CH 11: Culture and Personality
Dr. Dufton is interested in studying stereotypes and is asking participants in her study to describe the typical member of different cultures. She is measuring __________.
perceptions of national character
What is one phenomenon that makes cross-cultural comparison difficult?
reference-group effect
collective self-esteem
self-esteem based on group membership
socioeconomic status
social class, usually measured by income level, job prestige, and/or education level
Europeans often greet each other with a kiss. This is an example of __________.
social norms
self-enhancement
unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities
The __________ shows us how culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture.
mutual constitution model
Cultural differences are usually viewed in terms of __________.
people and what they produce as their cultural artifacts
social norms
rules for behavior within a society
Children learn the social norms of their culture through __________.
socialization
culture
the customs, values, and behaviors characteristic of a nation, an ethnic group, a class, or a time period
What is self-enhancement?
unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities
What do the cultural products of individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures convey?
Cultural products from individualistic cultures focus on the self, and those from collectivist cultures focus on the group.
Which of the following statements regarding culture and openness to experience is true?
High socioeconomic status and more education tend to be associated with higher openness to experience.
Which of the following Big Five traits has a substantial link to individualistic cultures?
extraversion
generation
everyone born in a somewhat arbitrarily defined 20- to 30-year period
birth cohort
everyone born in one year
attributions
explanations for the reasons behind people's behavior
__________ is when countries tend to have more formal systems of rules that attempt to minimize cultural and situational ambiguity.
Uncertainty avoidance
power distance
a cultural system emphasizing formality and greater difference in power among people
subcultures
a culture within a culture, based on ethnicity, class, region, or some other variable
Brady is the star basketball player on his varsity high school team. When recently interviewed for the local news, he said his coach and parents' support was why he has done so well. This is considered an example of __________.
external attribution
__________ is a cultural system that places the needs of others and the society first.
Collectivism
What do we definitely know about culture and individuals?
Cultures and individuals constantly interact with each other.
perception of national character
asking people to describe the typical member of a culture
__________ is a cultural system that favors the needs of the self over those of others and the society.
Individualism
When it comes to attribution, which of the following statements is true?
Individualistic cultures tend to attribute actions to the person, while collectivistic cultures tend to attribute actions to the situation.
Which country's residents score highest in neuroticism?
Japan
What trend have researchers seen in regards to openness to experience?
Openness to experience tends to be lower in recent generations.
Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem and culture is true?
People from collectivistic cultures tend to have slightly lower self-esteem than those from individualistic cultures.
Why is conscientiousness the most problematic of the Big Five traits to assess across cultures?
Reference-group effects seem to be the issue.
The residents of the hypothetical country are higher on neuroticism compared to other countries. Given the cross-cultural research on neuroticism, which of the following factors is also likely to be present in it culture?
The culture has systems in place to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity.
Artifacts of a culture, such as television shows are referred to as __________.
cultural products
In terms of the study of culture, songs by Taylor Swift would be known as __________.
cultural products
Jesse was driving when someone cut in front of her and sped away down the highway. Jesse assumed that person was probably late for work or in the middle of an emergency. Jesse's assessment is an example of a(n) __________.
external attribution
Countries high in power distance also tend to measure lower in which Big Five trait?
extraversion
Throughout his youth, Raj was told he's unique and special and to "believe in yourself and anything is possible." He has also seen many movies supporting this theory. Now a young adult, Raj is known to be somewhat narcissistic and his life goal is to become rich. What does this example help to illustrate?
how cultural norms and beliefs might help shape personality and values
relational mobility
how easy it is to move in and out of relationships
Roland was driving when someone cut in front of him and sped away down the highway. Roland shook his head and muttered "jerk" under his breath. "Why are people so stupid?!" he said. Roland's assessment is an example of a(n) __________.
internal attribution
People from individualistic cultural systems tend to make __________ when considering the behavior of others.
internal attributions
