CH. 11- RACIAL CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
Stages of conformity
1) Attitudes of self 2) Attitudes towards members of same group 3) Attitudes and beliefs toward members of different marginalized groups 4) Attitudes and beliefs toward members of the dominant group
What therapy implications in conformity stage?
1) persons of color are most likely to prefer a White counselor or therapist over those from other groups 2) individuals will find that attempts to explore issues of race, racism, or cultural identity or to focus upon feelings are very threatening
Conformity
A characteristic of the racial/cultural identity development model(RCID) , distinguished by an unequivocal preference for dominant cultural values over their own
Marginal person
A person caught between two cultural traditions who attempts to assimilate into the dominant culture because of negative attitudes held toward ones own group, but not fully accepted by the majority population
Dissonance Attitudes and beliefs toward members of a different marginalized group
Stereotypes associated with other marginalized groups are questioned, and a growing sense of comradeship with other oppressed groups is felt.
Incorporation stage
Th e incorporation stage represents the highest form of identity evolution. It encompasses the development of a positive and comfortable identity as Asian American and consequent respect for other cultural/racial heritages. Identification with a stance for or against White culture is no longer an important issue.
Peencounter
Th e preencounter stage is characterized by African Americans' consciously or unconsciously devaluing their own Blackness and concurrently valuing White values and ways. There is a strong desire to assimilate and acculturate into White society. Blacks at this stage evidence self-hate, low self-esteem, and poor mental health
What is the assumption of the Cross Model?
The evolution from the preencounter stage to the internalization stage reflects a movement from psychological dysfunction to psychological health
Redirection Stage
means a reconnection or renewed connection with one's Asian American heritage and culture. This is often followed by the realization that White oppression is the culprit for the negative experiences of youth. Anger against White racism may become a defining theme, with concomitant increases of Asian American self-pride and group pride
Introspection phase attitudes towards self
the person now feels that he or she has too rigidly held onto the group views and notions in order to submerge personal autonomy
Resistance and immersion attitudes towards members of a different marginalized group
Alliances with other groups tend to be transitory and based on short-term goals or some global shared view of oppression.
race awakening
An individuals understanding of themselves as racial/cultural being and how it impacts their perception of the world and relationship with others
Cognitive Stage
As a result of negative/ distorted messages, three erroneous belief systems about Chicano/Latina/o heritage become incorporated into mental sets: (a) Ethnic group membership is associated with poverty and prejudice; (b) assimilation to White society is the only means of escape; and (c) assimilation is the only possible road to success.
White Identification Stage
Begins when children enter school, where peers and the surroundings become powerful forces in conveying racial prejudice that negatively impacts their self-esteem and identity. The realization of "differentness" from such interactions leads to self-blame and a desire to escape racial heritage by identifying with White society
Latino American Identity Models
Causal Stage; Cognititive Stage; Consequence Stage; Working Through Stage; Successful Resolution Stage; Successful Relations Stage
Introspection
Clients at the introspection phase may continue to prefer a counselor of their own race, but they are also receptive to help from therapists of other cultures as long as the therapists understand their clients' worldview.
Integrative phase counseling implications
Clients at this stage have acquired an inner sense of security around their self-identity. They have pride in their racial/cultural heritage but can exercise a desired level of personal freedom and autonomy; Being action- or systems-oriented, clients respond positively to the designing and implementation of strategies aimed at community and societal change. Preferences for therapists are based not on race, but on the ability to share, understand, and accept their worldviews
Dissonance counseling phase counseling implications
Clients believe that society is to blame for their present dilemma and actively challenge the establishment- 1) therapist will be viewed by the client as a symbol of the oppressive society. If you become defensive and personalize the attacks, you will lose eff ectiveness in working with the client 2) realize that clients in this stage will constantly test you. In earlier chapters we described how minority clients will pose challenges to therapists in order to test their trustworthiness (sincerity, openness, and nondefensiveness) and expertise (competencies). 3) individuals at this phase are especially receptive to approaches that are more action-oriented and aimed at external change
Dissonance Attitudes toward members of the same group
Dominant-held views of their own group's strengths and weaknesses begin to be questioned as new, contradictory information is received.a person may find certain members of his or her group to be very attractive as friends, colleagues, lovers, and so forth
Causal Stage
During this period messages or injunctions from the environment or significant others ignore, negate, or denigrate the ethnic heritage of the person. Affirmation about one's ethnic identity is lacking, and the person may experience traumatic or humiliating experiences related to ethnicity. There is a failure to identify with Latina/o culture
Consequence
Fragmentation of ethnic identity becomes very noticeable and evident. The person feels ashamed and is embarrassed by ethnic markers, such as name, accent, skin color, cultural customs, and so on. The unwanted self-image leads to estrangement and rejection of one's Chicano/Latina/o heritage.
