socialist feminist perspective, what may be women's ultimate worst enemy? a. liberalism b. capitalism c. patriarchy d. socialism e. praxis

c

electronic monitoring

community supervision technique, ordinarily combined with home confinement, that uses electronic devices to maintain surveillance on offenders

1. Congress defined a hate crime as a criminal offense motivated in whole or in part by all of the following offender biases EXCEPT: a. race b. religion c. sexual orientation d. political affiliation e. ethnic origin

d

10. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT: a. neighborhood b. play groups c. family d. celebrities

d

11. According to J. C. Barnes, "hundreds of studies have shown support for the notion that ____________ offending is often preceded by deficiencies in pre-, peri-, and postnatal care that result in structural and/or functional brain abnormalities." a. adolescence-limited b. developmental limited c. transitional d. life-course persistent

d

14. What is considered one of the oldest prison gangs in the United States? a. Black Guerilla Family b. Arian Brotherhood c. La Nuestra Familia d. Mexican Mafia

d

In 1927, the first female federal prison opened in: a. Elmira, NY. b. Paducah, KY. c. Brookville, PA. d. Alderson, WV.

d. Alderson, WV.

. Female inmates tend to segregate themselves by race. a. True b. False

f

26. Asbestos is currently the most prominent of the various toxins that can predispose a young person toward criminality. a. True b. False

f

26. Terrorism is easily analyzed because there is an abundance of reliable data on cases of each major form of terrorism to provide a foundation for statistical inference. a. True b. False

f

36. Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently not of equal worth. a. True b. False

f

36. The text states that there are very few policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality. a. True b. False

f

37. Female youths from patriarchal families were encouraged to engage in risk-taking behaviors, just as their brothers were. a. True b. False

f

37. Research studies generally estimate the measure of average frequency of offending by criminals over a year period in the high single digit range. a. True b. False

f

37. The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses. a. True b. False

f

4. As with other violent crimes, the rate of rape has been on a decade-long rise with the highest monthly rates occurring in December and January.

f

8th Amendment

"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

deprivation of autonomy

1 of 5 pains of imprisonment. no individual decision making about most basic daily functions - reduces them to (what Sykes calls) a sense of childlike helplessness - they are told that their mail will be delayed with no explanation, etc

deprivation of security

1 of 5 pains of imprisonment. potential threats to personal security increases anxiety levels in inmates - felt as though they were continuously being tested - in Sykes studies, the inmates described their fellow inmates as vicious and dangerous, but most were not

2. Discuss the first and second waves of prison reform as they pelate to women. How did they view the causes of crime among women differently? How were their solutions to female crime different?

1) First reform - Elizabeth Fry - dedicated herself to the conditions of female inmates. Advocated such reforms as work, training, religion and routine. Moreover, her recommendations reinforced traditional views of femininity by teaching women inmates proper manners and etiquette. She also argued in favor of female warders rather than males. Later reforms in the 1820's in the US were led to several campaigns to improve the conditions of confinement for women, most notably their insistence that female inmates be supervised solely by female warders. 2) Second reform - Late 1800's, early 1900's in America - also promoted a sense of traditional femininity and female morality. Associated with the medical model. This new generation of reformers fought for training law, medicine, and social work without the religious zeal. Another import reform was the emergence of two types of institutions. Custodial (more severe) and reformatory (less severe). Custodial was filled with more African Americans in the south whereas the reformatory institution housed more whites in the northern states. Early aims at disciplining women focused less on the male dominated ideology into the transformation of law-abiding citizens and more on domestic chores, thereby reinforcing traditional sex roles. Punishment was met for petty infractions like smoking cigarettes or using profanity which are traditionally considered unladylike.

Parole/ Parolees

1. Committed more serious offenses 2. Have readjustment issues after being incarcerated (weakened social bonds) 3. May be more cooperative because they already had a taste of prison life 4. Extended by the exciting branch

Some of the changes in the Retributive Era

1. Determinate sentences 2. Voluntary treatment 3. Abolition of parole

The Auburn system

1. Opened in 1817 in New York 2. Locked inmates in separate cells each night, but allows them to eat and work together during the day 3. The congregate-and-silent system, which prohibited face-to-face Contact, required inmates to match in lockstep and keep their eyes downcast

Identify different types of offenders in the corrections system and the kinds of problems they pose for corrections

