ch 11

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by:

Festinger

Yolanda is the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of scales. She decides to change her opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

Groupthink

Professor Gamer emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis BEST illustrates:

a biopsychosocial approach.

After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she could not resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience BEST illustrates the:

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

A student fails to speak or raise his hand in class all semester. The teacher assumes that the student is exceptionally shy. The teacher is illustrating the:

fundamental attribution error.

Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____effect.

mere exposure

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____and decreased activity in the _____ lobe.

amygdala; frontal

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:

prejudice

The MOST powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is:

proximity

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Sense of obligation BEST reflects the:

reciprocity norm.

Group polarization

refers to the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the:

social-responsibility norm.

Marla is at a physician's office waiting in the waiting area for her name to be called. She notices that an elderly woman is struggling physically to complete the new patient forms. Marla asks the elderly woman if she would like assistance and then proceeds to complete the forms for her. This BEST demonstrates:

social-responsibility.

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:

stereotypes.

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. Based on the textbook's discussion, which factor BEST explains this phenomenon?

the chameleon effect

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

A job applicant is 5 minutes late for an interview. The interviewer assumes that the applicant is unconscientious and fails to consider that she may have had difficulty finding a parking spot. The interviewer is demonstrating:

the fundamental attribution error

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

the mere exposure effect

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of:

the mere exposure effect.

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of:

the scapegoat theory.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

proximity effect

the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision maker and those affected by his or her decisions

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

DeWayne is a police officer. When he is off the job, he is an easygoing, fun-loving person who enjoys life. When he is on the job, he is a very stern, serious, and no-nonsense police officer. DeWayne's professional behavior is an example of a:

role

Some European-Canadians living in a large city on Canada's west coast believe that wealthy immigrants from Hong Kong and, increasingly, China's mainland have inflated the price of housing in the city, making homeownership difficult for many. They therefore view Asian-Canadians negatively. This is BEST explained by _____theory.

scapegoat

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____theory.

scapegoat theory

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of:

the reciprocity norm

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

When reading the comments posted on the internet about a current news article, Cheryl notices that many of them are racist in nature. What might account for this?

Deindividuation

Psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

In a follow-up to his original obedience experiment, Milgram used 40 new teachers to determine whether participants obeyed because the learners' protests were not convincing. The new teachers complied fully _____percent of the time.

65

A former major-league football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defense that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____model, CTE reflects a biological influence on aggression.

Biopsychosocial

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

_____is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

an ingroup bias

Sack and Elder (2000) found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods, but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole. This is referred to as

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____is to _____.

cognitive dissonance; role playing

Many studies cited in the textbook have shown that, in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____is/are needed to solve a problem.

cooperation

Aggression is related to _____activity in the central executive and _____ activity in the limbic system.

decreased; increased

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

role playing

includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____social influence.

informational

One would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why:

one failed a college exam.

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by:

oxytocin

Stella and Anthony are newlyweds. They are MOST likely experiencing:

passionate love.

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:

an ingroup bias.

Biopsychosocial

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be advised to:

create superordinate goals

Recently Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when traveling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive to work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behavior can BEST be explained by the:

frustration-aggression principle.