Encounter stage
In the encounter stage, a two-step process begins to occur. First, the individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of thinking and behaving; second, the Black person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in worldviews- The person experiences both guilt and anger over being brainwashed by White society
Conformity Attitudes toward members of the same group
Majority cultural beliefs and attitudes about the minority group are also held by the person in this stage. These individuals may have internalized the majority of White stereotypes about their group; persons in the conformity stage find it psychologically painful to identify with these negative traits, they divorce themselves from their own group
Asian American Identity Development Models
Models of Identity development that focused on the development of Asian ethnic identity
Latino/Hispanic American Identity Development Model
Models of identity development that focus on the development of Latino/Hispanic Identity
Black Identity Development Models
Models proposed to explain how African Americans develop their racial identities through a process of racial awakening
Conformity Attitude of self
Physical and cultural characteristics identified with one's own racial/cultural group are perceived negatively, as something to be avoided, denied, or changed; There may be attempts to mimic what is perceived as White mannerisms, speech patterns, dress, and goals. Low internal self-esteem is characteristic of the person
Internalization
The fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by resolution of conflicts between the old and new identities and a movement toward becoming more bi cultural/multicultural
Resistance and immersion attitudes toward self
The individual at this stage is oriented toward self-discovery of one's own history and culture. There is an active seeking out of information and artifacts that enhance that person's sense of identity and worth
Integrative Awareness attitudes towards self
The individual develops a positive self-image and experiences a strong sense of self-worth and confidence. Not only is there an integrated self-concept that involves racial pride in identity and culture, but the person develops a high sense of autonomy
Resistance and immersion attitudes toward members of the same group
The individual experiences a strong sense of identification with and commitment to his or her group as enhancing information about the group is acquired. There is a feeling of connectedness with other members of the racial and cultural group, and a strengthening of the new identity begins to occur.
Integrative attitudes towards members of same group
The individual experiences a strong sense of pride in the group without having to accept group values unequivocally. There is no longer the conflict over disagreeing with group goals and values
Introspective attitudes towards members of dominant group
The individual experiences conflict between attitudes of complete distrust for the dominant society and culture and attitudes of selective trust and distrust according to the dominant individual's demonstrated behaviors and attitudes
Integrative attitudes towards members of dominant group
The individual experiences selective trust and liking for and from members of the dominant group who seek to eliminate oppressive activities of the group.
Resistance and Immersion attitudes towards members of dominant group
The individual is likely to perceive the dominant society and culture as an oppressor and as the group most responsible for the current plight of minorities in the United States
Internalization- commitment
The last stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by commitment to social change, social justice and civil rights
Cross Model
The original Cross model was developed during the civil rights movement and delineates a five-stage process in which Blacks in the United States move from a White frame of reference to a positive Black frame of reference.
Dissonance Attitudes toward members of the dominant group
The person experiences a growing awareness that not all cultural values of the dominant group are beneficial.
Nigrescence
The process of becoming black and formulating a black identity
Identity Synthesis
The process of successfully integrating multiple identities such as ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, so forth
Encounter
The second stage of the Cross black identity development model where African Americans encounter situations which challenge their previous acceptance of white ways
Internalized racism
The terms used to describe the process by which persons of color absorb and internalize the society's racist messages about their own group, and other groups of color
Immersion-emersion
The third stage of the Cross black identity development model is characterized by a withdrawal from the dominant culture and immersion in African American culture
Dissonance Attitudes and beliefs toward the self
There is now a growing sense of personal awareness that racism does exist, that not all aspects of their own culture or majority culture are good or bad, and that one cannot escape one's cultural heritage. For the first time the person begins to entertain the possibility of positive attributes in their own group's culture and, with it, a sense of pride in self.