1. Situational Offender 2. Career Criminal 3. Sex Offender 4. Substance Abuser 5. Mentally Ill 6. Mentally Handicapped 7. Offender with HIV/AIDS 8. Elderly 9. Long term prisoners The main issues that differentiate these types of offenders are the risk they represent to the community, their need for special kinds of correctional programming, and distinctions that need to be made among people within each group

Level of recidivism

3/4 young offenders and 1/2 of all adults are reconvictied within two years of release (Cuppleditch and Evans, 2005)

Jail

A _______ is a correctional facility used to house pre-trial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses

Justice reinvestment

A concept that prioritizes the use of alternatives to incarceration for persons convicted of eligible nonviolent offenses, standardizes the use of risk assessments instruments in pretrial detention, authorizes the use of early release mechanisms for prisoners who meet eligibility requirements, and reinvests savings from such initiatives into effective crime prevention programs

Deterrence

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment

What is sexism? What is institutionalized sexism? What are some of the additional burdens that institutionalized women face in comparison to men?

A key component is the confusion between sex and gender. Lombroso and other psychologists failed to distinguish between traits that are biological and inherenet in the sex and those traits that are socially induced. For example, the claim that women are biologically submissive while neglecting to recognize that women are socialized to remain passive illustrates the confusion between sex and gender. Institutionalized sexism can be explained through a social view of woman as being the weaker sex. In the 1800's this view was incorporated into the study of female criminality and thus negatively affected the entire paradigm of study related to female criminality. Women may not fit as quaintly into the ideological assumption that gender should not be an issue in that some women may have been victimized, have different economic needs and may encompass different social positions than man putting them into an unfair disadvantage.

Crofton Irish system

Added the concept of a completely open institution in which the inmates could gain experience in trust and avoiding temptation. Is best remembered for instituting the ticket-of-leave system, in which inmates were given s conditional release and supervised by local police. If the inmate violated the conditions of their release they were returned to prison

Explain the contribution of Jeremy Bentham and the utilitarians

Best known for his utilitarian theories, often called his "hedonistic calculus," Bentham claimed that one could categorize all human actions. His idea of utilitarianism proposed that the aim of all actions was the "greatest happiness for the greatest number." Criminals were somewhat childlike or unbalanced, lacking the self discipline to control passions

Discuss how the physical plant and control procedures contribute to prison security. Which is more important? Describe some different control procedures used by prison staff.

At Marion, which had become synonymous with violence, upon evaluating the sources of violence, experts discovered key flaws in the design of the facility, such as open cell fronts that left staff vulnerable to assault. In supermax prisoners which were constructed to avoid future re-occurrences of violence as a result of faulty design, the prisoners remain in windowless cells for 22.5 hours a day, with virtually no face to face contact. The unrelenting heat produces headaches, nausea, and dehydration that drains the inmates of their mental and bodily energy. Again, and this time from a different aspect, we see violence, aggression, and discontent as a result of the institution more so than from the inmate's personal tendency for violence. When an inmate refuses an order, he is forcibly removed by a team of trained guard with gas pellets, shields and batons.

What is the purpose of the pretrial detention/bail decision? Why is it so important to look at earlier stages like the pretrial stage for racial/ethnic disparities in treatment? Why might unwarranted disparities be greater at pretrial than at sentencing?

Bail decision - to establish a price reflective of the deviant act committed to land someone into the judicial process. It's important to look at the pretrial stage to observe whether or not a racial disparity occurred during the pretextual stop, which would be behind the watchful eyes of the court system, logically subject to the personal dispositions of the officer who began the process. White females are significantly more likely than others to receive bail amounts below schedule guidelines. Suspects are more likely to be detained if the bail is sufficiently higher than they can afford, regardless of their race or ethnicity. Judges decisions reflect their evaluation of blameworthiness of the offender, their desire to safeguard the community by incapacitating dangerous criminals and the social costs of their sentencing decision. There is a much greater emphasis on racial/ethnic/gender equality at a higher, more subject to reflective notions of equality step in the judicial process.

True

Brockway was often known as Paddler Brockway

An innovative neighborhoodbased approach for reducing crime and increasing public safety is: -

COMMUNITY SURVEILLANCE

What is capitalism? What is a "surplus population"? Describe the process by which capitalism "feeds" the criminal justice system. What is the "prison industrial complex"? Why is it potentially dangerous?

