Ch. 11 Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles

Extra Characteristics of Fish

*Most are ectotherms. *Obtain oxygen through gills in the water, oxygen moves from water into fish's blood, carbon dioxide moves out of blood into water. *Have scales. *Largest group of vertebrates. *Closed circulatory system. *Most reproduce by external fertilization.

4 types of Reptiles

1. Lizards 2. Snakes 3. Alligators, Crocodiles 4. Turtles

How many heart chambers does amphibian larvae have?

2 chamber heart

What are the adult amphibian heart chambers called?

2 upper chambers are called atria 1 lower chamber is called ventricle

How many heart chambers does adult amphibian have?

3 chamber heart

Chordata

A Phylum where all members are called Chordates. Most Chordates are vertebrates.

Cartilage

A tissue that is more flexible that bone.

Amniotic Egg

An egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep the embryo moist.

Ectotherm

Animal whose body does not produce much internal heat, body temperature changes with the environment- this includes most, amphibians and reptiles.

Characteristics of Turtles

Body is covered by a protective shell that include the ribs and backbone. Some can pull their legs and head into their shell for protection. Sharp-edged beak instead of teeth for tearing food. some are carnivores/ some are herbivores.

Endotherm

Body regulates its own temperature by controlling the heat it produces. Have adaptations like sweat glands, fur, feathers. This includes birds and mammals.

Notochord

Chordates will have this. It is a flexible nerve rod that supports their back. It slits in their throat area.

Characteristics of Reptiles

Dry, tough, thick skin covered with scales that protect them and helps keep water in. Have claws, kidneys, eggs are fertilized internally, has an Amniotic Egg, 3 chambered heart and double loop circulation system. Legs are underneath body.

Frogs & Toads

Eggs are fertilized externally. Larvae are called tadpoles. Go through metamorphosis. Life Cycle: 1.adult frog reproduce sexually 2.eggs fertilized outside body 3.tadpoles hatch from eggs 4.hind legs develop 5.front legs develop 6.tail is absorbed, development complete.

Reptiles

Ex. Lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles, turtles. Ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs and scaly skin.

Amphibians

Ex. Salamanders, Frogs & Toads. Ectothermic vertebrate that spends its early life in water, most spend adulthood on land and reproduce in water.

Cartilaginous Fish

Ex. Sharks, rays, skates - Have jaws and scales and skeletons made of cartilage. Are Carnivores, have pointy scales that make their skin a rough texture. Rays and skates hunt the ocean floor crushing mollusks, crustaceans, fish with their teeth. Sharks have a great sense of smell but poor eye sight.

Bony Fish

Ex. Trout, tuna, gold fishes - have jaws, scales, pocket on each side of head that holds gills, skeleton made of hard bone. Has a swim bladder; internal gas-filled sac that helps fish stay stable at different depths in water. Makes up 95% of all fish species. Lateral line - sense organ

Jawless Fish

Ex. hagfish, lampreys - no jaws, no scales. Eat by scraping,stabbing and sucking food. Skeletons made of cartilage, flexible tissue(like on your ear lobe and tip of your nose)

What do Amphibian larvae use to get oxygen?

Gills

Vertebrate

Has back bone that is part of the internal skeleton. .

Endoskeleton

Includes the skull to protect the brain, and ribs to protect heart and lungs.

3 Major Groups of Fish

Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish

Salamanders

Keep their tails in adulthood. Eggs are fertilized internally. Larvae look like adult does. most go through metamorphosis and lose their gills.

Characteristics of Alligators

Largest reptiles, carnivores, care for their young. Broad, rounded snouts, only few teeth visible when mouth is shut. Hunt at night. Use their tails to swim.

Characteristics of Crocodiles

Largest reptiles, carnivores, care for their young. Triangular pointed snout, most teeth are visible when mouth is shut. Hunt at night. Use their tails to swim.

Tadpole

Larva of a frog or a toad.

Frogs

Long slender legs, moist skin. Webbed feet for swimming. Do not keep tail. Life in water. Strong skeleton and legs. Breathe through skin underwater/oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through their skin. Are carnivores.

What do adult Amphibians use to get oxygen?

Lungs

Dinosaurs

Reptiles that died out 65 million years ago.

Toads

Short legs, drier and rougher skin. Do not keep tails.

Characteristics of Snakes

Skin is covered with overlapping scales, they shed their skin and scales grow. no legs, no eyelids, 1 lung, all are carnivores (jawbones can spread wide apart), slither by contracting band of muscles connected to ribs and backbone

Vertebrae

The backbone is made up of many similar bones. 1 single bone is called a Vertebra.

Tortoises

Turtle that lives on land.

Fish

Vertebrate that lives in water and uses fins to move.

Why are Amphibian populations are declining world wide? (remember frog video)

destruction of their habitats and environmental poisons.

Characteristics of Lizards

skin is covered with overlapping scales, they shed their skin and scales grow. 4 legs with claws, moveable eyelids, pair of lungs, most are carnivores, walk and run.

Pharyngeal slits

slits in the throat area. They disappear before birth in may vertebrates.