Introspection attitudes towards members of different marginalized group
There is now greater uneasiness with culturocentrism, and an attempt is made to reach out to other groups to find out what types of oppression they experience and how this has been handled.
Integrative attitudes towards members of marginalized groups
There is now literally a reaching out toward diff erent oppressed groups in order to understand their cultural values and ways of life. There is a strong belief that the more one understands other cultural values and beliefs, the greater is the likelihood of understanding among the various ethnic groups.
Successful Resolution Stage
This last stage is exemplified by greater acceptance of one's culture and ethnicity. There is an improvement in self-esteem and a sense that ethnic identity represents a positive and success-promoting resource
working Through Stage
Two major dynamics distinguish this stage. First, the person becomes increasingly unable to cope with the psychological distress of ethnic identity conflict. Second, the person can no longer be a "pretender" by identifying with an alien ethnic identity. The person is propelled to reclaim and reintegrate disowned ethnic identity fragments. Ethnic consciousness increases
Dissonance
Under the Racial Cultural Identity model people of color become more aware of inconsistencies between dominant held views and those of their own group resulting in a sense of dissonance
Introspec
Under the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model the introspection stage includes self-reflection and rethinking of rigidly held racial beliefs and its relationship to whiteness
Resistance and immersion
Under the racial cultural identity development model, the primary orientation of these individual is they tend to endorse minority held views completely and to reject the dominant values of society and culture.
Integrative awareness
Under the racial/cultural identity development model(R/CID) people of color develop an inner sense of racial security and can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those in US culture
RCID
a racial cultural development model that attempts to integrate the racial cultural development groups of color
What is goal of conformity stage counseling?
an obligation to help the client sort out conflicts related to racial/cultural identity through some process of reeducation. Somewhere in the course of counseling or therapy, issues of cultural racism, majority-minority group relations, racial self-hatred, and racial cultural identity need to be dealt with in an integrated fashion.
Ethnic Awareness stage
begins around the age of three to four, when the child's family members serve as the significant ethnic group model. Positive or neutral attitudes toward one's own ethnic origin are formed, depending on the amount of ethnic exposure conveyed by the caretakers
Conformity Attitudes toward members of the dominant group
characterized by a belief that White cultural, social, and institutional standards are superior. Members of the dominant group are admired, respected, and emulated; Some individuals may go to great lengths to appear White
Internalization
characterized by inner security, as confl icts between the old and new identities are resolved. Global anti-White feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, more tolerant, and more bicultural/multicultural.
Introspection attitudes towards members of the same group
concern begins to build up regarding the issue of group-usurped individuality. In addition, there is now increasing resentment over how one's group may attempt to pressure or influence the individual into making decisions that may be inconsistent with the person's values, beliefs, and outlooks
During the resistance and immersion stage, the three most active types of effective feelings are
guilt, shame, and anger
Immersion-emersion
immersion-emersion, the person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes immersed in African American culture. Black pride begins to develop, but internalization of positive attitudes toward one's own Blackness is minimal. In the emersion phase, feelings of guilt and anger begin to dissipate with an increasing sense of pride
The awakening to social political consciousness stage
means the adoption of a new perspective, often correlated with increased political awareness. J. Kim (1981) believed that significant political events such as the civil rights and women's movements often precipitate this new awakening. The primary result is an abandoning of identification with White society and a consequent understanding of oppression and oppressed groups.
What are the 5 stages of the Black Cross model?
preencounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment
Internalization-committment
speaks to the commitment that such individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights. It is expressed not only in words but also in actions that reflect the essence of their lives.
Race salience
the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a persons approach to life
preencounter
the first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by anti-black attitudes and a positive white orientation
Conformity Attitudes toward members of different marginalized groups
the individual shares similar dominant attitudes and beliefs not only toward his or her own group but toward other marginalized groups as well.