Capitalism - Economic system with trade, industry, means of production, which is controlled by private owners who seek to make profit. Surplus Population - Refers to the unemployed and under-employed in capitalist society - The unemployed can be defined as those actually looking for work and that the relative surplus population also includes people unable to work. How it feeds the CJ System - Market forces create economic marginalization for some (less fortunate) - Surplus gets labeled as deviant - Conditions are conducive to crime - Marginalized are viewed as threatening - State invests in mechanisms of social control Prison-industrial Complex - CJS privatization creates a dilemma - Creates status quo, self-interest - Prisons viewed as recession proof - Allows lobbying from industry/unions - Perverse incentives

Client Problems

Case management systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on _______

Discuss some reasons why jails are more crowded today than in the past. What is the effect of crowding on the functioning of jails? Discuss some ways that we could reduce crowding.

Causes - One of the major sources for jail overcrowding is prison overcrowding insofar as inmates known as state ready felons are held in local jails until space becomes available in the state prison. As a result jails have significantly more population than in the past or as current prisons do. Effect - Overcrowding places enormous strain on classification, sorting, housing assignments, food serves, medical services and various others (substance abuse). - Also it has been known to affect budgetary allowances. Strategy - 1) Expand capacity, New generation Jail - by improving physical features, these allow for direct inmate supervision. - New Generation jails also separate inmates into manageable groups to increase safety. 2) Alternatives to Detention - Such methods include probation alternative work services, restitution, fines, community service, work release and weekend commitment.

Describe the classification process for people under correctional authority and know why it is important

Correctional authorities must answer a question about every person under their supervision, "How should this offender be managed?" Broad categories can help portray the nature of offenders , but the programmatic needs of corrections require much narrower and more precise classification systems. Thus you must be able to analyze the offenders potential risk to correctional security and to the community. This is the purpose of classification. In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on the seriousness of their offense, the security risk they pose to the prison, and their treatment needs.

Name the various components of the corrections system today and describe their functions

Corrections consists of many subunits. There are both state and federal corrections systems. Institutional corrections: prisons and jails and these confine people who have been sentenced by the courts or are awaiting trial in jail. Community corrections: supervises people who are either awaiting trial or have been sentenced by the courts but are living in the community. Private organizations: provide various services to people under correctional authority

People are constantly debating the effectiveness of probation. What criterion is most often used as a measure of effectiveness? What are some alternative criteria?

Criterion - most of the time based on rates of recidivism. Recidivism is based on four methods: 1) Violation of the conditions of probation. 2) Arrest for a new offense. 3) Conviction for a new offense. 4) Revocation of probation. In recent studies, drug treatment research supports that the contention that drug treatment does reduce recidivism.

If the correctional mission is unclear, the best correctional strategies and techniques often:

DO NOT SEEM TO WORK

What is the difference between the "design capacity" and "rated capacity" of a jail? What does the difference have to do with crowding?

Design capacity - The number of people safely rated to inhabit an institution based on the original construct of said institution. Rated capacity - the number of people said to be able to safely inhabit an institution based on a rating given by an inspector. This could affect overcrowding if the jails have an advantage for housing more inmates, essentially earning more money, simply by increasing their rated capacity.

What is recidivism? The two components used to define recidivism are 1) the measure of failure and 2) the follow-up period? How might different definitions of recidivism lead researchers or the public to different conclusions about the success or failure of parole, boot camps, or treatment programs? What is one way to solve this problem?

Due to the tremendous discretion that probation and parole officers have, at times conduct that violates a condition of probation or parole is overlooked, thus skewing possible results. What's not considered by Society - Reentry into society can be a daunting task without the proper safeguards in place to ease an inmate back into society. - Such factors as inability to find employment and shock of reentry can be considered as factors in recidivism. One solution - By rethinking the role of aftercare in parole, a long term goal of the program could be to substantially alter the way in which juvenile offender aftercare and community reintegration have been designed and managed historically.

corporal punishment

Entails inflicting physical harm on the body, with the idea of administering an amount of pain proportional to the offense. Using the body as a tool of the state to inflict pain, humiliation, and suffering on an offender has had wide acceptance throughout history

Issues with rehabilitation programs

However well-intentioned these programmes might be, critics of incarceration have argued that the nature of imprisonment militates against rehabilitation and that prisons tend to debilitate rather than rehabilitate offenders (Goffman, 1986; Mathieson, 1990 ).

Since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has:

INCREASED

Discuss the Age of Reason and how it affected corrections

In the latter part of the 18th century, the Enlightenment (Age of Reason) brought changes in penal policy. Rather than stressing physical punishment of the offender, influential thinkers sought methods for reforming offenders. The reforms were first proposed in Europe and later fully developed in America.

Know the rules of the inmate code. How are these rules different from the unwritten rules in free society? How are they the same? What are some different inmate roles? Based on the inmate code, which roles would be considered acceptable?

Inmate code 1) Dont interfere with inmate interests. (Never rat on a con, dont be nosey, be loyal to your class) 2) Don't lose your head (Play it cool and do your time) 3) Don't exploit inmates (Don't break your word, Don't steal from the cons, Don't sell favors, Don't be a racketeer, Don't welsh on bets) 4) Don't weaken (Don't whine, Don't cop out, Don't suck around, Be tough 5) Don't be a sucker (Don't accept the guards' view of the world) Inmate role 1) The right guy - the "real con" or "real man", exemplification of the convict who enthusiastically celebrates the inmate code. Dependable and always keeps promises. 2) The rat or sqealer - Provides information about some illegal actuavity. Due to this behavior he is usually vehemently despised by other inmates, usually the subject of much violence. 3) The tough - highly violent and aggressive inmate who is always willing to fight, even over minor issues. 4) The gorilla - more predatory than the tough, sets out to exploit other inmates by force 5) Merchant - Engages in rackets to sell goods in short supply. 6) Weakling The code promotes strong normative imperatives, and noncompliance is met with sanctions ranging from ostracism to psychical violence, very similar to modern society.

Intermediate Sanctions

Intensive-supervision probation Drug testing House arrest and electronic monitoring Fines Boot camp prisons Shock probation

A major difference between male and female prison subcultures is _____________ _______________.

Interpersonal Relationships

Parole

Is a form of early relase that happens after the offender has served part of the prison sentence

Prisons effect on criminal behaviour

It had little effect and the growth of recidivism and violent crime were seen to indicate the failure of prisons to reform offenders or to act as a general deterrent.

What is unique bout the Auburn prison

It was the first state prison in New York and the first exception by electric chair took place there

True

Maconochie believed that brutality and cruelty debated societies that used such methods for social control

Individual Privacy

New-generation jails are the most recent development in jail design. Which of the following is NOT one of the general concepts used within this design?

What is one response to overcrowding?

One response to the overcrowding in certain prisons has been to move prisoners around the country to prisons where there are vacant beds. This process, however, causes disruption and difficulties for prisoners and their families who have to travel further to visit them.

First-time

Originally, probation was mainly used for ______ offenders

Court Order

Over 1 in 7 jails is operating under a ______ of one type of another, typically related to overcrowding

In recent years there has been a dramatic growth in what type of studies?

PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS

False

Penal reform progressed smoothly from brutality to humane treatment

Discuss the kinds of jails in the US

Police lockups (smallest jail) County government jails Municipal jails under large city authority Regional jails serve multiple city and county governments

Shock probation

Practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to serve a short time, and then granting them probation without their prior knowledge

Report prepared by a probation officer to assist a judge in sentencing also be called pre-sentence report

Pre-sentence investigation

Which of the following is NOT a reason for what many see as the recent demise of inmate culture?

Prisons are more geographically isolated than they were in the past.

Instead of prison

Probation

In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was:

REHABILITAION

1. In recent years, the U.S. has instituted many "get tough" policies regarding crime. Many of these policies are based on public misconceptions about crime, criminals, and the ability of the criminal justice system to do something about crime. Discuss some of these popular misconceptions and why "get tough" policies are unlikely to be as effective as the public imagines.

Some believe that the mass incarceration trends are a result of a public outcry as a mechanism of social control. It is said to mark a governmental response to public anxiety over perceived lawlessness, poor people, and racial minorities. - Increases in the prison population have expanded the roster of laws and penalties, including capital punishment. Another expansion is the three strikes or get tough philosophy on drug offenses. Thus more convicts were in turn sentenced for more crimes and serve longer sentences. IN conclusion throwing more people in prison for longer sentences has created a corporate economy based on incarceration, essentially taking all focus off of rehabilitation.

Arguments Supporting Capital Punishment

Specific deterrence General deterrence Just Deserts

"The Iron Law of Prison Populations" refers to the size of a prison population determined by the number of people who are sent to prison and ___________.

THEIR LENGTH OF STAY

Correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken prison gangs is to:

TRANSFER GANG MEMBERS TO ANOTHER INSTITUTION

Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?

differ markedly from

Determinate sentencing, voluntary treatment, abolition of parole

The era of retribution changed incarceration in these ways

Parolees have the right to be notified of the charges against them.

True

How does the offender view probation

When faced with going to prison, many offenders embrace probation. Probation allows the offender to remain at home, at work , and safe from the pains of imprisonment

Minnesota

Which US state passed the nation's first Comprehensive Community Corrections Act in 1973?

Most modern female prisons in the United States today were designed to resemble a _________________.

_Campus Design

11. During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with juveniles, police react to various cues from the juveniles including all of the following EXCEPT: a. hair color b. dress c. age d. demeanor

a

12. Which rapist is bound up in ritual: tormenting their victim, binding him/her, or torturing him/her? a. sadistic rapist b. anger rapist c. gang rapist d. power rapist

a

17. The sheltering group within an umbrella organization does all of the following EXCEPT: a. develop ideology for the organization b. manage supplies c. develop support structures d. obtain intelligence

a

18. Left realists stress the necessity of a _______ strategy in a capitalist society. a. crime-control b. problem-oriented c. community-oriented d. crime-prevention

a

19. The white-collar crime definition provided by Sutherland principally refers to _____________. a. business executives b. entry level workers c. management d. legal representatives

a

The penitentiary was to be a place where

all of these.

community model for jails

an innovative model for jail administration that promotes a sense of community among staff and inmates alike, while using community to promote rehabilitation

. Inside women's facilities there has been a recent escalation of: a. diverse programming. b. sexual misconduct by female officers. c. sexual misconduct by male officers. d. violence.

c. sexual misconduct by male officers.

10. According to power-control theory, an integral aspect to the relationship between family dynamics, gender, and delinquency rates was ________. a. environmental context b. social structure c. cultural acceptance d. social class

d

11. When an attacker does not want to harm his/her victim as much as s/he wants to possess him/her sexually, it is known as: a. anger rape b. gang rape c. serial rape d. power rape

d

12. ________ is responsible for administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions. a. U.S. Customs and Border Protection b. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement c. U.S. Secret Service d. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

d

13. What was the penalty for an individual and his family in ancient Greece that forced up prices of imported grain? a. fine and closing of business b. arm chopped off c. public stoning d. death

d

When women are released to the community, many must deal with which of the following? a. being poor b. regaining custody of children c. drug addiction d. all of these

d. all of these

Prior to the reform movement in the 1800s, women in Europe and the United States were: a. segregated from males and other prisoners in jails but not prisons. b. segregated in prisons but not jails. c. not given corporal punishment as men were. d. housed with men and other prisoners and treated as they were.

d. housed with men and other prisoners and treated as they were.

. The justification for the lack of diverse educational, vocational, and other programs for incarcerated women is that: a. there is not enough money to go around. b. women's sentences are generally short. c. they do not have the educational background necessary. d. there is a relatively small number of women in prison and jail.

d. there is a relatively small number of women in prison and jail.

preventive detention

detention of an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes that the accused is considered likely to commit if set free pending trial

What is the effect of anomie and insecurity?

~This scenario is seen as producing the conditions for an increase in the suicides in prison, particularly when those being victimized are isolated (Leibling, 1992 ). ~In 2004 the number of suicides in prison in England and Wales was 95, 13 of which were women and five were under 21 years of age. This is the highest number of suicides recorded in one year.

The extent and type of punishment varies according to:

~Victim-offender relationship: Donald Black - we don't want to seriously punish people close to us. ~Type of offence committed: What we see as serious is socially constructed. ~Social characteristics of offender: Don't punish children in the same way as adults, blue collar vs white collar. ~Historical epoch in which the punishment occurs: past, punishment administered by king through public hangings for example. It was not rational, punishment didn't fit the crime.

What happened to women and juveniles to explain the decrease population of females in prison in the 20th century?

~Women were sent in increasing numbers to newly established reformatories designed to train and re-socialise them into domesticity (Rafter, 1983) ~Juveniles were increasingly redirected towards reformatories or given probation as an alternative to custody.